Psychology & Mental Health, DOW-GUA
Although Sigmund Freud was once one of the most recognizable faces of psychology, this scientific discipline has developed significantly since the time of his predominance. Psychology has become an increasingly integrative science at the hub of diverse other disciplines, from biology and neurology to sociology, anthropology, and economics. At the same time, old sub-disciplinary boundaries within pyschology itself are now crossed more freely; interdisciplinary teams may work on a common problem using methods that draw on multiple levels of analysis, whether social, cognitive, or biological.
Psychology & Mental Health Encyclopedia Articles By Title
June Etta Downey was an American psychologist and educator whose studies centred on the psychology of aesthetics......
dread, a fundamental category of existentialism. According to the 19th-century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, dread,......
dream, a hallucinatory experience that occurs during sleep. Dreaming, a common and distinctive phenomenon of sleep,......
Rudolf Dreikurs was an Austrian-born American psychiatrist and educator who developed the Austrian psychologist......
drive, in psychology, an urgent basic need pressing for satisfaction, usually rooted in some physiological tension,......
drug use, use of drugs for psychotropic rather than medical purposes. Among the most common psychotropic drugs......
- Introduction
- Addiction, Dependence, Treatment
- Addiction, Habituation, Dependence
- Prohibition, Regulation, Abuse
- Social Impact, Addiction, Treatment
- Psychotropic, Abuse, Addiction
- Opiate Addiction, Treatment, Recovery
- Hallucinogens, Psychedelics, LSD
- Barbiturates, Stimulants, Tranquilizers
- Cannabis, Effects, Regulation
Dunning-Kruger effect, in psychology, a cognitive bias whereby people with limited knowledge or competence in a......
déjà vu, a sense that one has experienced a situation before. The feeling of déjà vu is often fleeting, lasting......
Hermann Ebbinghaus was a German psychologist who pioneered in the development of experimental methods for the measurement......
echolocation, a physiological process for locating distant or invisible objects (such as prey) by means of sound......
ecological validity, in psychology, a measure of how test performance predicts behaviours in real-world settings.......
economic rationality, conceptions of rationality used in economic theory. Although there is no single notion of......
educational psychology, theoretical and research branch of modern psychology, concerned with the learning processes......
ego, in psychoanalytic theory, that portion of the human personality which is experienced as the “self” or “I”......
ego death, in psychoanalysis, mysticism, and some religions, the disappearance of an individual’s sense of self,......
egocentrism, in psychology, the cognitive shortcomings that underlie the failure, in both children and adults,......
eidetic imagery, an unusually vivid subjective visual phenomenon. An eidetic person claims to continue to “see”......
Nawal El Saadawi was an Egyptian public health physician, psychiatrist, author, and advocate of women’s rights.......
John Elliotson was an English physician who advocated the use of hypnosis in therapy and who in 1849 founded a......
emotion, a complex experience of consciousness, bodily sensation, and behaviour that reflects the personal significance......
emotional development, emergence of the experience, expression, understanding, and regulation of emotions from......
emotional intelligence, set of psychological faculties that enable individuals to perceive, understand, express,......
empathy, the ability to imagine oneself in another’s place and understand the other’s feelings, desires, ideas,......
Enlightenment, a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason,......
ephebophilia, the sexual preference of an adult for mid- to late adolescents, specifically those who have reached......
Erik Erikson was a German-born American psychoanalyst whose writings on social psychology, individual identity,......
Jean-Étienne-Dominique Esquirol was an early French psychiatrist who was the first to combine precise clinical......
William K. Estes was an American psychologist who pioneered the application of mathematics to the study of animal......
event, notion that became of singular importance in the philosophical speculation about relativity physics. The......
evolutionary psychology, the study of behaviour, thought, and feeling as viewed through the lens of evolutionary......
exhibitionism, derivation of sexual gratification through compulsive display of one’s genitals. Like voyeurism......
existential crisis, a period of inner conflict during which a person is distraught over questions about identity,......
experimental psychology, a method of studying psychological phenomena and processes. The experimental method in......
extrasensory perception (ESP), perception that occurs independently of the known sensory processes. Usually included......
false flag, harmful, often militant, event or action that is designed to appear as though perpetrated by someone......
false memory syndrome, the experience, usually in the context of adult psychotherapy, of seeming to remember events......
fancy, the power of conception and representation in artistic expression (such as through the use of figures of......
Frantz Fanon was a West Indian psychoanalyst and social philosopher known for his theory that some neuroses are......
Fata Morgana, mirage that appeared periodically in the Strait of Messina between Italy and Sicily, named in Italian......
Humans have always been an inquisitive species, constantly seeking knowledge to improve our lives and those of......
Gustav Fechner was a German physicist and philosopher who was a key figure in the founding of psychophysics, the......
feeblemindedness, deficiency in intelligence. The term is no longer generally used medically or psychologically.......
feeling, in psychology, the perception of events within the body, closely related to emotion. The term feeling......
feral children, children who, through either accident or deliberate isolation, have grown up with limited human......
Sándor Ferenczi was a Hungarian psychoanalyst noted for his contributions to psychoanalytic theory and his experimentation......
Walter E. Fernald was an American doctor and administrator who was known for his work with the intellectually disabled......
Leon Festinger was an American cognitive psychologist, best known for his theory of cognitive dissonance, according......
fetishism, in psychology, a form of sexual deviance involving erotic attachment to an inanimate object or an ordinarily......
Howard Gardner is an American cognitive psychologist and author, best known for his theory of multiple intelligences.......
field theory, in psychology, conceptual model of human behaviour developed by German American psychologist Kurt......
five-factor model of personality, in psychology, a model of an individual’s personality that divides it into five......
folk psychology, ways of conceptualizing mind and the mental that are implicit in ordinary, everyday attributions......
Auguste-Henri Forel was a Swiss neuroanatomist, psychiatrist, and entomologist known for his investigations of......
forensic psychology, Application of psychology to legal issues, often for the purpose of offering expert testimony......
formal operational stage, stage of human cognitive development, typically beginning around age 11 or 12, characterized......
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher and historian, one of the most influential and controversial scholars......
Viktor Frankl was an Austrian psychiatrist and psychotherapist who developed the psychological approach known as......
fraud, in law, the deliberate misrepresentation of fact for the purpose of depriving someone of a valuable possession.......
free riding, benefiting from a collective good without having incurred the costs of participating in its production.......
Anna Freud was an Austrian-born British founder of child psychoanalysis and one of its foremost practitioners.......
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis. (Read Sigmund Freud’s 1926 Britannica......
Nancy Friday was an American feminist and author who was especially known for works that explored women’s sexuality.......
friendship, a state of enduring affection, esteem, intimacy, and trust between two people. In all cultures, friendships......
Erich Fromm was a German-born American psychoanalyst and social philosopher who explored the interaction between......
frustration-aggression hypothesis, psychological explanation of aggressive behaviour as stemming from the frustration......
fugue state, loss of memory (amnesia), often temporary, in which affected individuals typically do not remember......
functionalism, in psychology, a broad school of thought originating in the U.S. during the late 19th century that......
Francis Galton was an English explorer, anthropologist, and eugenicist known for his pioneering studies of human......
gaslighting, an elaborate and insidious technique of deception and psychological manipulation, usually practiced......
gender binary, system that classifies sex and gender into a pair of opposites, often imposed by culture, religion,......
gender continuum, in the study of human sexuality, the thesis that gender is not “binary,” or limited to the specific......
gender identity, an individual’s self-conception as a man or woman or as a boy or girl or as some combination of......
gender role, a culturally and socially determined set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and characteristics based......
genderqueer, identity adopted by individuals who characterize themselves as neither female nor male, as both, or......
generalization, in psychology, the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli. For example,......
Academy of Geneva, private school of education founded at Geneva, Switz., in 1912 by a Swiss psychologist, Édouard......
genius, in psychology, a person of extraordinary intellectual power. Definitions of genius in terms of intelligence......
Arnold Gesell was an American psychologist and pediatrician, who pioneered the use of motion-picture cameras to......
Gestalt psychology, school of psychology founded in the 20th century that provided the foundation for the modern......
Eleanor J. Gibson was an American psychologist whose work focused on perceptual learning and reading development.......
James J. Gibson was an American psychologist whose theories of visual perception were influential among some schools......
gifted child, any child who is naturally endowed with a high degree of general mental ability or extraordinary......
W.S. Gilbert was an English playwright and humorist best known for his collaboration with Arthur Sullivan in comic......
Carol Gilligan is an American developmental psychologist best known for her research into the moral development......
Jean Berko Gleason is an American psycholinguist best known as the creator of the Wug Test, a tool used to study......
Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Glueck were American criminologists and researchers at Harvard Law School. This husband-and-wife......
August, Count Neidhardt von Gneisenau was a Prussian field marshal and reformer, one of the key figures in rebuilding......
Godfrey Of Fontaines was a French Aristotelian philosopher and theologian prominent in the medieval controversy......
Alexey Gogua was an Abkhazian writer credited with introducing the psychological novel to Abkhazian literature.......
Nan Goldin is an American photographer noted for visual narratives detailing her own world of addictive and sexual......
Gordian knot, knot that gave its name to a proverbial term for a problem solvable only by bold action. In 333 bc,......
Temple Grandin is an American scientist and industrial designer whose own experience with autism funded her professional......
graphology, inference of character from a person’s handwriting. The theory underlying graphology is that handwriting......
John Gray is an American self-help author and pop psychologist who built a business empire out of his most famous......
T.H. Green was an English educator, political theorist, and Idealist philosopher of the so-called Neo-Kantian school.......
Greenwashing is the practice of presenting companies or products as more environmentally responsible than they......
Germaine Greer is an Australian-born English writer and feminist who championed the sexual freedom of women. Greer......
At the end of the 20th century, Roman Catholics around the world were shaken by revelations that many bishops had......
groupthink, mode of thinking in which individual members of small cohesive groups tend to accept a viewpoint or......
Pierre-Félix Guattari was a French psychiatrist and philosopher and a leader of the antipsychiatry movement of......