Roland Petit: …Leslie Caron, and Renée (“Zizi”) Jeanmaire, whom he married in 1954.

Charles Péguy: …wrote his first version of Jeanne d’Arc (1897), a dramatic trilogy that formed a declaration and affirmation of his religious and socialist principles. Péguy was then caught up in the Dreyfus affair; he threw himself unreservedly into the battle to establish Dreyfus’ innocence and helped to bring many of his…

St. Joan of Arc ; canonized May 16, 1920; feast day May 30; French national holiday, second Sunday in May) is a national heroine of France, a peasant girl who, believing that she was acting under divine guidance, led the French army in a momentous victory at Orléans that repulsed an English attempt

Joan I was the queen of Navarre (as Joan I, from 1274), queen consort of Philip IV (the Fair) of France (from 1285), and mother of three French kings—Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV. Joan was the sole daughter and heir of Henry I, king of Navarre, her brother Theobald (Thibaut) having died at an

Joan of Navarre was the wife of Henry IV of England and the daughter of Charles the Bad, king of Navarre. In 1386 Joan was married to John IV (or V), duke of Brittany; they had eight children. John died in 1399, and Joan was regent for her son John V (or VI) until 1401. During his banishment

Chantal Akerman: …work is the avant-garde classic Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975).

René Jeannel was a French biologist best remembered for his work on the subterranean coleopterans of the family Anisotomidae. His exploration of the caves of the Pyrenees and Carpathian mountains yielded many species of these small, shiny, round fungus beetles that were hitherto unknown. His

Le Corbusier was an internationally influential Swiss architect and city planner, whose designs combine the functionalism of the modern movement with a bold sculptural expressionism. He belonged to the first generation of the so-called International school of architecture and was their most able

Charlotte Perriand: Collaborations with Le Corbusier: …construction, and actual design with Pierre Jeanneret. In the 21st century the pieces are still sold by the Italian furniture company Cassina, which credits all three as the designers. Perriand’s influence in the atelier extended beyond furniture and execution of the prototypes. In 1929 she was instrumental in designing the…

Jeannette, city, Westmoreland county, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S., in the foothills of the Allegheny Mountains. Built on six hills, it developed after the Pennsylvania Railroad came through in 1852 providing an outlet for local farm produce. The discovery of natural gas in the vicinity prompted

George Washington De Long: …July 1879, he took the Jeannette through the Bering Strait and headed for Wrangel Island, off the northeast coast of Siberia. At the time, many believed that Wrangel was a large landmass stretching far to the north, and De Long hoped to sail as far as possible along its coast…

Pierre Jeannin was a statesman who served as one of King Henry IV’s most influential advisers in the years after the French civil wars (ended 1598). A pupil of the humanist legal scholar Jacques Cujas at Bourges, Jeannin became an advocate in the Parlement (high court) of Burgundy in 1569 and its

Jean Marais was a French actor who was a protégé and longtime partner of French writer-director Jean Cocteau. Marais was one of the most popular leading men in French films during the 1940s and ’50s. Marais was first attracted to the stage in high school but was turned down by the Paris

Felix Mendelssohn: Marriage and maturity of Felix Mendelssohn: …year at Frankfurt he met Cécile Jeanrenaud, the daughter of a French Protestant clergyman. Though she was 10 years younger than himself, that is to say, no more than 16, they became engaged and were married on March 28, 1837. His sister Fanny, the member of his family who remained…

jeans, trousers originally designed in the United States by Levi Strauss in the mid-19th century as durable work clothes, with the seams and other points of stress reinforced with small copper rivets. They were eventually adopted by workingmen throughout the United States and then worldwide. Jeans

Sir James Jeans was an English physicist and mathematician who was the first to propose that matter is continuously created throughout the universe. He made other innovations in astronomical theory but is perhaps best known as a writer of popular books about astronomy. Jeans taught at the

Sir James Jeans was an English physicist and mathematician who was the first to propose that matter is continuously created throughout the universe. He made other innovations in astronomical theory but is perhaps best known as a writer of popular books about astronomy. Jeans taught at the

Tunisia: Transition: Marzouki then appointed Hamadi Jebali, a member of Ennahda, to the post of prime minister.

Otakar Březina was a poet who had a considerable influence on the development of 20th-century Czech poetry. Březina spent most of his life as a schoolmaster in Moravia. Although isolated from public life, he was well informed about the national and international literary movements that influenced

John Jebb was a British political, religious, and social reformer who championed humanitarian and constitutional causes far in advance of his time. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and Peterhouse, Cambridge, he was ordained in 1763 and thereafter lectured on mathematics at Cambridge. His

Jebba, town, Kwara state, western Nigeria. It lies on the south bank and at the natural head of navigation of the Niger River, 550 miles (885 km) from the sea. It is populated by the predominantly Muslim Nupe people, whose kingdom, refounded by Tsoede, flourished in the region in the early 16th

Niger Dams Project: …and hydroelectric power plant at Jebba, 64 miles (103 km) from the Kainji Dam, were completed in 1984, and the dam at Shiroro Gorge on the Kaduna River, west of Bida in Niger state, began operations in 1990.

Byblos, ancient seaport, the site of which is located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea about 20 miles (30 km) north of the modern city of Beirut, Lebanon. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited towns in the world. The name Byblos is Greek; papyrus received its early Greek name (byblos,

Jebel Akhdar War, a series of conflicts during the mid- and late 1950s between residents of the interior of Oman, supported by Saudi Arabia and Egypt, and the sultan of Muscat and Oman, who was aided by Britain. The rebels sought independence and control of the interior lands and any oil to be

Dubai: Economy of Dubai: The Jebel Ali free-trade zone was established in the 1980s to attract industrial investment; activities based there include aluminum smelting, car manufacturing, and cement production.

Homo sapiens: Bodily structure: sapiens—that is, those from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, dated to approximately 315 kya—as the remains of early modern humans, because they have a primitive appearance reminiscent of a highly evolved version of H. heidelbergensis. Instead, they are considered “protomodern” and may be more representative of individuals at the root of…

Qafzeh, paleoanthropological site south of Nazareth, Israel, where some of the oldest remains of modern humans in Asia have been found. More than 25 fossil skeletons dating to about 90,000 years ago have been recovered. The site is a rock shelter first excavated in the early 1930s; excavation

Homo sapiens: Bodily structure: One of the best-preserved early fossils that bears all the anatomic hallmarks of H. sapiens is a skull dated to about 92 kya from the Israeli site of Jebel Qafzeh. This part of the Middle East, called the Levant, is often regarded as a biogeographic extension of Africa, so…

Atlas Mountains: Physiography: …points, reaching 8,058 feet at Mount Tidirhine. East of the gap formed by the Moulouya River the Algerian ranges begin, among which the rugged bastion of the Ouarsenis Massif (which reaches a height of 6,512 feet), the Great Kabylie, which reaches 7,572 feet at the peak of Lalla Khedidja, and…

Baḥr al-Jabal, that section of the Nile River between Nimule near the Uganda border and Malakal in South Sudan. Below Nimule the river flows northward over the Fula Rapids, past Juba (the head of navigation), and through Al-Sudd, the enormous papyrus-choked swamp where half its water is lost. It

Romanian literature: After World War II: …revealed a vigorous optimism, and Eugen Jebeleanu, who spent much of the 1930s as a left-wing journalist, produced increasingly abstracted poetry. Also among those who came to the fore during and after World War II were Maria Banuş, who expressed the struggle for peace in her poetry, Miron Paraschivescu, a…

South American Indian languages: Grammatical characteristics: Other languages like Jebero express fundamentally modal categories. Very common are affixes indicating movement, chiefly toward and away from the speaker, and location (e.g., in Quechumaran, Záparo, Itonama), and in some stocks like Arawakan and Panoan there are many suffixes in the verb with very concrete adverbial meaning,…

African literature: Yoruba: Femi Jeboda wrote Olowolaiyemo (1964), a realistic novel having to do with life in a Yoruba city. Adebayo Faleti’s works, such as the short novel Ogun awitele (1965; “A War Foreseen”) and the narrative poem Eda ko l’aropin (1956; “Don’t Underrate”), display fantasy roots. Faleti…

David: Kingship: He next conquered the Jebusite (Canaanite) stronghold of Jerusalem, which he made the capital of the new united kingdom. He selected this city as his new capital because it was a neutral site and neither the northerners nor the southerners would be adverse to the selection. From the very…

Adam Zagajewski: …more volumes of poetry, including Jechać du Lwowa (1985; “Traveling to Lwów”), Ziemia ognista (1994; “The Fiery Land”), and Anteny (2005; “Antenna”). And he received acclaim as an essayist with such collections as Drugi oddech (1978; “Second Wind”), Solidarność i samtoność (1986; Solidarity and Solitude), Dwa

Jedburgh, royal burgh (town), Scottish Borders council area, historic county of Roxburghshire, southeastern Scotland. It is situated on Jed Water, a tributary of the River Teviot, within 10 miles (16 km) of the English border. In the 9th century a church was built on the site of the present abbey.

Jedburgh: Jedburgh Castle stood above the river at the southern end of the burgh. Also erected by David I, it was one of five fortresses ceded to England in 1174. It occasionally served as a royal residence but was so often captured by the English that…

Aaron Bank: …selected to participate in the Jedburgh project, an Allied program that brought together American, Belgian, British, Dutch, and French special forces personnel to conduct small unit operations in occupied Europe. In July 1944 he dropped into occupied France as commander of a three-man Jedburgh team, along with a French officer…

Jeddah, city and major port in central Hejaz region, western Saudi Arabia. It lies along the Red Sea west of Mecca. The principal importance of Jeddah in history is that it constituted the port of Mecca and was thus the site where the majority of Muslim pilgrims landed while journeying to the holy

Jeddah: In the 1927 Treaty of Jeddah the British recognized Saudi sovereignty over the Hejaz and Najd regions. Jeddah eventually was incorporated into Saudi Arabia. In 1947 the city walls were demolished, and rapid expansion followed. The city takes its name (which means “ancestress” or “grandmother”) from the location…

Jedburgh: The proverbial “Jeddart justice,” according to which a man was hanged first and tried afterward, seems to have been a hasty generalization from the solitary summary execution of a gang of rogues. Located along the main road leading from the English border to Edinburgh, the town is…

Max Reinhardt: Career in full flower: …the Salzburg Festival, staging Hofmannsthal’s Jedermann (Everyman) in the city’s cathedral square in 1920. With Reinhardt’s support the Salzburg Festival became an annual event, bringing about a new interest in the dramas of the Middle Ages from which Jedermann was adapted.

Czechoslovak Hussite Church: Its forerunner was the Jednota (Union of the Catholic Czechoslovak Clergy), founded in 1890 to promote such reforms as use of the vernacular in the liturgy and voluntary clerical celibacy. The new church, formed when these demands were rejected by the Vatican in 1919, adopted a rationalistic doctrine and…

Kyrgyzstan: Presidencies of Almazbek Atambayev and Sooronbai Jeenbekov: …for a second term, and Sooronbai Jeenbekov, an ally and onetime prime minister of Atambayev, was elected president in October 2017. After a midwinter power plant outage in Bishkek caused public outrage, Jeenbekov fell out with Atambayev and his associates. Jeenbekov began replacing many of Atambayev’s appointees, and the parliament…

jeep, outstanding light vehicle of World War II. It was developed by the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps and was an important item in lend-lease shipments to the Soviet Union and other allies. The jeep weighed 1 14 tons, was powered by a four-cylinder engine, and was classed as a quarter-ton truck in

rigging: …is subdivided into the lifts, jeers, and halyards (haulyards), by which the sails are raised and lowered, and the tacks and sheets, which hold down the lower corners of the sails. The history of the development of rigging over the centuries is obscure, but the combination of square and fore-and-aft…

The Standard: …weekly, the African Standard, by A.M. Jeevanjee, an Indian merchant. Jeevanjee hired an English editor-reporter, W.H. Tiller, to oversee the newspaper’s operations. In 1910 the paper became a daily, changed its name to the East African Standard, and moved to Nairobi, which was then fast developing as a commercial centre.…

Bertie Wooster: Wooster is the employer of Jeeves, a valet who is the ultimate “gentleman’s gentleman.” They first appeared together in the story “Extricating Young Gussie” in 1915. Wooster is rescued from innumerable complicated situations by the resourceful and innately superior Jeeves.

Stephen Fry: …starred in the television series Jeeves and Wooster, with Laurie playing the wealthy but somewhat bumbling Bertie Wooster and Fry playing the resourceful valet, Reginald Jeeves, who always managed to extricate Wooster from unusual predicaments. In 2003 Fry hosted the television game show QI (“Quite Interesting”), which for some 10…

Susan Sarandon: Films of the 2000s and later roles: …Sleeps (2010), and the comedy Jeff, Who Lives at Home (2011).

al-Jifārah, coastal plain of northern Africa, on the Mediterranean coast of extreme northwestern Libya and of southeastern Tunisia. Roughly semicircular, it extends from Qābis (Gabes), Tunisia, to about 12 miles (20 km) east of Tripoli, Libya. Its maximum inland extent is approximately 80 miles

Richard Jefferies was an English naturalist, novelist, and essayist whose best work combines fictional invention with expert observation of the natural world. The son of a yeoman farmer, Jefferies in 1866 became a reporter on the North Wilts Herald. In 1872 he became famous for a 4,000-word letter

Richard Jefferies was an English naturalist, novelist, and essayist whose best work combines fictional invention with expert observation of the natural world. The son of a yeoman farmer, Jefferies in 1866 became a reporter on the North Wilts Herald. In 1872 he became famous for a 4,000-word letter

Robinson Jeffers was one of the most controversial U.S. poets of the 20th century, for whom all things except his pantheistically conceived God are transient, and human life is viewed as a frantic, often contemptible struggle within a net of passions. Educated in English literature, medicine, and

Robinson Jeffers was one of the most controversial U.S. poets of the 20th century, for whom all things except his pantheistically conceived God are transient, and human life is viewed as a frantic, often contemptible struggle within a net of passions. Educated in English literature, medicine, and

Jefferson, county, west-central Pennsylvania, U.S., bordered by the Clarion River to the north. It consists of a hilly region on the Allegheny Plateau drained by numerous streams, including North Fork, Little Mill, Sandy Lick, Little Sandy, and Redbank creeks. Parklands include Clear Creek State

Martins Ferry, city, Belmont county, eastern Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Ohio River (there bridged to Wheeling, W.Va.), about 60 miles (100 km) west of Pittsburgh, Pa. Squatters in the 1770s and ’80s formed settlements (Hoglin’s, or Mercer’s, Town and Norristown) on the site. In 1795 Absalom

Jefferson, county, northern New York state, U.S., mostly comprising a lowland region bounded by Lake Ontario to the west and Ontario, Canada, to the northwest, the St. Lawrence River constituting the boundary. It is linked by bridge to Ontario and features several bay inlets, notably Chaumont,

Jefferson Airplane, was an American psychedelic rock band best known for its biting political lyrics, soaring harmonies, and hallucinogenic titles, such as Surrealistic Pillow and “White Rabbit.” Jefferson Airplane was an important standard-bearer for the counterculture in the 1960s, but in its

Dumas Malone: Malone’s masterwork is Jefferson and His Time, a comprehensive six-volume biography of Thomas Jefferson consisting of Jefferson the Virginian (1948), Jefferson and the Rights of Man (1951), Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty (1962), Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1805 (1970), Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809 (1974),…

Jefferson Bible, abridgment of the New Testament compiled by Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), who rearranged the text of the Gospels into an account of the life and ministry of Jesus that eschews mention of any supernatural or miraculous elements. Jefferson exemplified the rationalistic bent of many

Jefferson City, capital of Missouri, U.S., and seat of Cole county, on the Missouri River, near the geographic centre of the state. The site for the state capital was selected in 1821. The land had been donated under an act of the U.S. Congress that specified it be within 40 miles (64 km) of the

Mississippi: Education: …survive the American Civil War, Jefferson College (founded in 1802) was among the earliest public postsecondary institutions in the country. Elizabeth Female Academy (founded in 1818) is considered by some historians to be the first women’s college. In the late 19th century the Mississippi legislature allocated a portion of the…

Ruth Prawer Jhabvala: Bridge (1990), Jefferson in Paris (1995), and adaptations of Henry James’s The Europeans (1979), The Bostonians (1984), and The Golden Bowl (2000).

Thomas Jefferson University: …led by George McClellan created Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia in 1824. It served as the medical department of Jefferson College (then located in Canonsburg) until the state granted the medical college an independent charter in 1838. In 1877 it opened one of the first teaching hospitals in the United…

Jefferson Memorial, monument to Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, situated in East Potomac Park on the south bank of the Tidal Basin in Washington, D.C. Authorized in 1934 as part of a beautification program for the nation’s capital, it was opposed by many modernist

Eero Saarinen: Life: …1948 prizewinning design for the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (later Gateway Arch National Park) in St. Louis, Missouri, was completed in 1965. The Gateway Arch is a graceful and spectacular arch of stainless steel with a span and height of 630 feet (190 metres). It conveys a sense of ceremony…

Jefferson River, river, most westerly of the Missouri River’s three headstreams, rising in the Gravelly Range in southwestern Montana, U.S., near the Continental Divide and Yellowstone National Park (where it is known as Red Rock River). It flows west through Red Rock Pass and Upper and Lower Red

University of Louisville, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Louisville, Kentucky, U.S. It offers a wide range of bachelor’s, master’s, doctoral, and professional degree programs. In addition to the main campus, called the Belknap campus, classes are held at the Health Science

Jefferson Airplane, was an American psychedelic rock band best known for its biting political lyrics, soaring harmonies, and hallucinogenic titles, such as Surrealistic Pillow and “White Rabbit.” Jefferson Airplane was an important standard-bearer for the counterculture in the 1960s, but in its

Stan Laurel was an English comedic film actor best known as half of the legendary Laurel and Hardy team. Although he played a simpleminded bumbler, Stan Laurel was actually the major creative force behind the comedy duo. Laurel made some 100 comedies with Oliver Hardy between 1921 and 1950. Stan

Blind Lemon Jefferson was an American country blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter, one of the earliest folk-blues singers to achieve popular success. Blind from birth and the youngest of seven children, Jefferson became an itinerant entertainer in his teens, learning a repertoire of prison

Dry Tortugas: Fort Jefferson is the largest all-masonry fortification in the Americas. It remained in Union hands during the American Civil War and served as a prison until 1873. Among the prisoners was Samuel A. Mudd, the doctor sentenced for conspiracy in the assassination of President Abraham…

Joseph Jefferson was an American actor who was best known for his portrayals of the character Rip Van Winkle. As the third actor of this name in a family of actors and managers, Jefferson completely eclipsed his forebears. He made his stage debut at the age of three in August von Kotzebue’s

Blind Lemon Jefferson was an American country blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter, one of the earliest folk-blues singers to achieve popular success. Blind from birth and the youngest of seven children, Jefferson became an itinerant entertainer in his teens, learning a repertoire of prison

Martha Jefferson was the wife of Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States (1801–09). She was never a first lady because she died 19 years before her husband became president. Martha Wayles married Bathurst Skelton in 1766, but he died two years later. The young widow returned to her

Lizzo is an American singer, rapper, and flutist whose messages of positivity and empowerment resonated with audiences and brought her global success in the early 21st century. Her music—a blend of R&B, rap, and pop—typically features catchy, uplifting lyrics about self-love, especially as it

Oregon: Relief and drainage: …highest peak in Oregon, and Mount Jefferson, rising to 10,497 feet (3,199 meters), is the second highest.

Thomas Jefferson was the draftsman of the Declaration of Independence of the United States and the nation’s first secretary of state (1789–94) and second vice president (1797–1801) and, as the third president (1801–09), the statesman responsible for the Louisiana Purchase. An early advocate of

“Tom and Sally”: the Jefferson-Hemings paternity debate: Long before Americans learned about the sexual escapades of their 20th-century presidents—Warren Harding, John Kennedy, and Bill Clinton were the chief offenders—there was the story of Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings. Until recently, when newly developed techniques in genetic research made scientific evidence on long-dead…

Democratic-Republican Party, first opposition political party in the United States. Organized in 1792 as the Republican Party, its members held power nationally between 1801 and 1825. It was the direct antecedent of the present Democratic Party. During the two administrations of Pres. George

Norman Lear: …Son, Good Times (1974–79), and The Jeffersons, a spin-off of All in the Family, were significant in their depictions of African American family life. Lear also produced such films as The Princess Bride (1987), a wry fantasy directed by Reiner that became a cult classic, Fried Green Tomatoes (1991), the…

Jeffersonville, city, seat (1802–10; 1873) of Clark county, southern Indiana, U.S. It lies along the Ohio River (there bridged) at the head of the Falls of the Ohio, opposite Louisville, Kentucky. Built on land occupied by old Fort Steuben, it was laid out in 1802 on a plan suggested by President

Katharine Jefferts Schori is an American prelate who was the first female presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (2006–15). Jefferts was raised as a Roman Catholic and was educated by nuns at a convent school until her parents began attending Episcopal services

Republican Party: Reagan, the end of the Cold War, and the rise of the Tea Party: Jim Jeffords of Vermont to become an independent). A surge in Bush’s popularity following the September 11 attacks of 2001 enabled the Republicans to recapture the Senate and to make gains in the House of Representatives in 2002. In 2004 Bush was narrowly reelected, winning…

Republican Party: Reagan, the end of the Cold War, and the rise of the Tea Party: Jim Jeffords of Vermont to become an independent). A surge in Bush’s popularity following the September 11 attacks of 2001 enabled the Republicans to recapture the Senate and to make gains in the House of Representatives in 2002. In 2004 Bush was narrowly reelected, winning…

Keith Waterhouse: …Bernard resulted in the play Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell, which was a huge success when it debuted in 1989 with Peter O’Toole in the title role. Other novels include The Bucket Shop (1968; also published as Everything Must Go), Billy Liar on the Moon (1975), Office Life (1978), Maggie Muggins…

Edward Charles Jeffrey was a Canadian-American botanist who worked on the morphology and phylogeny of vascular plants. While a lecturer at the University of Toronto (1892–1902), Jeffrey established his reputation with a series of articles published from 1899 to 1905 on the comparative anatomy and

Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey was a literary critic and Scottish judge, best known as the editor of The Edinburgh Review, a quarterly that was the preeminent organ of British political and literary criticism in the early 19th century. Educated at the universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, from 1791

DNA fingerprinting: …in 1984 by British geneticist Alec Jeffreys, after he noticed that certain sequences of highly variable DNA (known as minisatellites), which do not contribute to the functions of genes, are repeated within genes. Jeffreys recognized that each individual has a unique pattern of minisatellites (the only exceptions being multiple individuals…

George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys was an English judge notorious for his cruelty and corruption. He presided over the “Bloody Assizes” of 1685 following the failure of the duke of Monmouth’s rebellion and was in charge of executing the unpopular religious policy of the Roman Catholic king James

Sir Harold Jeffreys was a British astronomer and geophysicist noted for his wide variety of scientific contributions. Jeffreys was educated at Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne (D.Sc., 1917), and St. John’s College, University of Cambridge (M.A., 1917), and was a fellow at St. John’s from

Hakeem Jeffries is an American Democratic politician who serves in the U.S. House of Representatives (2013– ). The House minority leader from 2023, Jeffries is the first Black person to lead a major party in either house of Congress. In 2024 he comfortably won reelection against Republican

Hakeem Jeffries is an American Democratic politician who serves in the U.S. House of Representatives (2013– ). The House minority leader from 2023, Jeffries is the first Black person to lead a major party in either house of Congress. In 2024 he comfortably won reelection against Republican

James Jackson Jeffries was an American boxer who was the world heavyweight champion from June 9, 1899, when he knocked out Bob Fitzsimmons in 11 rounds at Coney Island, New York City, until 1905, when he retired undefeated. Among his six successful title defenses were two knockouts of former

Jean-Pierre Blanchard: …who, with the American physician John Jeffries, made the first aerial crossing of the English Channel. He was also the first to make balloon flights in England, North America, Germany, Belgium, and Poland.

Gudmundur Kamban: …et stort skönt land (1936; I See a Wondrous Land), a historical novel set in the 11th century that recounts the Viking expeditions to Greenland and America. Kamban’s first plays—Hadda Padda (1914; Eng. trans. Hadda Padda; filmed 1924) and Kongeglimen (1915; “Wrestling Before the King”)—are about the problems of love.…

Yegoryevsk, city, Moscow oblast (region), western Russia. It lies along the Glushitsy River southeast of the capital. The city of Yegoryevsk was formed in 1778 from the village of Vysokoye and became an important trading centre, especially for grain and cattle from Ryazan oblast. In the 19th

jihad, in Islam, a meritorious struggle or effort. The exact meaning of the term jihād depends on context; it has often been erroneously translated in the West as “holy war.” Jihad, particularly in the religious and ethical realm, primarily refers to the human struggle to promote what is right and

Antoine de La Sale: Jehan de Saintré is a pseudobiographical romance of a knight at the court of Anjou who, in real life, achieved great fame in the mid-14th century. Modern criticism ascribes an important place to Saintré in the development of French prose fiction and also extols the…