Psychology & Mental Health, KLE-MüN
Although Sigmund Freud was once one of the most recognizable faces of psychology, this scientific discipline has developed significantly since the time of his predominance. Psychology has become an increasingly integrative science at the hub of diverse other disciplines, from biology and neurology to sociology, anthropology, and economics. At the same time, old sub-disciplinary boundaries within pyschology itself are now crossed more freely; interdisciplinary teams may work on a common problem using methods that draw on multiple levels of analysis, whether social, cognitive, or biological.
Psychology & Mental Health Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Melanie Klein was an Austrian-born British psychoanalyst known for her work with young children, in which observations......
Heinrich Klüver was a German-born U.S. experimental psychologist and neurologist who made many contributions to......
Kurt Koffka was a German psychologist and cofounder, with Wolfgang Köhler and Max Wertheimer, of the Gestalt school......
Lawrence Kohlberg was an American psychologist and educator known for his theory of moral development. Kohlberg......
Korsakoff syndrome, neurological disorder characterized by severe amnesia (memory loss). Many cases result from......
Emil Kraepelin was a German psychiatrist, one of the most influential of his time, who developed a classification......
Ernst Kretschmer was a German psychiatrist who attempted to correlate body build and physical constitution with......
Ernst Kris was a psychologist and historian of art, known for his psychoanalytic studies of artistic creation and......
Julia Kristeva is a Bulgarian-born French psychoanalyst, critic, novelist, and educator, best known for her writings......
Köhler effect, phenomenon that occurs when a person works harder as a member of a group than when working alone.......
Wolfgang Köhler was a German psychologist and a key figure in the development of Gestalt psychology, which seeks......
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross was a Swiss-born American psychiatrist and author who was a pioneer in the study of death......
Oswald Külpe was a German psychologist and philosopher regarded as the guiding force behind the experimental study......
Jacques Lacan was a French psychoanalyst who gained an international reputation as an original interpreter of Sigmund......
George Trumbull Ladd was a philosopher and psychologist whose textbooks were influential in establishing experimental......
R.D. Laing was a British psychiatrist noted for his alternative approach to the treatment of schizophrenia. Laing......
Edwin Herbert Land was an American inventor and physicist whose one-step process for developing and printing photographs......
Karl Lashley was an American psychologist who conducted quantitative investigations of the relation between brain......
Harold Lasswell was an influential political scientist known for seminal studies of power relations and of personality......
Lavender Scare, moral panic in the United States in the mid-20th century over the supposed security threat posed......
Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, a comprehensive stage theory of moral development based on Jean......
Moritz Lazarus was a Jewish philosopher and psychologist, a leading opponent of antisemitism in his time and a......
Gustave Le Bon was a French social psychologist best known for his study of the psychological characteristics of......
learned helplessness, in psychology, a mental state in which an organism forced to bear aversive stimuli, or stimuli......
learning, the alteration of behaviour as a result of individual experience. When an organism can perceive and change......
learning theory, any of the proposals put forth to explain changes in behaviour produced by practice, as opposed......
Timothy Leary was an American psychologist and author who was a leading advocate for the use of LSD and other psychoactive......
leisure, freedom provided by the cessation of coerced activities, particularly time free from disagreeable work......
lesbianism, the tendency and orientation of a human female to be emotionally and usually sexually attracted to......
levitation, rising of a human body off the ground, in apparent defiance of the law of gravity. The term designates......
Kurt Lewin was a German-born American social psychologist known for his field theory of behaviour, which holds......
libido, concept originated by Sigmund Freud to signify the instinctual physiological or psychic energy associated......
Ralph Linton was an American anthropologist who had a marked influence on the development of cultural anthropology.......
Theodor Lipps was a German psychologist best known for his theory of aesthetics, particularly the concept of Einfühlung,......
Among the many unfortunate events that fill the pages of history, there have been numerous shocking examples of......
Psychology is a scientific discipline that studies psychological and biological processes and behaviour in humans......
literati, scholars in China and Japan whose poetry, calligraphy, and paintings were supposed primarily to reveal......
logic of appropriateness, a view of action that involves the matching of situations, roles, and rules. The logic......
Cesare Lombroso was an Italian criminologist whose views, though now largely discredited, brought about a shift......
loneliness, distressing experience that occurs when a person’s social relationships are perceived by that person......
love, an emotion characterized by strong feelings of affection for another arising out of kinship, companionship,......
loyalty, general term that signifies a person’s devotion or sentiment of attachment to a particular object, which......
Jerry Lucas is an American basketball player who was one of the best rebounders in the sport’s history and who......
A.R. Luria was a Soviet neuropsychologist. After earning degrees in psychology, education, and medicine, he became......
lying, any communicative act that aims to cause receivers of the communication to adopt, or persist in, a false......
Emmanuel Lévinas was a Lithuanian-born French philosopher renowned for his powerful critique of the preeminence......
Cynthia Macdonald was an American poet who employed a sardonic, often flippant tone and used grotesque imagery......
machismo, Exaggerated pride in masculinity, perceived as power, often coupled with a minimal sense of responsibility......
magical thinking, the belief that one’s ideas, thoughts, actions, words, or use of symbols can influence the course......
Mandela effect, popularized phenomenon in which a group of people collectively misremember facts, events, or other......
mania, in psychiatric terminology, any abnormal or unusual state of excitement, as in the manic phase of bipolar...
William Moulton Marston was an American psychologist who is best remembered for his contributions to two distinct......
Lillien Jane Martin was an American psychologist who followed up her academic career with an active second career......
Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist and philosopher best known for his self-actualization theory of psychology,......
masochism, a habit or practice of deriving sexual gratification from the infliction of pain or suffering on oneself.......
Masters and Johnson, American research team noted for their studies of human sexuality. William H. Masters (in......
masturbation, manipulation of the genital organs for pleasure, usually to orgasm. The term masturbation generally......
Elton Mayo was an Australian-born psychologist who became an early leader in the field of industrial sociology......
William McDougall was a British-born U.S. psychologist influential in establishing experimental and physiological......
Patrick McGorry is an Irish-born Australian psychiatrist best known for his research and advocacy efforts in the......
Phil McGraw is an American psychologist, author, and television personality who gained fame following numerous......
McGurk effect, an audiovisual speech illusion that demonstrates the impact of visual cues on speech perception,......
George Herbert Mead was an American philosopher prominent in both social psychology and the development of Pragmatism.......
means-ends analysis, heuristic, or trial-and-error, problem-solving strategy in which an end goal is identified......
media literacy, use of critical thinking to parse or create mass media, especially as a consumer in an age of online......
Meher Baba was a spiritual master in western India with a sizable following both in that country and abroad. Beginning......
Alexius Meinong was an Austrian philosopher and psychologist remembered for his contributions to axiology, or theory......
meme, unit of cultural information spread by imitation. The term meme (from the Greek mimema, meaning “imitated”)......
memory, the encoding, storage, and retrieval in the human mind of past experiences. That experiences influence......
memory disorder, any of various conditions, including certain diseases, that affect the ability to remember. Disorders......
Menninger family, American physicians who pioneered methods of psychiatric treatment in the 20th century. Charles......
Mensa International, organization of individuals with high IQs that aims to identify, understand, and support intelligence;......
mental age, intelligence test score, expressed as the chronological age for which a given level of performance......
mental health, capacity of an individual to think and behave in ways that support their ability to achieve well-being......
Adolf Meyer was an influential Swiss-born American psychiatrist, much of whose teaching has been incorporated into......
Milgram experiment, controversial series of experiments examining obedience to authority conducted by social psychologist......
Stanley Milgram was an American social psychologist known for his controversial and groundbreaking experiments......
George A. Miller was an American psychologist who was one of the founders of cognitive psychology and of cognitive......
Neal E. Miller was an American psychologist, who, with John Dollard, developed a theory of motivation based on......
Mill’s methods, Five methods of experimental reasoning distinguished by John Stuart Mill in his System of Logic......
mind, in the Western tradition, the complex of faculties involved in perceiving, remembering, considering, evaluating,......
philosophy of mind, reflection on the nature of mental phenomena and especially on the relation of the mind to......
- Introduction
- Terminology, Distinctions
- Thoughts, Attitudes, Consciousness
- Propositional Attitudes, Mental States, Cognitive Science
- Consciousness, Dualism, Materialism
- Rationality, Consciousness, Dualism
- Intentionality, Consciousness, Dualism
- Soul, Identity, Consciousness
- Explanatory Gaps, Dualism, Materialism
- Causal Relations, Epiphenomenalism
- Radical Behaviourism, Mental States, Cognitive Science
- Functionalism, Mental States, Cognitive Science
- Computational, Representational, Thought (CRTT)
- Intentionality, Research Strategies, Mind-Body Problem
- Homunculi, Dualism, Mental States
- Chinese Blocks, Nation, China
- Qualitative States, Mental Events, Consciousness
mind-body dualism, in its original and most radical formulation, the philosophical view that mind and body (or......
mirage, in optics, the deceptive appearance of a distant object or objects caused by the bending of light rays......
Walter Mischel was an American psychologist best known for his groundbreaking study on delayed gratification known......
Misinformation is the inadvertent spread of false information without intent to harm, while disinformation is false......
mnemonic, any device for aiding the memory. Named for Mnemosyne, the goddess of memory in Greek mythology, mnemonics......
Mnemosyne, in Greek mythology, the goddess of memory. A Titaness, she was the daughter of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaea......
Jacob Moleschott was a physiologist and philosopher noted for his belief in the material basis of emotion and thought.......
moral panic, phrase used in sociology to describe an artificially created panic or scare. Researchers, often influenced......
moral psychology, in psychology and philosophy, the empirical and conceptual study of moral judgment, motivation,......
Benedict Augustin Morel was an Austrian-born French psychologist who introduced the term dementia praecox to refer......
C. Lloyd Morgan was a British zoologist and psychologist, sometimes called the founder of comparative, or animal,......
motivation, forces acting either on or within a person to initiate behaviour. The word is derived from the Latin......
- Introduction
- Self-Determination, Intrinsic, Extrinsic
- Behaviorism, Reinforcement, Stimulus-Response
- Arousal, Goals, Drive
- Neurochemistry, Drive, Rewards
- Behaviorism, Drive, Reinforcement
- Observational Learning, Reinforcement, Intrinsic
- Cognitive Dissonance, Self-Perception, Expectancy-Value
- Self-Improvement, Performance, Goals
movement perception, process through which humans and other animals orient themselves to their own or others’ physical......
multiple intelligences, theory of human intelligence first proposed by the psychologist Howard Gardner in his book......
Henry Murray was an American psychologist who developed a theory of human personality based on an individual’s......
F. W. H. Myers was an English poet, critic, and essayist whose later life was increasingly devoted to the work......
Georg Elias Müller was a German psychologist who, as director of one of the major centres of psychological research......
Hugo Münsterberg was a German-American psychologist and philosopher who was interested in the applications of psychology......