Sociology & Society, FIF-GON
The study of human societies is an important tool for the improvement of living conditions. It analyzes the innumerable factors that are the makeup of human behavior and that can cause social injustice, stratification, and societal disorder in the form of crime, deviance, and revolution. It helps to find the best possible solutions to issues such as economic inequality, race relations, and gender discrimination. The discipline of sociology has grown by leaps and bounds in the last century with the contribution of scholars from different schools of thought.
Sociology & Society Encyclopedia Articles By Title
FIFA, world governing body of association football (soccer), founded in Paris in 1904. FIFA is headquartered in......
Lincoln Filene was an American merchant and philanthropist, chairman of the department store William Filene’s Sons......
Filmfare Awards, annual awards that recognize artistic and technical achievements in Indian cinema. The awards......
first lady, wife of the president of the United States. Although the first lady’s role has never been codified......
Sir Raymond Firth was a New Zealand social anthropologist best known for his research on the Maori and other peoples......
Andrew Fisher was a three-time Labor prime minister of Australia (1908–09, 1910–13, 1914–15) who sponsored important......
Flag Day, in the United States, a day honouring the national flag, observed on June 14. The holiday commemorates......
flat Earth, the perception that Earth exists as a flat disk, either circular or square-shaped. This view persisted......
Alice Cunningham Fletcher was an American anthropologist whose stature as a social scientist, notably for her pioneer......
Lucy Louisa Coues Flower was an American welfare worker, a leader in efforts to provide services for poor and dependent......
William Henry Flower was an English anatomist, zoologist, and museum director who made contributions to structural......
focus group, gathering of a small number of individuals who share common interests in specific issues or events......
Focus on the Family, American Christian ministry devoted to promoting conservative political and religious principles......
folk society, an ideal type or concept of society that is completely cohesive—morally, religiously, politically,......
folkway, the learned behaviour, shared by a social group, that provides a traditional mode of conduct. According......
Mary Parker Follett was an American author and sociologist who was a pioneer in the study of interpersonal relations......
Football Association (FA), ruling body for English football (soccer), founded in 1863. The FA controls every aspect......
Ford Foundation, American philanthropic foundation, established in 1936 with gifts and bequests from Henry Ford......
forensic anthropology, application of physical anthropology to legal cases, usually with a focus on the human skeleton.......
formal organization, component of an organization’s social structure designed to guide and constrain the behaviour......
Meyer Fortes was a British social anthropologist known for his investigations of West African societies. After......
Terry Fox was a Canadian activist who became a national hero and an inspirational figure for his battle against......
Don Francisco is a Chilean television personality who hosted the popular variety show Sábado Gigante (“Giant Saturday”),......
Franklin Institute, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., one of the foremost American science and technology centres.......
fraternity and sorority, in the United States, social, professional, or honorary societies, for males and females,......
Sir James George Frazer was a British anthropologist, folklorist, and classical scholar, best remembered as the......
E. Franklin Frazier was an American sociologist whose work on African American social structure provided insights......
Freaknik, annual street party in Atlanta throughout the 1980s and ’90s that attracted tens of thousands of students......
Frederick I was the duke of Swabia (as Frederick III, 1147–90) and German king and Holy Roman emperor (1152–90),......
Frederick II was the king of Sicily (1197–1250), duke of Swabia (as Frederick VI, 1228–35), German king (1212–50),......
Free African Society (FAS), nondenominational religious mutual aid organization that provided financial and emotional......
Free Church Federal Council, organization of free churches (not part of the Church of England) of England and Wales,......
Maurice Freedman was a British scholar who was one of the world’s leading experts on Chinese anthropology. After......
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis. (Read Sigmund Freud’s 1926 Britannica......
Gilberto Freyre was a Brazilian sociologist who is considered the 20th-century pioneer in the sociology of northeastern......
Henry Clay Frick was a U.S. industrialist, art collector, and philanthropist who helped build the world’s largest......
Friends General Conference, continental association of several yearly and monthly meetings of Friends (Quakers)......
Friends United Meeting, international cooperative organization that unites 20 yearly meetings (regional associations)......
Friends World Committee for Consultation (FWCC), international organization of the Society of Friends (Quakers)......
Leo Frobenius was a German explorer and ethnologist, one of the originators of the culture-historical approach......
Erich Fromm was a German-born American psychoanalyst and social philosopher who explored the interaction between......
Frost Medal, annual poetry award presented by the Poetry Society of America in recognition of the lifetime achievements......
frustration-aggression hypothesis, psychological explanation of aggressive behaviour as stemming from the frustration......
functionalism, in social sciences, theory based on the premise that all aspects of a society—institutions, roles,......
functionalism, an approach to the formation of international organizations that advocates international cooperation......
Furuta Oribe was a distinguished figure in the history of the Japanese tea ceremony. After serving as a soldier......
futurology, in the social sciences, the study of current trends in order to forecast future developments. While......
Fête Nationale du Québec, official holiday of Quebec, Canada. Observed on June 24, the holiday marks the summer......
Gallup organization, U.S. research and polling organization, founded in 1958 by the American statistician George......
Francis Galton was an English explorer, anthropologist, and eugenicist known for his pioneering studies of human......
The Most Noble Order of the Garter, English order of knighthood founded by King Edward III in 1348, ranked as the......
The Gates Foundation is a private philanthropic foundation established in 2000 by Microsoft cofounder Bill Gates......
Bill Gates (born October 28, 1955, Seattle, Washington) is an American computer programmer and entrepreneur who......
Frederick T. Gates was an American philanthropist and businessman, a major figure in the Rockefeller interests,......
Sir Patrick Geddes was a Scottish biologist and sociologist who was one of the modern pioneers of the concept of......
geek, a word used to describe a person who is socially awkward and unpopular, usually because of the person’s perceived......
Clifford Geertz was an American cultural anthropologist, a leading rhetorician and proponent of symbolic anthropology......
Theodor Julius Geiger was a German sociologist and the first professor of sociology in Denmark, whose most important......
geisha, a member of a professional class of women in Japan whose traditional occupation is to entertain men, in......
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, ideal types of social organizations that were systematically elaborated by German......
gender gap, Difference in opinions or attitudes between men and women concerning a variety of public and private......
gender role, a culturally and socially determined set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and characteristics based......
General Association of Regular Baptist Churches, association of independent conservative Baptist churches in the......
General Federation of Women’s Clubs International (GFWC), umbrella organization in the United States founded in......
generalized exchange, type of social exchange system in which the rewards that an individual receives from others......
Generation Alpha, term used to describe the generation of people born (or who will be born) between 2010 and 2025.......
Generation X, a term typically used to describe the generation of Americans born between 1965 and 1980, although......
Generation Z, term used to describe Americans born during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Some sources give the......
Arnold van Gennep was a French ethnographer and folklorist, best known for his studies of the rites of passage......
gentleman, in English history, a man entitled to bear arms but not included in the nobility. In its original and......
gentrification, process in which wealthier, privileged, typically white individuals move into neighbourhoods that......
George Cross, a British civilian and military decoration, instituted in 1940 by King George VI for “acts of the......
German-American Bund, American pro-Nazi, quasi-military organization that was most active in the years immediately......
J. Paul Getty was an American oil billionaire reputed to be the richest man in the world at the time of his death.......
geōmoroi, class of citizens in ancient Greek society. In 7th-century-bce Attic society, geōmoroi were freemen,......
ghetto, formerly a street, or quarter, of a city set apart as a legally enforced residence area for Jews. One of......
Anthony Giddens is a British political adviser and educator. Trained as a sociologist and social theorist, he lectured......
Franklin H. Giddings was one of the scholars responsible for transforming American sociology from a branch of philosophy......
Gideons International, organization of Protestant business and professional lay men that places copies of the Bible......
Edward W. Gifford was an American anthropologist, archaeologist, and student of California Indian ethnography who......
gift exchange, the transfer of goods or services that, although regarded as voluntary by the people involved, is......
Giles of Rome was a Scholastic theologian, philosopher, logician, archbishop, and general and intellectual leader......
H.A. Giles was an English scholar of Chinese language and culture, who helped to popularize the Wade-Giles system......
Francis James Gillen was an Australian anthropologist who did pioneering fieldwork among the Aborigines of central......
Corrado Gini was an Italian statistician and demographer. Gini was educated at Bologna, where he studied law, mathematics,......
Stephen Girard was an American financier and philanthropist whose purchase of government bonds during the War of......
Todd Gitlin was an American political activist, author, and public intellectual best known as a media analyst and......
GLAAD, organization created in 1985 that is devoted to countering discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual,......
cultural globalization, phenomenon by which the experience of everyday life, as influenced by the diffusion of......
Max Gluckman was a South African social anthropologist esteemed for his contributions to political and legal anthropology,......
Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Glueck were American criminologists and researchers at Harvard Law School. This husband-and-wife......
godparent, in Christianity, one who stands surety for another in the rite of baptism. In the modern baptism of......
Erving Goffman was a Canadian-American sociologist noted for his studies of face-to-face communication and related......
Gold Cup, premier annual motorboat-racing prize in the United States, instituted by the American Power Boat Association......
Golden Globe Award, any of the awards presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) in recognition......
Golden Gloves, amateur boxing competition initiated by Arch Ward, sports editor of the Chicago Tribune. First sponsored......
Golden Rule, precept in the Gospel of Matthew (7:12): “In everything, do to others what you would have them do......
Golden Week, series of four holidays closely spaced together and observed at the end of April and beginning of......
Alexander Goldenweiser was an American anthropologist whose analyses of cultural questions ranged widely, encompassing......
Gond, group of aboriginal peoples (now officially designated as Scheduled Tribes) of central and south-central......