Najāḥid Dynasty: …of Najāḥ’s sons, Saʿīd and Jayyāsh, who had fled the capital, plotted to restore themselves to the Najāḥid throne and in 1081 killed ʿAlī. Saʿīd, supported by the large Ethiopian Mamlūk population, easily secured control of Zabīd. ʿAlī’s son al-Mukarram, however, heavily influenced by his mother, took Zabīd c. 1083,…

plant disease: Diseases—a normal part of nature: …binds to special proteins, called JAZ proteins, to regulate plant growth, pollen production, and other processes. In the presence of harmful stimuli, however, jasmonate switches its signaling pathways, shifting instead to directing processes involved in boosting plant defense. Genes that produce jasmonate and JAZ proteins represent potential targets for genetic…

Ḥanīsh Islands, archipelago in the southern Red Sea that as of November 1, 1998, was officially recognized as sovereign territory of Yemen. Long under Ottoman sovereignty, the island group’s political status was purposely left indeterminate by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), under which Turkey

Algiers, capital and chief seaport of Algeria. It is the political, economic, and cultural centre of the country. Algiers is built on the slopes of the Sahel Hills, which parallel the Mediterranean Sea coast, and it extends for some 10 miles (16 km) along the Bay of Algiers. The city faces east and

Warsaw: Foundation and early development: 1065) and Jazdow (first recorded in 1262). About the end of the 13th century, Jazdow was moved about two miles to the north, to a village named Warszowa (Warsaw), and the community was strengthened by the protection of a castle. From 1339, authority was invested in a…

Al Jazeera, Arabic-language cable television news network founded by Sheikh Hamad ibn Khalifa Al Thani, emir of Qatar, in 1996. The network was guaranteed government financial backing for its first five years, and it transmitted from Doha, Qatar, and from bureaus around the world, beginning

Yitzḥak Shamir was a Polish-born Zionist leader and prime minister of Israel in 1983–84 and 1986–90 (in alliance with Shimon Peres of the Labour Party) and in 1990–92. Shamir joined the Beitar Zionist youth movement as a young man and studied law in Warsaw. He immigrated to Palestine in 1935 and

Cairo: City layout: …Garden City, and, more recently, Jazīrah, the island offshore. The major thoroughfare connecting the city along its north-south axis is the Kūrnīsh al-Nīl (the Corniche), a highway paralleling the Nile River, built in the 1950s. Along the Corniche lie the Maspero Television Building, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and a…

Algeciras, port city, Cádiz provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, in extreme southern Spain, across the Bay of Gibraltar from Gibraltar. The port, at the mouth of the Río de la Miel, was founded in 713 by Moors and is probably on the site of the Roman

Sudan: Mechanized agriculture: …areas are centred on the Gezira Scheme (Al-Jazīrah)—with its Mangil extension—between the Blue and White Niles south of Khartoum. Other major farming areas are watered by the Khashm Al-Qirbah Dam on the Atbara River and by Al-Ruṣayriṣ Dam, which provides irrigation water for the Rahad Scheme.

Al-Jazīrah, region, central-southeast Sudan. Al-Jazīrah lies just southeast of the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers; the Blue Nile runs northwestward through the central part of the region, and the White Nile lies to the west. The Blue Nile is joined by the Dinder River at the southern

Al-Jazīrah, (Arabic: “Island”), the northern reaches of Mesopotamia, now making up part of northern Iraq and extending into eastern Turkey and extreme northeastern Syria. The region lies between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and is bounded on the south by a line running between Takrīt and Anbar.

Kharg Island, small Iranian island in the northern Persian Gulf, 34 miles (55 km) northwest of the port of Bushire (Būshehr). In the 15th century the Dutch established a factory (trading station) on the island, but in 1766 Kharg was taken by pirates based at Bandar-e Rīg, a small Persian port north

Cádiz, city, capital, and principal seaport of Cádiz provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southwestern Spain. The city is situated on a long, narrow peninsula extending into the Gulf of Cádiz (an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean). With a 6- to 7-mile (9.5-

Alzira, city, Valencia provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, eastern Spain. It lies in the Ribera district, south of the city of Valencia. It originated as the Iberian settlement of Algezira Sucro (“Island of Sucro”), so named because of its insular

Hormuz, mostly barren, hilly island of Iran on the Strait of Hormuz, between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, 5 miles (8 km) off the coast. The population may decline by half in summer through migration. Hormuz village is the only permanent settlement. Resources include red ochre for export.

Kharg Island, small Iranian island in the northern Persian Gulf, 34 miles (55 km) northwest of the port of Bushire (Būshehr). In the 15th century the Dutch established a factory (trading station) on the island, but in 1766 Kharg was taken by pirates based at Bandar-e Rīg, a small Persian port north

Qeys Island, island in the Persian Gulf, lying about 10 miles (16 km) off mainland Iran. It rises 120 feet (37 metres) above sea level to a plateau and is almost without vegetation except for a few date groves and stunted herbage. Qeys attained importance only in the late 1st millennium ad, when a

Shādhilīyah: …number of suborders, notably the Jazūlīyah and the Darqāwā in Morocco and the ʿĪsāwīyah in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.

jazz, musical form, often improvisational, developed by African Americans and influenced by both European harmonic structure and African rhythms. It was developed partially from ragtime and blues and is often characterized by syncopated rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, varying degrees of

Henri Matisse: Riviera years of Henri Matisse: …and white techniques, he published Jazz (1947), a book consisting of his own reflections on art and life, with brilliantly colored illustrations made by a technique he called “drawing with scissors”: the motifs were pasted together after being cut out of sheets of colored paper (hand-painted with gouache in order…

African American literature: African American roots: Four years later, Morrison published Jazz, a novel of murder and reconciliation set in Harlem during the 1920s, and Playing in the Dark, a trenchant examination of whiteness as a thematic obsession in American literature. In 1993 Morrison became the first African American to be awarded the Nobel Prize for…

The Roaring Twenties is a colloquial term for the 1920s, especially within the United States and other Western countries where the decade was characterized by economic prosperity, rapid social and cultural change, and a mood of exuberant optimism. The liveliness of the period stands in marked

jazz dance, any dance to jazz accompaniments, composed of a profusion of forms. Jazz dance paralleled the birth and spread of jazz itself from roots in Black American society and was popularized in ballrooms by the big bands of the swing era (1930s and ’40s). It radically altered the style of

Art Blakey: …Horace Silver, Blakey founded the Jazz Messengers (1954), toured Europe, and recorded (1955–61) a brilliant string of records for the Blue Note label. By encouraging young musicians to become members of the Jazz Messengers, Blakey gave them valuable experience as jazz performers; over the years the ensemble included such notable…

jazz poetry, poetry that is read to the accompaniment of jazz music. Authors of such poetry attempt to emulate the rhythms and freedom of the music in their poetry. Forerunners of the style included the works of Vachel Lindsay, who read his poetry in a syncopated and rhythmic style for audiences,

Richard Fleischer: Later work: Fleischer’s The Jazz Singer (1980), a remake of the 1927 classic, starred a miscast Neil Diamond as a young Jewish man who dreams of becoming a pop singer despite the objections of his cantor father (Laurence Olivier). The drama was panned by critics but became a…

The Jazz Singer, American musical film, released in 1927, that was the first feature-length movie with synchronized dialogue. It marked the ascendancy of “talkies” and the end of the silent-film era. (Read Lillian Gish’s 1929 Britannica essay on silent film.) On Yom Kippur, cantor Rabinowitz

Peggy Lee: Acting career: …her first dramatic role, in The Jazz Singer (1952), and earning an Academy Award nomination for her supporting performance in Pete Kelly’s Blues (1955). She continued to appear for many years in guest roles on television series.

jazz-rock, popular musical form in which modern jazz improvisation is accompanied by the bass lines, drumming styles, and instrumentation of rock music, with a strong emphasis on electronic instruments and dance rhythms. Since the recordings of 1920s bands, notably Paul Whiteman’s, there have been

Winthrop Sargeant: Meanwhile, he wrote Jazz: Hot and Hybrid (1938), the pioneering and highly influential analysis of the sources and structures of the jazz idiom.

Acre: …and citadel were strengthened by Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzār (Arabic: “The Butcher”), the Turkish governor (1775–1804), and withstood Napoleon’s siege (1799). Though the city surrendered to the Egyptian viceroy Ibrahim Pasha in 1832, the citadel itself was never successfully forced until May 3, 1948, when, as a British prison, it was…

Acre: …and citadel were strengthened by Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzār (Arabic: “The Butcher”), the Turkish governor (1775–1804), and withstood Napoleon’s siege (1799). Though the city surrendered to the Egyptian viceroy Ibrahim Pasha in 1832, the citadel itself was never successfully forced until May 3, 1948, when, as a British prison, it was…

Acre: …from the citadel, include the Great Mosque, built by Al-Jazzār and named for him; the Municipal Museum, housed in the Pasha’s bathhouse; the Crypt of St. John, actually a Crusader refectory; and several churches built on Crusader foundations. Just north of the city is the tomb of Bahāʾ Allāh, Iranian…

Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq was the sixth imam, or spiritual successor to the Prophet Muhammad, of the Shiʿi branch of Islam and the last to be recognized as imam by all the Shiʿi sects. Theologically, he advocated a limited predestination and proclaimed that Hadith (traditional sayings of the Prophet), if

Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq was the sixth imam, or spiritual successor to the Prophet Muhammad, of the Shiʿi branch of Islam and the last to be recognized as imam by all the Shiʿi sects. Theologically, he advocated a limited predestination and proclaimed that Hadith (traditional sayings of the Prophet), if

Barmakids: Yaḥyā: …and his sons al-Faḍl and Jaʿfar were placed in charge of the Caliph’s personal seal.

Loṭf ʿAlī Khān Zand: …rivalries, Loṭf ʿAlī Khān’s father, Jaʿfar Khān, proclaimed himself sovereign in the Zand capital of Shīrāz in 1785.

Jaʿfar al-ʿAskarī was an army officer and Iraqi political leader who played an important role in the Arab nationalist movements during and after World War I. ʿAskarī was educated in Baghdad and in Istanbul and commissioned in the Ottoman Turkish army in 1909. He was sent in 1915 to join Turkish

Jaʿfar al-ʿAskarī was an army officer and Iraqi political leader who played an important role in the Arab nationalist movements during and after World War I. ʿAskarī was educated in Baghdad and in Istanbul and commissioned in the Ottoman Turkish army in 1909. He was sent in 1915 to join Turkish

Twelver Shiʿah, the largest of the three Shiʿi groups extant today. The Twelvers believe that, at the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 ce, the spiritual-political leadership (the imamate) of the Muslim community was ordained to pass down to ʿAlī, the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law, and then to

Twelver Shiʿah, the largest of the three Shiʿi groups extant today. The Twelvers believe that, at the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 ce, the spiritual-political leadership (the imamate) of the Muslim community was ordained to pass down to ʿAlī, the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law, and then to

John Bates Clark: …1947 the AEA established the John Bates Clark Medal, which is awarded annually (biennially until 2009) to a U.S.-based economist under the age of 40 for outstanding contributions to economic thought.

virus: Malignant transformation: …humans, one of which, the JC virus, appears to be the causative agent of a fatal neurological disease called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In general, however, the human papovaviruses are not clearly associated with disease.

medical tourism: Social and ethical issues in medical tourism: …for international hospitals are the Joint Commission International (JCI), a branch of the U.S.-based Joint Commission Resources; Accreditation Canada International; and the Australian Council on Healthcare Standards International. Those organizations charge fees to clients who want to have their facilities surveyed for accreditation, and each organization maintains a list of…

Japanese Communist Party (JCP), leftist Japanese political party founded in 1922. Initially, the party was outlawed, and it operated clandestinely until the post-World War II Allied occupation command restored freedom of political association in Japan; it was established legally in October 1945. In

JCPenney is an iconic American retail company and key anchor store in shopping malls across the United States. JCPenney traces its origins back to April 14, 1902, when founder James Cash Penney and his partners opened the Golden Rule dry goods store in Kemmerer, Wyoming. Over the next two years,

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), more commonly known as “the Iran nuclear deal,” is a 2015 agreement between Iran and several world powers to restrict Iran’s nuclear program in exchange for relief of international sanctions on Iran. The deal was negotiated by the Democratic

rules of engagement: …of Staff standing ROE (JCS SROE), which mandate that the use of force must also be consistent with international law.

J. Craig Venter: TIGR and Celera Genomics: In 2006 he founded the J. Craig Venter Research Institute (JCVI), a not-for-profit genomics research support organization. In 2007, researchers funded in part by the JCVI successfully sequenced the genome of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which transmits the infectious agent of yellow fever to humans.

India: The premiership of Rajiv Gandhi: Singh’s new Janata Dal (JD; “People’s Party”) coalition. In the general elections held in November, Gandhi barely managed to retain his own Lok Sabha seat, as the Congress (I) Party, winning only 193 seats, lost its majority. The Janata Dal (141 seats) emerged with the second largest…

Janata Dal (Secular), regional political party primarily in Karnataka state, southern India. It also has a presence in adjoining Kerala state and in national politics. The party, formed in 1999, had its origins in the Janata (People’s) Party, founded in 1977 as a coalition of several smaller

Janata Dal (United), regional political party in Bihar and Jharkhand states, eastern India. It also has had a presence in national politics and in the central government in New Delhi. Since 2013, the JD(U) has oscillated frequently between opposing political alliances, earning itself the reputation

Sao Tome and Principe: Resources and power: …potential oil fields in the Joint Development Zone (JDZ), an area of overlapping maritime boundaries about 125 miles (200 km) from the Nigerian coast. The agreement was renegotiated in 2003, after which oil companies began bidding for the right to develop sections within the JDZ. The first exploratory drilling in…

cogito, ergo sum, dictum coined by the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes in his Discourse on Method (1637) as a first step in demonstrating the attainability of certain knowledge. It is the only statement to survive the test of his methodic doubt. The statement is indubitable, as

Charlie Hebdo shooting: The response: …the victims, using the slogan “Je suis Charlie” (“I am Charlie”). The message of solidarity spread around the world on social media. The cover of issue No. 1178 of Charlie Hebdo, put together and published on January 14 by staffers who had survived the attack, showed a cartoon of a…

Chantal Akerman: …made her first narrative feature, Je tu il elle (1974), in which she plays a young woman who has affairs with a truck driver and her ex-girlfriend.

Jean-Luc Godard: Later work and awards of Jean-Luc Godard: …Je vous salue, Marie (1985; Hail Mary)—that served as personal statements on femininity, nature, and Christianity.

George Colman the Elder: His next play, The Jealous Wife (1761), an adaptation of Henry Fielding’s novel Tom Jones, was one of the best comedies of the age and held its place in the stock theatrical repertoire for nearly a century. Colman collaborated with Garrick on The Clandestine Marriage (1766), a play…

novel: Antinovel: …writers like Alain Robbe-Grillet in Jealousy (1957), Nathalie Sarraute in Tropisms (1939) and The Planetarium (1959), and Michel Butor in Passing Time (1957) and Degrees (1960) wish mainly to remove the pathetic fallacy from fiction, in which the universe, which is indifferent to man, is made

Michał Choromański: …novel Zazdrość i medycyna (1933; Jealousy and Medicine), a clinical study of the relationship between medicine and sex, was an instant success. At the outbreak of World War II he fled Poland and lived in South America and Canada, respectively, before returning to Poland in 1957. His later fiction includes…

Luxembourg: Independent Luxembourg: Prince Jean, Charlotte’s son, was installed as lieutenant-représentant of Charlotte in 1961, and he inherited the throne in 1964 upon his mother’s abdication.

Albret Family: Alain’s son, Jean (d. 1516), became king of Navarre through his marriage with Catherine de Foix in 1484. In 1550 the lands of Albret were made a duchy. Jeanne d’Albret (1528–72), Jean’s granddaughter, married Antoine de Bourbon and left her titles to her son, Henry III of…

Roger Martin du Gard: …Gard first attracted attention with Jean Barois (1913), which traced the development of an intellectual torn between the Roman Catholic faith of his childhood and the scientific materialism of his maturity; it also described the full impact of the Dreyfus affair on French minds. He is best known for the…

Jean Bernard, the world’s deepest known cave, located in the Alps near the town of Samoëns, Haute-Savoie département, Rhône-Alpes région, southeastern France. The highest of the limestone cave’s eight entrances is located above Samoëns at an elevation of 7,428 feet (2,264 m). The original entrance

John was a count of Brienne who became the titular king of Jerusalem (1210–25) and Latin emperor of Constantinople (1231–37). A penniless younger son of the French count Erard II of Brienne and Agnes of Montbéliard, John passed most of his life as a minor noble until befriended by King Philip II

The Ambassadors, oil painting on oak panel created in 1533 by German artist Hans Holbein the Younger. One of the most staggeringly impressive portraits in Renaissance art, this famous painting is full of hidden meanings and fascinating contradictions. The meticulous realism of Holbein’s immaculate

John Of Jandun was the foremost 14th-century interpreter of Averroës’ rendering of Aristotle. After study at the University of Paris, John became master of arts at the Collège de Navarre in Paris, where he lectured on Aristotle. He associated with Marsilius of Padua, writer of the Defensor Pacis,

St. John of Matha ; feast day February 8) was a cofounder of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity for the Redemption of Captives, commonly called Trinitarians and sometimes Mathurins. Originally a Roman Catholic order formed in France and dedicated to freeing enslaved Christians from captivity under

John Of Mirecourt was a French Cistercian monk, philosopher, and theologian whose skepticism about certitude in human knowledge and whose limitation of the use of reason in theological statements established him as a leading exponent of medieval Christian nominalism (the doctrine that universals

Jean de Meun was a French poet famous for his continuation of the Roman de la rose, an allegorical poem in the courtly love tradition begun by Guillaume de Lorris about 1225. Jean de Meun’s original name was Clopinel, or Chopinel, but he became known by the name of his birthplace. He probably owned

Jean de Meun was a French poet famous for his continuation of the Roman de la rose, an allegorical poem in the courtly love tradition begun by Guillaume de Lorris about 1225. Jean de Meun’s original name was Clopinel, or Chopinel, but he became known by the name of his birthplace. He probably owned

John (IV) was a claimant to the duchy of Brittany upon the death of his childless half brother, John III. He was the only surviving son of Arthur II. At first, John of Montfort had recognized John III’s designation of Charles of Blois (nephew of King Philip VI of France) as the successor; but then

Jean Perréal was a painter, architect, and sculptor, and the most important portrait painter in France at the beginning of the 16th century. Perréal was a court painter to the Bourbons and later worked for Charles VIII, Louis XII, and Francis I of France. He traveled to Italy several times between

John of Paris was a Dominican monk, philosopher, and theologian who advanced important ideas concerning papal authority and the separation of church and state and who held controversial views on the nature of the Eucharist. A lecturer at the University of Paris and the author of several works

Léon-Gustave Dehon was a French Roman Catholic priest who founded the Congregation of the Priests of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, a congregation of priests and brothers dedicated to spreading the apostolate of the Sacred Heart. Educated at the Sorbonne, Dehon was ordained priest in 1868 at Rome.

Louis-Sébastien Mercier: …about the French religious wars, Jean Hennuyer évêque de Lisieux (1772; “Jean Hennuyer, Bishop of Lisieux”) and La Destruction de la ligue (1782; “The Destruction of the League”), which were so anticlerical and antimonarchical that they were not performed until after the French Revolution. Mercier also wrote a work of…

Charles I, 5th duke de Bourbon: …he turned about and became—with Jean II, duke of Alençon—the leader of the short-lived Praguerie (1440), a revolt of nobles nominally led by the Dauphin (the future Louis XI). The nobles were cornered in the territory of Bourbon and made peace, given generous terms.

Jean Le Bel was the forerunner of the great medieval Flemish chroniclers and one of the first to abandon Latin for French. A soldier and the constant companion of Jean, Count de Beaumont, with whom he went to England and Scotland in 1327, Le Bel wrote his Vrayes Chroniques (“True Chronicles”),

John II was the king of France from 1350 to 1364. Captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers on Sept. 19, 1356, he was forced to sign the disastrous treaties of 1360 during the first phase of the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) between France and England. After becoming king on Aug. 22, 1350,

John III was the duke of Brittany (from 1312), son of Arthur II. His death without heirs resulted in the War of the Breton Succession, pitting two indirect heirs, John of Montfort and Charles of Blois. Despite three marriages—to Isabella of Valois, Isabella of Castile, and Joan of Savoy—he was left

John IV (or V) was the duke of Brittany from 1365, whose support for English interests during the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) nearly cost him the forfeit of his duchy to the French crown. The instability of his reign is attributable not only to his alliances with England but also to his

John I was the king of France, the posthumous son of Louis X of France by his second consort, Clémence of Hungary. He died just a few days after his birth but is nevertheless reckoned among the kings of France. His uncle, who succeeded him as Philip V, has been accused of having caused his death,

John I was the duke of Brittany (from 1237), son of Peter I. Like his father, he sought to limit the temporal power of the clergy; consequently he was excommunicated, upon which he journeyed to Rome to win absolution. Subsequently, he and his wife, Blanche of Champagne, traveled with St. Louis on

John V (or VI) was the duke of Brittany from 1399, whose clever reversals in the Hundred Years’ War and in French domestic conflicts served to strengthen his duchy. John was on good terms with Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, who was his guardian. He began to favour the Armagnac faction in the

John of Paris was a Dominican monk, philosopher, and theologian who advanced important ideas concerning papal authority and the separation of church and state and who held controversial views on the nature of the Eucharist. A lecturer at the University of Paris and the author of several works

John IV (or V) was the duke of Brittany from 1365, whose support for English interests during the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) nearly cost him the forfeit of his duchy to the French crown. The instability of his reign is attributable not only to his alliances with England but also to his

Jean Paul was a German novelist and humorist whose works were immensely popular in the first 20 years of the 19th century. His pen name, Jean Paul, reflected his admiration for the French writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Jean Paul’s writing bridged the shift in literature from the formal ideals of

John was the second duke of Burgundy (1404–19) of the Valois line, who played a major role in French affairs in the early 15th century. The son of Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, and Margaret of Flanders, John was born in the ducal castle at Rouvres, where he spent the greater part of his

John was the king of England from 1199 to 1216. In a war with the French king Philip II, he lost Normandy and almost all his other possessions in France. In England, after a revolt of the barons, he was forced to seal the Magna Carta (1215). John was the youngest son of Henry II and Eleanor of

Marcel Proust: Works: short stories, essays, novels, and letters: …1895 to 1899 he wrote Jean Santeuil, an autobiographical novel that, though unfinished and ill-constructed, showed awakening genius and foreshadowed À la recherche.

Michaëlle Jean is a Canadian journalist and documentarian who was Canada’s 27th governor-general (2005–10) and the first person of African heritage to hold that post. She later became the first woman to serve as secretary-general of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (2015–19).

Wyclef Jean is a Haitian rapper, producer, and philanthropist whose dynamic, politically inflected rhymes and keen ear for hooks established him as a significant force in popular music. Born in a suburb of Port-au-Prince, Jean was raised by relatives after his parents immigrated to the United

Wyclef Jean is a Haitian rapper, producer, and philanthropist whose dynamic, politically inflected rhymes and keen ear for hooks established him as a significant force in popular music. Born in a suburb of Port-au-Prince, Jean was raised by relatives after his parents immigrated to the United

Wyclef Jean is a Haitian rapper, producer, and philanthropist whose dynamic, politically inflected rhymes and keen ear for hooks established him as a significant force in popular music. Born in a suburb of Port-au-Prince, Jean was raised by relatives after his parents immigrated to the United

Jean-Christophe, multivolume novel by Romain Rolland, published in French in 10 volumes in the journal Cahiers de la Quinzaine from 1904 to 1912. It was published in book form in three volumes: Jean-Christophe (1905–06; Jean-Christophe: Dawn, Morning, Youth, Revolt), which comprises the original

For more than two years Karine Jean-Pierre stood behind a White House podium, fielding seemingly endless questions from Washington reporters about the actions, inactions, policy initiatives, and miscues of her boss, U.S. Pres. Joe Biden. At times controversial—and even more so since leaving the

xanthan gum: Historical development: …1960s by American carbohydrate chemist Allene R. Jeanes and her research team at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Jeanes and her colleagues discovered the substance while searching for a microbial gum that could be used in food and industrial products but that—unlike other plant gums at the time—could be…

Western sculpture: Avant-garde sculpture (1909–20): Matisse’s head of Jeanette (1910–11) also partakes of a personal reproportioning that gives a new vitality to the less mobile areas of the face. Likewise influenced by the Cubists’ manipulation of their subject matter, Alexander Archipenko in his Woman Combing Her Hair (1915) rendered the body by means…

Roland Petit: …Leslie Caron, and Renée (“Zizi”) Jeanmaire, whom he married in 1954.