Psychology & Mental Health, REP-THE
Although Sigmund Freud was once one of the most recognizable faces of psychology, this scientific discipline has developed significantly since the time of his predominance. Psychology has become an increasingly integrative science at the hub of diverse other disciplines, from biology and neurology to sociology, anthropology, and economics. At the same time, old sub-disciplinary boundaries within pyschology itself are now crossed more freely; interdisciplinary teams may work on a common problem using methods that draw on multiple levels of analysis, whether social, cognitive, or biological.
Psychology & Mental Health Encyclopedia Articles By Title
repression, in psychoanalytic theory, the exclusion of distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings from the conscious......
J.B. Rhine was an American parapsychologist who was credited with coining the term extrasensory perception (ESP)......
Théodule-Armand Ribot was a French psychologist whose endeavor to account for memory loss as a symptom of progressive......
Curt Paul Richter was an American biologist who helped pioneer the discovery and study of biorhythms and who showed......
Carl Rogers was an American psychologist who originated the nondirective, or client-centred, approach to psychotherapy,......
Rorschach test, projective method of psychological testing in which a person is asked to describe what he or she......
Hermann Rorschach was a Swiss psychiatrist who devised the inkblot test that bears his name and that was widely......
Edward A. Ross was a founder of sociology in the United States and one of the first sociologists to pursue a comprehensive......
A.L. Rowse was an English historian and writer who became one of the 20th century’s foremost authorities on Elizabethan......
Benjamin Rush was an American physician and political leader, a member of the Continental Congress and a signer......
Bertrand Russell was a British philosopher, logician, and social reformer, a founding figure in the analytic movement......
Géza Róheim was a Hungarian-American psychoanalyst who was the first ethnologist to utilize a psychoanalytic approach......
Arthur M. Sackler was an American physician, medical publisher, and art collector who made large donations of money......
sadism, a habit or practice of deriving sexual gratification from the infliction of pain or suffering on another......
sadomasochism, deriving pleasure, often of a sexual nature, from the infliction of physical or psychological pain......
Manfred J. Sakel was a Polish neurophysiologist and psychiatrist who introduced insulin-shock therapy for schizophrenia.......
Paul Samuelson was an American economist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1970 for his fundamental......
sanction, in the social sciences, a reaction (or the threat or promise of a reaction) by members of a social group......
George Santayana was a Spanish-American philosopher, poet, and humanist who made important contributions to aesthetics,......
Dan Savage is an American writer who rose to prominence in the 1990s via his frank and ribald syndicated sex-advice......
savant syndrome, rare condition wherein a person of less than normal intelligence or severely limited emotional......
scatologia, deviant sexual practice in which sexual pleasure is obtained through the compulsive use of obscene......
schadenfreude, the emotional experience of pleasure in response to another’s misfortune. Schadenfreude is a German......
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling was a German philosopher and educator, a major figure of German idealism,......
schema, in social science, mental structures that an individual uses to organize knowledge and guide cognitive......
Daniela Schiller is an Israeli-born cognitive neuroscientist best known for her research in the area of memory......
Theodore Christian Schneirla was an American animal psychologist who performed some of the first studies on the......
school psychology, Branch of applied psychology that deals largely with educational assessment, psychological testing,......
John Searle was an American philosopher best known for his work in the philosophy of language—especially speech......
self, the “I” as experienced by an individual. In modern psychology the notion of the self has replaced earlier......
self-actualization, in psychology, a concept regarding the process by which an individual reaches his or her full......
self-esteem, Sense of personal worth and ability that is fundamental to an individual’s identity. Family relationships......
self-fulfilling prophecy, process through which an originally false expectation leads to its own confirmation.......
sensation, in neurology and psychology, any concrete, conscious experience resulting from stimulation of a specific......
Seohak, in Korean history, the study of Western culture, introduced into Korea from the Chinese Ming and Qing dynasties......
seppuku, the honourable method of taking one’s own life practiced by men of the samurai (military) class in feudal......
sex slavery, condition in which one human being is owned by another and is forced or otherwise coerced into working......
sexology, interdisciplinary science that focuses on diverse aspects of human sexual behavior and sexuality, including......
sexual abuse, in criminal law, any act of sexual contact that a person suffers, submits to, participates in, or......
human sexual activity, any activity—solitary, between two persons, or in a group—that induces sexual arousal. There......
sexual assault, illegal form of sexual contact initiated or performed without the appropriate consent of the victim.......
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, statistical study published in 1948 by A.C. Kinsey and his associates W.B. Pomeroy......
sexual motivation, the impulse to gratify sexual needs, either through direct sexual activity or through apparently......
sexual orientation, the enduring pattern of an individual’s emotional, sexual, and/or romantic attraction. In science,......
sexuality, the quality or state of being sexual, encompassing a spectrum of sexual identities. Terms associated......
William Sheldon was an American psychologist and physician who was best known for his theory associating physique,......
Roger Shepard was an American psychologist and cognitive scientist known for his work in multidimensional scaling,......
short-term memory, in psychology, the concept involving the extremely limited number of items that humans are capable......
Lee S. Shulman is an American educational psychologist, educator, and reformer whose work focused on teaching and......
shunning, social control mechanism used most commonly in small tight-knit social groups to punish those who violate......
sibling rivalry, intense competition among siblings for recognition and the attention of their parents. Sibling......
The term psychoanalysis was not indexed in the Encyclopædia Britannica until well into the 20th century. It occurs......
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist and an influential exponent of behaviourism, which views human behaviour......
Neil Smelser was an American sociologist noted for his work on the application of sociological theory to the study......
smoking, the act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning Nicotiana plant material. A variety of plant materials......
- Introduction
- Health Risks, Lung Disease, Cancer
- Cancer, Health Risks, Prevention
- Pregnancy, Health, Risks
- Nicotine Replacement, Cessation, Therapy
- Nicotine Inhaler, Health Risks, Addiction
- Health Risks, Legislation, Bans
- Health, Regulation, Prevention
- Health Risks, Addiction, History
- Health Risks, Addiction, History
- Health Risks, Legislation, Activism
Although the origins of smoking are unknown, it was first seen among Native Americans, who used tobacco for both......
social capital, concept in social science that involves the potential of individuals to secure benefits and invent......
social identity theory, in social psychology, the study of the interplay between personal and social identities.......
social learning, in psychological theory, learning behaviour that is controlled by environmental influences rather......
social psychology, the scientific study of the behaviour of individuals in their social and cultural setting. Although......
social science, any branch of academic study or science that deals with human behaviour in its social and cultural......
socialization, the process whereby an individual learns to adjust to a group (or society) and behave in a manner......
sociology, a social science that studies human societies, their interactions, and the processes that preserve and......
- Introduction
- Replacing Determinism, Social Structures, Interactionism
- Functionalism, Conflict, Debate
- Social Stratification, Inequality, Class
- Qualitative, Establishment, Historical
- Quantitative, Qualitative, Theory
- Data Collection, Surveys, Interviews
- Social Structures, Research, Theory
- Scientific Status, Theory, Research
- Research, Analysis, Education
sodomy, noncoital carnal copulation. The term is understood in history, literature, and law in several senses:......
soft skills, nontechnical and non-industry-specific skills applicable to a wide range of tasks across many roles......
somatotype, in psychology, the discredited idea that human body shape and physique type are associated with personality......
space perception, process through which humans and other organisms become aware of the relative positions of their......
spatial memory, storage and retrieval of information within the brain that is needed both to plan a route to a......
Charles E. Spearman was a British psychologist who theorized that a general factor of intelligence, g, is present......
Kenneth Wartinbee Spence was an American psychologist who attempted to construct a comprehensive theory of behaviour......
spiral of silence, in the study of human communication and public opinion, the theory that people’s willingness......
sportswashing, the use of an athletic event by an individual or a government, a corporation, or another group to......
The Stanford Prison Experiment was a social psychology study in which college students became prisoners or guards......
startle reaction, an extremely rapid psychophysiological response of an organism to a sudden and unexpected stimulus......
stereotype, in psychology, a fixed, oversimplified, and often biased belief about a group of people. Stereotypes......
stimulus-response theory, idea that learning and behaviour can be explained by interactions between stimuli and......
George Frederick Stout was an English psychologist and philosopher who advanced a system of psychology emphasizing......
stream of consciousness, narrative technique in nondramatic fiction intended to render the flow of myriad impressions—visual,......
structuralism, in psychology, a systematic movement founded in Germany by Wilhelm Wundt and mainly identified with......
Carl Stumpf was a German philosopher and theoretical psychologist noted for his research on the psychology of music......
suggestion, in psychology, process of leading a person to respond uncritically, as in belief or action. The mode......
Suicide, the act of intentionally taking one’s own life, is often the result of what has been described as unbearable......
Harry Stack Sullivan was an American psychiatrist who developed a theory of psychiatry based on interpersonal relationships.......
superego, in the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, the latest developing of three agencies (with the id and......
survivorship bias, a logical error in which attention is paid only to those entities that have passed through (or......
synesthesia, neuropsychological trait in which the stimulation of one sense causes the automatic experience of......
Edouard Séguin was a French-born American psychiatrist who pioneered modern educational methods for teaching the......
Henri Tajfel was a Polish-born British social psychologist, best known for his concept of social identity, a central......
Jean Tatlock was an American physician, psychiatrist, and communist sympathizer. Tatlock was the second and youngest......
TED, series of conferences that promote new ideas and work in a wide variety of human endeavour. TED was founded......
Teenagers are changing the world in many widely different fields, from social and political leadership to new technologies......
teetotalism, the practice or promotion of total abstinence from alcoholic drinks. It became popular as part of......
telepathy, direct transference of thought from one person (sender or agent) to another (receiver or percipient)......
temperament, in psychology, an aspect of personality concerned with emotional dispositions and reactions and their......
Lewis Terman was an American psychologist who published the individual intelligence test widely used in the United......
Johannes Nikolaus Tetens was a German psychologist, mathematician, economist, educator, and empiricist philosopher......
thanatology, the description or study of death and dying and the psychological mechanisms of dealing with them.......
The future is unwritten. It is also right around the corner, and, if, as science fiction author William Gibson......
For centuries, education has consisted primarily of students sitting before an instructor in a classroom setting,......
So reads part of the first installment of what would later be called the Great Moon Hoax. The series of six articles,......