Jahāngīr was the Mughal emperor of India from 1605 to 1627. Prince Salīm was the eldest son of the emperor Akbar, who early marked Salīm to succeed him. Impatient for power, however, Salīm revolted in 1599 while Akbar was engaged in the Deccan. Akbar on his deathbed confirmed Salīm as his

Jean Clouet was a Renaissance painter of portraits celebrated for the depth and delicacy of his characterization. Although he lived in France most of his life, records show that he was not French by origin and was never naturalized. He was one of the chief painters to Francis I as early as 1516 and

Ahaz was a king of Judah (c. 735–720 bc) who became an Assyrian vassal (2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–8). Ahaz assumed the throne of Judah at the age of 20 or 25. Sometime later his kingdom was invaded by Pekah, king of Israel, and Rezin, king of Syria, in an effort to force him into an alliance with them

Jehoiachin, in the Old Testament (II Kings 24), son of King Jehoiakim and king of Judah. He came to the throne at the age of 18 in the midst of the Chaldean invasion of Judah and reigned three months. He was forced to surrender to Nebuchadrezzar II and was taken to Babylon (597 bc), along with

Jehoiakim, in the Old Testament (II Kings 23:34–24:17; Jeremiah 22:13–19; II Chronicles 36:4–8), was son of King Josiah and king of Judah (c. 609–598 bce). When Josiah died at Megiddo, his younger son, Jehoahaz (or Shallum), was chosen king by the Judahites, but the Egyptian conqueror Necho II took

Chengde, city in northern Hebei sheng (province), China. The city is situated in the mountains separating the North China Plain from the plateaus of Inner Mongolia, approximately 110 miles (180 km) northeast of Beijing, on the Re River (Re He; “Hot River”), a small tributary of the Luan River. The

feathered dinosaur: Discoveries in the Liaoning deposits: …are part of the larger Jehol Biota, a vast assemblage of Cretaceous fossils from northeastern China, and they continue to produce fossils of feathered dinosaurs, including early birds. In terms of historical evolution, many of these feathered dinosaurs were found to be increasingly closer to Archaeopteryx and later birds. Some…

Chengde Uplands, region of extremely complex and rugged topography in northeastern China. It encompasses portions of southwestern Liaoning province, northeastern Hubei province, and southeastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The area is mostly composed of Precambrian granites, gneiss, and

Rechabite: …for Rechab, the father of Jehonadab. Jehonadab was an ally of Jehu, a 9th-century-bc king of Israel, and a zealous antagonist against the worshippers of Baal, a Canaanite fertility deity. Though of obscure origin, the Rechabites apparently were related to the Kenites, according to I Chron. 2:55, a tribe eventually…

Jehoram, one of two contemporary Old Testament kings. Jehoram, the son of Ahab and Jezebel and king (c. 849–c. 842 bc) of Israel, maintained close relations with Judah. Together with Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, Jehoram unsuccessfully attempted to subdue a revolt of Moab against Israel. As had his

Jehoshaphat, king (c. 873–c. 849 bc) of Judah during the reigns in Israel of Ahab, Ahaziah, and Jehoram, with whom he maintained close political and economic alliances. Jehoshaphat aided Ahab in his unsuccessful attempt to recapture the city of Ramoth-gilead, joined Ahaziah in extending maritime

Jehovah, artificial Latinized rendering of the name of the God of Israel. The name arose among Christians in the Middle Ages through the combination of the consonants YHWH (JHVH) with the vowels of Adonai (“My Lord”). Jews reading the Scriptures aloud substituted Adonai for the sacred name,

Yahweh, name for the God of the Israelites, representing the biblical pronunciation of “YHWH,” the Hebrew name revealed to Moses in the book of Exodus. The name YHWH, consisting of the sequence of consonants Yod, Heh, Waw, and Heh, is known as the tetragrammaton. After the Babylonian Exile (6th

Jehovah’s Witness, member of a Christian-based new religious movement that developed within the larger 19th-century Adventist movement in the United States and has since spread worldwide. The Jehovah’s Witnesses are an outgrowth of the International Bible Students Association, which was founded in

Jehu, king (c. 842–815 bc) of Israel. He was a commander of chariots for the king of Israel, Ahab, and his son Jehoram, on Israel’s frontier facing Damascus and Assyria. Ahab, son of King Omri, was eventually killed in a war with Assyria; during Jehoram’s rule, Jehu accepted the invitation of the

Alfonsine Tables: …Castile under the direction of Jehuda ben Moses Cohen and Isaac ben Sid. Although no Castilian version survives, internal evidence—they were calculated for 1252, the initial year of the reign of Alfonso, and at the meridian of Toledo—supports the introduction. The tables were not widely known, however, until a Latin…

Turkmenistan: Early civilization and arrival of the Turkmens: …of Ashgabat in the Neolithic Jeitun civilization, which may be dated to the 5th millennium bce. The Jeitun civilization was followed by a series of other Neolithic cultures, and a cultural unification of southern Turkmenistan occurred in the Early Bronze Age (2500–2000 bce). During the course of the following half…

Pramoedya Ananta Toer: …the tetralogy, Jejak langkah (1985; Footsteps) and Rumah kaca (1988; House of Glass), had to be published abroad. These late works comprehensively depict Javanese society under Dutch colonial rule in the early 20th century. In contrast to Pramoedya’s earlier works, they were written in a plain, fast-paced narrative style.

Yeysk, city, Krasnodar kray (territory), southwestern Russia. It was founded as a port in 1848 on the southern side of Taganrog Gulf of the Sea of Azov. Fishing and associated industries (fish canning) are important; other industries include agricultural processing. The city is a noted health

Jeju, city and provincial capital, Jeju do (province), on the northern coast of Jeju Island, off the southern coast of South Korea. Jeju is the island’s largest city and has its only airport, which handles both domestic and international flights. The political, commercial, and cultural center of

Jeju Island, island and (since 2006) special autonomous province of South Korea. The province, the smallest of the republic, is in the East China Sea 60 miles (100 km) southwest of South Jeolla province, of which it once was a part. The provincial capital is the city of Jeju. Oval in shape, Jeju

Jeju: Jeju National University (1955) is located there. Among the city’s historical sites is Samseong-hyeol (“Caves of the Three Clans”), the legendary cradle of three old families (Go, Yang, and Bu) whose progenitors were said to have emerged from the ground to found the ancient kingdom…

Jeju Island, island and (since 2006) special autonomous province of South Korea. The province, the smallest of the republic, is in the East China Sea 60 miles (100 km) southwest of South Jeolla province, of which it once was a part. The provincial capital is the city of Jeju. Oval in shape, Jeju

duodenum: …of the small intestine, the jejunum.

Itsekiri, ethnic group inhabiting the westernmost part of the Niger River delta of extreme southern Nigeria. The Itsekiri make up an appreciable proportion of the modern towns of Sapele, Warri, Burutu, and Forcados. They speak a Yoruboid language of the Benue-Congo branch of Niger-Congo languages

Jekyll Island, barrier island off the coast of the U.S. state of Georgia. It is one of the Sea Islands of the southeastern United States. Jekyll Island was inhabited by Native peoples for centuries before the first European settlement in 1733. The island was used as a private plantation, operated

Dr. Jekyll, fictional character, the rational, humanistic protagonist of the novel Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) by Robert Louis Stevenson. His alter ego is the evil, barely human Mr. Hyde. John Barrymore (1920), Fredric March (1931), and Spencer Tracy (1941) gave notable film

Gertrude Jekyll was an English landscape architect who was the most successful advocate of the natural garden and who brought to the theories of her colleague William Robinson a cultivated sensibility he lacked. Born of a prosperous family, Jekyll was educated in music and painting and travelled in

Dr. Jekyll, fictional character, the rational, humanistic protagonist of the novel Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) by Robert Louis Stevenson. His alter ego is the evil, barely human Mr. Hyde. John Barrymore (1920), Fredric March (1931), and Spencer Tracy (1941) gave notable film

Josip, Count Jelačić was a Croatian politician and soldier who, as ban, or provincial governor, of Croatia under the Austrian Empire, helped crush the Hungarian nationalist revolt against the empire in 1848. As a young Austrian officer, he served in Italy and Bosnia. In March 1848, when the

Jelālī Revolts, rebellions in Anatolia against the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first revolt occurred in 1519 near Tokat under the leadership of Celâl, a preacher of Shīʿite Islam. Major revolts later occurred in 1526–28, 1595–1610, 1654–55, and 1658–59. The major uprisings

Jelenia Góra, city, Dolnośląskie województwo (province), southwestern Poland. It lies in the Sudeten (Sudety) mountains near the Czech border, at the confluence of the Bóbr and Kamienna rivers. Archaeological data indicate that the site was occupied by an ancient Slavic tribe. Permanent settlement

Jelep Pass, mountain pass on the border of the Indian state of Sikkim and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Jelep Pass lies at an elevation of about 14,390 feet (4,386 meters), in the Dongkya Range of the eastern Himalayas. The pass (la), with its gentle gradient, was a crucial link in the main

Jelep Pass, mountain pass on the border of the Indian state of Sikkim and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Jelep Pass lies at an elevation of about 14,390 feet (4,386 meters), in the Dongkya Range of the eastern Himalayas. The pass (la), with its gentle gradient, was a crucial link in the main

Jelgava, city, Latvia, on the Lielupe River southwest of Riga. In 1226 the Brothers of the Sword, a religious and military order, built the castle of Mitau there; town status was conferred on the settlement in 1376. In 1561, when the Brothers of the Sword were dissolved, it became the capital of

griot, West African troubadour-historian. The griot profession is hereditary and has long been a part of West African culture. The griots’ role has traditionally been to preserve the genealogies, historical narratives, and oral traditions of their people; praise songs are also part of the griot’s

Elfriede Jelinek is an Austrian novelist, playwright, and poet noted for her controversial works on gender relations, female sexuality, and popular culture. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2004. Jelinek received her education in Vienna, where the combination of her academic

dress: The Middle East from the 6th century: …the Arab world is the jellaba, known as the jellabah in Tunisia, a jubbeh in Syria, a gallibiya in Egypt, or a dishdasha in Algeria. The garment generally has wide, long sleeves, and the long skirt may be slit up the sides; some styles are open in front like a…

dress: The Middle East from the 6th century: …the Arab world is the jellaba, known as the jellabah in Tunisia, a jubbeh in Syria, a gallibiya in Egypt, or a dishdasha in Algeria. The garment generally has wide, long sleeves, and the long skirt may be slit up the sides; some styles are open in front like a…

Josip, Count Jelačić was a Croatian politician and soldier who, as ban, or provincial governor, of Croatia under the Austrian Empire, helped crush the Hungarian nationalist revolt against the empire in 1848. As a young Austrian officer, he served in Italy and Bosnia. In March 1848, when the

John Rushworth Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe was a British admiral of the fleet who commanded at the crucial Battle of Jutland (May 31, 1916) during World War I. The son of a captain in the mercantile marine, Jellicoe was educated at Rottingdean and entered the Royal Navy as a naval cadet in 1872. He

John Rushworth Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe was a British admiral of the fleet who commanded at the crucial Battle of Jutland (May 31, 1916) during World War I. The son of a captain in the mercantile marine, Jellicoe was educated at Rottingdean and entered the Royal Navy as a naval cadet in 1872. He

Adolf Jellinek was a rabbi and scholar who was considered to be the most forceful Jewish preacher of his time in central Europe. From 1845 to 1856 Jellinek preached in Leipzig and from 1856 to 1893 in Vienna. Because of his skillful incorporation into his sermons of those Midrashim (rabbinic

Elvin M. Jellinek was an American physiologist who was a pioneer in the scientific study of alcoholism. Jellinek studied at several European universities and received his master’s degree in 1914 from the University of Leipzig. He became a biometrician (i.e., one concerned with the statistics of

Elvin M. Jellinek was an American physiologist who was a pioneer in the scientific study of alcoholism. Jellinek studied at several European universities and received his master’s degree in 1914 from the University of Leipzig. He became a biometrician (i.e., one concerned with the statistics of

Georg Jellinek was a German legal and political philosopher who, in his book Die sozialethische Bedeutung von Recht, Unrecht und Strafe (1878; 2nd ed., 1908; “The Social-Ethical Significance of Right, Wrong, and Punishment”), defined the law as an ethical minimum—i.e., as a body of normative

Denmark: The Viking era: …on a huge gravestone at Jelling, one of the so-called Jelling stones. Harald’s conquest of Norway was short-lived, however, and his son Sweyn I (Forkbeard) was forced to rewin the country. Sweyn also exhausted England in annual raids and was finally accepted as king of that country, but he died…

Jelling stones, two 10th-century royal gravestones found in Jutland, best known of all Danish runic inscriptions. The earlier stone, a memorial honouring Queen Thyre, was commissioned by her husband, King Gorm the Old, last pagan king of Denmark. The other, erected in memory of his parents by

Biz Stone: …work on a new venture, Jelly, a search app in which users posted questions that were answered by others in their social network. It launched two years later and was sold to Pinterest in 2017. Shortly thereafter Stone returned to Twitter. In addition, Stone served as an adviser to several…

jelly, a semitransparent confection consisting of the strained juice of various fruits or vegetables, singly or in combination, sweetened, boiled, slowly simmered, and congealed, often with the aid of pectin, gelatin, or a similar substance. The juices of most fruits and berries and many vegetables

food preservation: Concentration of moist foods: Fruit jelly and preserve manufacture, an important fruit by-product industry, is based on the high-solids–high-acid principle, with its moderate heat-treatment requirements. Fruits that possess excellent qualities but are visually unattractive may be preserved and utilized in the form of concentrates, which have a pleasing taste…

jellyfish, any planktonic marine member of the class Scyphozoa (phylum Cnidaria), a group of invertebrate animals composed of about 200 described species, or of the class Cubozoa (approximately 20 species). The term is also frequently applied to certain other cnidarians (such as members of the

jelly bean, small, brightly colored bean-shaped candy with a chewy interior covered with a candy shell. Jelly beans are generally made with sugar, corn syrup, and pectin. The origin of the confection is unknown, but there are popular theories. The chewy center possibly derives from Turkish delight,

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Tremellales Parasitic on mosses, vascular plants, or insects, although most are saprotrophic; basidiocarps well-formed, appearing as inconspicuous horny crusts when dry but usually bright-coloured to black gelatinous masses after a rain; example genera include Tremella, Trichosporon, and Christiansenia. Class Dacrymycetes

Kevin Young: Poetry collections: …of his next two books—Jelly Roll: a blues (2003) and Black Maria (2005)—Young completed a trilogy of collections that link poetry with other art forms: blues music and film noir, respectively. Jelly Roll was a finalist for a National Book Award, and Black Maria was staged as a play…

Savion Glover: …Roll Morton in the musical Jelly’s Last Jam, which debuted in Los Angeles in 1991 before opening on Broadway the following year and touring in 1994. In 1995 Bring in ’Da Noise, Bring in ’Da Funk opened Off-Broadway. Glover choreographed and starred in the musical, which featured a series of…

Mrs. Jellyby, satiric character in the novel Bleak House (1852–53) by Charles Dickens, one of his memorable caricatures. Matronly Mrs. Jellyby is a philanthropist who devotes her time and energy to setting up a mission in Africa while ignoring the needy in her own family and

jellyfish, any planktonic marine member of the class Scyphozoa (phylum Cnidaria), a group of invertebrate animals composed of about 200 described species, or of the class Cubozoa (approximately 20 species). The term is also frequently applied to certain other cnidarians (such as members of the

Takashi Murakami: …film, Mememe no kurage (Jellyfish Eyes), in Japan. His work was frequently exhibited internationally, including at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, and at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (both in 2017). Murakami also continued to collaborate with high-profile names. He notably did the cover illustration for Kanye…

Jelenia Góra: …in the 11th century by Jelnik, a knight who built the castle Nowy Dwór. The surrounding settlement was known as Jelenia Góra. The town reached its economic zenith, mainly because of its weaving industry, in the 15th and 16th centuries but was devastated by the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) and,…

Sayyid Shaykh bin Ahmad al-Hadi: …(1919), Sayyid Shaykh founded the Jelutong Press in Penang in 1927. For the next 14 years, until the Japanese invasion, Jelutong published a stream of books, journals, and other publications broadly reformist in general tendency but encompassing modern literature of all kinds, from popular journalism to the first Malay novels.…

Frederik Pohl: …Nebula Award for best novel; Jem (1980), the first and only novel to capture a National Book Award for science fiction (hardcover), bestowed only in 1980; Chernobyl (1987); and All the Lives He Led (2011). The trilogy composed of The Other End of Time (1996), The Siege of Eternity (1997),…

Bayezid II: …father in 1481, his brother Cem contested the succession. Bayezid, supported by a strong faction of court officials at Constantinople, succeeded in taking the throne. Cem eventually sought refuge with the Knights of Saint John at Rhodes and remained a captive until his death in 1495.

Janjaweed: Campaign in Darfur: …most prominent rebel groups, the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA), mounted a joint raid on the Sudanese air base at Al-Fāshir in April 2003, destroying aircraft and capturing dozens of prisoners. The Al-Fāshir raid was a psychological blow to the government in Khartoum, and…

Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), Islamist militant group, founded in Pakistan in 2000 by Masood Azhar, primarily known for its armed insurgency against Indian troops in the Kashmir region. The group is designated as a terrorist organization by the United Nations and several countries, including India, the

Thysdrus, ancient Roman city south of Hadrumetum (modern Sousse) in what is now Tunisia. Although it was originally a native community influenced by Carthaginian civilization, Thysdrus probably received Julius Caesar’s veterans as settlers in 45 bce. Thysdrus did not become a municipium (settlement

Jemaa, town, Kaduna state, central Nigeria, near the Darroro Hills and on a road from Jos to Jagindi. A 2,000-year-old terra-cotta head discovered at Jemaa in 1944 proved to be vital to an understanding of the Nok culture, a civilization that probably flourished in the area between 900 bce and 200

2002 Bali Bombings: …task forces—identified the terrorist organization Jemaah Islamiyah (an Islamic group) as responsible for the bombings. Suspected of having carried out several other terrorist attacks in the past, Jemaah Islamiyah was also linked by the Indonesian government to al-Qaeda, the international terrorist network founded by Osama bin Laden.

Borinage: …metallurgy (in the town of Jemappes) and glassmaking (at Boussu). The city and workshops of Grand Hornu constitute a remarkable reconstruction (begun c. 1820) of an ancient mine and its attendant industrial complex.

Jember, city, East Java (Jawa Timur) propinsi (or provinsi; province), southeastern Java, Indonesia. It is located at the foot of Mount Argopuro, about 95 miles (150 km) southeast of Surabaya, the provincial capital. Roads and railway link it with Banyuwangi to the east, Probolinggo to the

Rudolfo Anaya: … (1996), Shaman Winter (1999), and Jemez Spring (2005).

Louis of Nassau: …beaten by Alba’s forces at Jemgum on the Ems (July 21). After fighting alongside his brother William of Orange in another disastrous campaign in the south, he retreated to France, where he established excellent relations with the Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny and, through him, with the French king Charles…

N.K. Jemisin is an American author of science-fiction and fantasy short stories and novels. She often explores issues such as racism, cultural conflict, and family relationships in her work. In 2016, Jemisin became the first Black writer to win a Hugo Award for best novel, for The Fifth Season

N.K. Jemisin is an American author of science-fiction and fantasy short stories and novels. She often explores issues such as racism, cultural conflict, and family relationships in her work. In 2016, Jemisin became the first Black writer to win a Hugo Award for best novel, for The Fifth Season

Mae Jemison is an American physician and the first African American woman to become an astronaut. In 1992, she spent more than a week orbiting Earth in the space shuttle Endeavour. Jemison moved with her family to Chicago at the age of three. There she was introduced to science by her uncle and

Mae Jemison is an American physician and the first African American woman to become an astronaut. In 1992, she spent more than a week orbiting Earth in the space shuttle Endeavour. Jemison moved with her family to Chicago at the age of three. There she was introduced to science by her uncle and

Mary Jemison was a captive of Native American Indians, whose published life story became one of the most popular in the 19th-century genre of captivity stories. Jemison grew up on a farm near the site of present-day Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. On April 5, 1758, a raiding party of French soldiers and

Melvin Calvin: In 1942 Calvin married Genevieve Jemtegaard, with later Nobel chemistry laureate Glenn T. Seaborg as best man. The married couple collaborated on an interdisciplinary project to investigate the chemical factors in the Rh blood group system. Genevieve was a juvenile probation officer, but, according to Calvin’s autobiography, “she spent…

ren, the foundational virtue of Confucianism. It characterizes the bearing and behaviour that a paradigmatic human being exhibits in order to promote a flourishing human community. The concept of ren reflects presuppositions that are characteristic of Confucian philosophical anthropology

ginseng, (genus Panax), genus of 12 species of medicinal herbs of the family Araliaceae. The root of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng), native to Manchuria and Korea, has long been used as a drug and is made into a stimulating tea in China, Korea, and Japan. American ginseng (P. quinquefolius), native

American literature: Multicultural writing: …important Asian American writers included Gish Jen, whose Typical American (1991) dealt with immigrant striving and frustration; the Korean American Chang-rae Lee, who focused on family life, political awakening, and generational differences in Native Speaker (1995) and A Gesture Life (1999); and Ha Jin, whose Waiting (1999; National Book Award),…

Renmin Ribao, daily newspaper published in Beijing as the official organ of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. The paper was established in 1948, toward the end of China’s civil war, and has been based in Beijing since 1949. Renmin Ribao carries serious politically oriented

commune, type of large rural organization introduced in China in 1958. Communes began as amalgamations of collective farms; but, in contrast to the collectives, which had been engaged exclusively in agricultural activities, the communes were to become multipurpose organizations for the direction of

Renzong was the temple name (miaohao) of the fourth emperor (reigned 1022–63) of the Song dynasty (960–1279) of China, one of the most able and humane rulers in Chinese history. Under him, the Song government is generally believed to have come closer than ever before to reaching the Confucian ideal

Buyantu, (reigned 1311–20), Mongol emperor of the Yuan dynasty (1206–1368) of China, who was a patron of literature. He distributed offices more equitably between Chinese and Mongols than had his predecessors, and during his reign commercial ties with Europe

Jena, city, Thuringia Land (state), east-central Germany. It lies on the Saale River, east of Weimar. First mentioned in the 9th century as Jani, it was chartered in 1230 and belonged to the margraves of Meissen from the mid-14th century. The house of Wettin, which held the margraviate and (after

Paris: Around the Eiffel Tower: …of the slope the five-arched Jena Bridge (Pont d’Iéna) leads across the river. It was built for Napoleon I in 1813 to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Jena in 1806.

Jena glass, fine-quality glass with improved resistance to heat and shock, suited for chemical ware. It was developed for thermometers and measuring vessels, optical ware, and scientific and industrial uses. Jena glass was first produced by the German glass chemist Otto Schott, who, with Ernst Abbe

Jena Romanticism, a first phase of Romanticism in German literature, centred in Jena from about 1798 to 1804. The group was led by the versatile writer Ludwig Tieck. Two members of the group, the brothers August Wilhelm and Friedrich von Schlegel, who laid down the theoretical basis for Romanticism

Battle of Jena, (Oct. 14, 1806), military engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, fought between 122,000 French troops and 114,000 Prussians and Saxons, at Jena and Auerstädt, in Saxony (modern Germany). In the battle, Napoleon smashed the outdated Prussian army inherited from Frederick II the Great,

Jena: The city’s Friedrich-Schiller University was founded by the elector John Frederick the Magnanimous in 1548 as an academy and was raised to university status in 1577. It flourished under the duke Charles Augustus, patron of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, from 1787 to 1806, when the philosophers Johann…

Jena: The city’s Friedrich-Schiller University was founded by the elector John Frederick the Magnanimous in 1548 as an academy and was raised to university status in 1577. It flourished under the duke Charles Augustus, patron of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, from 1787 to 1806, when the philosophers Johann…

Battle of Jena, (Oct. 14, 1806), military engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, fought between 122,000 French troops and 114,000 Prussians and Saxons, at Jena and Auerstädt, in Saxony (modern Germany). In the battle, Napoleon smashed the outdated Prussian army inherited from Frederick II the Great,

Jena glass, fine-quality glass with improved resistance to heat and shock, suited for chemical ware. It was developed for thermometers and measuring vessels, optical ware, and scientific and industrial uses. Jena glass was first produced by the German glass chemist Otto Schott, who, with Ernst Abbe

Jena Romanticism, a first phase of Romanticism in German literature, centred in Jena from about 1798 to 1804. The group was led by the versatile writer Ludwig Tieck. Two members of the group, the brothers August Wilhelm and Friedrich von Schlegel, who laid down the theoretical basis for Romanticism

Yenakiyeve, city, eastern Ukraine. It lies along the Krynka River. A pig-iron concern began there in 1858 but lasted only eight years; not until the first coal mines opened in the locality in 1883 did industrialization begin. A metallurgical factory established in 1895–97 was later reconstructed.

Georg Jenatsch was a Swiss political and military leader of the Grisons (now Graubünden, the most easterly of Swiss cantons) during the complex struggles of the Thirty Years’ War. The son of the Protestant vicar of Samaden, Jenatsch became vicar of Scharans in 1617. Ambition and thirst for action

automobile: Early electric automobiles: …hour was an electric (Camille Jenatzy’s La Jamais Contente, 1899). An electric, also Jenatzy’s, had been the easy winner in 1898 of a French hill-climb contest to assay the three forms of power.

Joseph Jenks was a British American inventor. A skilled ironworker, Jenks emigrated to America in 1642 to help establish one of the first American ironworks at Saugus in Massachusetts. In 1646 he was granted the first patent in America for making a new type of sawmill and machines for making

William Brennan: …of the confession; and in Jencks v. United States (1957), in which Brennan gave the court’s opinion, establishing a defendant’s right to examine the reports of government witnesses. In his dissents in Ker v. California and Lopez v. United States (both 1963), Brennan argued for the right to privacy as…