South Africa: Labor and taxation: …trade union federation is the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), which maintains a formal political alliance with the ANC and is a nonracial but mainly Black body that includes the country’s largest unions, among them the National Union of Mineworkers. Other federations include the Black consciousness-rooted National Council…

South Africa: Resistance to apartheid: …held three years later, called Congress of the People, included Indians, Coloureds, and sympathetic whites. The Freedom Charter was adopted, asserting that “South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black or white, and no Government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of the…

Congress of the People (COPE), South African political party founded in 2008 by Mbhazima Shilowa, Mluleki George, and Mosiuoa Lekota, former high-ranking members of South Africa’s ruling party, the African National Congress (ANC), who disagreed with the direction of that organization. The new party

Philippines: Constitutional framework: …a bicameral legislature, called the Congress of the Philippines, consisting of a House of Representatives (with about 290 members) and a much smaller Senate (some two dozen members). House members are elected from districts, although a number of them are appointed; they can serve no more than three consecutive three-year…

Congress of the United States, the legislature of the United States of America, established under the Constitution of 1789 and separated structurally from the executive and judicial branches of government. It consists of two houses: the Senate, in which each state, regardless of its size, is

Indian National Congress, broadly based political party of India. Founded in 1885, it dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain. It subsequently formed most of India’s governments from the time of independence and often had a strong presence in many state governments. Since

Madagascar: The First Republic: …opposition regrouped under the name Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar (Antokon’ny Kongresin’ny Fahaleovantenan’i Madagasikara; AKFM), which included both Protestant Merina dissidents and communists. Antananarivo was the party’s stronghold; it also had some support in the provinces but, owing to the electoral system established by the PSD, held only…

Congress Kingdom of Poland, Polish state created (May 3, 1815) by the Congress of Vienna as part of the political settlement at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. It was ruled by the tsars of Russia until its loss in World War I. The Kingdom of Poland comprised the bulk of the former Grand Duchy of

Ram Manohar Lohia: …became actively involved in the Congress Socialist Party (CSP), founded that year as a left-wing group within the Indian National Congress; he served on the CSP executive committee and edited its weekly journal. A vehement opponent of Indian participation on the side of Great Britain in World War II, he…

Lenin’s Testament, two-part document dictated by Vladimir I. Lenin on Dec. 23–26, 1922, and Jan. 4, 1923, and addressed to a future Communist Party Congress. It contained guideline proposals for changes in the Soviet political system and concise portrait assessments of six party leaders (Joseph

Library of Congress, the de facto national library of the United States and the largest library in the world. Its collection was growing at a rate of about two million items per year; it reached more than 170 million items in 2020. The Library of Congress serves members, committees, and staff of

Moscow: The Kremlin of Moscow: …within the Kremlin is the Palace of Congresses (1960–61), with a vast auditorium used for political gatherings and as a theater.

Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), caucus in the Congress of the United States consisting of several dozen African American members of the House of Representatives and the Senate. It was established in 1971 amid a surge in Black congressional representation that followed the adoption of the Voting

Donald Trump: Health care: The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) initially estimated that the plan would reduce the federal deficit by $337 billion over 10 years as compared with current law but would also increase the number of uninsured people by 24 million over the same period. The bill immediately faced…

Twenty-seventh Amendment, amendment (1992) to the Constitution of the United States that required any change to the rate of compensation for members of the U.S. Congress to take effect only after the subsequent election in the House of Representatives. Commonly known as the Congressional

Library of Congress: The Thomas Jefferson Building (originally called the Congressional Library, or Main Building) houses the Main Reading Room. Designed in Italian Renaissance style, it was completed in 1897 and magnificently restored 100 years later. The John Adams Building, completed in 1939, received its current name in 1980…

Medal of Honor, the foremost U.S. military decoration, instituted by Congress in 1861 for the navy and in 1862 for the army, at first awarded only to enlisted men, with officers being permitted to receive the award later. It is given for “conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life,

Twenty-seventh Amendment, amendment (1992) to the Constitution of the United States that required any change to the rate of compensation for members of the U.S. Congress to take effect only after the subsequent election in the House of Representatives. Commonly known as the Congressional

Congressional Quarterly (CQ), group of periodicals published in Washington, D.C., reporting the activities and politics of the U.S. Congress. It was established in 1945 by Henrietta and Nelson Poynter, editor and publisher of the St. Petersburg, Fla., Times. Over the next decade the original

Congressional Quarterly: The CQ Almanac is a compendium of legislation from each annual session of Congress and is published every spring. In addition, various special volumes and series are published from time to time, reviewing significant government activities and special problems, e.g., the Watergate scandal. The firm also…

Congressional Quarterly (CQ), group of periodicals published in Washington, D.C., reporting the activities and politics of the U.S. Congress. It was established in 1945 by Henrietta and Nelson Poynter, editor and publisher of the St. Petersburg, Fla., Times. Over the next decade the original

Congressional Quarterly: The CQ Weekly Report is mailed to subscribers every Saturday, covering the preceding week’s actions, debates, and committee proceedings in carefully edited, concise form. The CQ Almanac is a compendium of legislation from each annual session of Congress and is published every spring. In addition, various…

Radical Reconstruction, process and period of Reconstruction during which the Radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress seized control of Reconstruction from Pres. Andrew Johnson and passed the Reconstruction Acts of 1867–68, which sent federal troops to the South to oversee the establishment of

The Executive Branch of the U.S. government is the only federal branch with a term limit, though only for the president, who is limited to two four-year terms. The vice president may serve various presidents for unlimited four-year terms. The U.S. Constitution also stipulates how the terms are to

township: …to distinguish it from the congressional, or survey, township of six miles by six miles, which is not a unit of government.

National Woman’s Party (NWP), American political party that in the early part of the 20th century employed militant methods to fight for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Formed in 1913 as the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, the organization was headed by Alice Paul and

congressional-executive agreement, binding agreement between the United States and a foreign country that is easier to enact than a formal treaty but is technically more limited in scope. Although both treaties and congressional-executive agreements are international agreements, the two are legally

Brazil: The legislature of Brazil: …is exercised by the bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional), comprising the Chamber of Deputies (Câmara dos Deputados) and the Federal Senate (Senado Federal). Congress meets every year in two sessions of four and a half months each. The constitution gives Congress the power to rule in matters involving the federal…

Congreve rocket, artillery rocket developed by Sir William Congreve (q.v.) and first used in 1806. It was an improvement over the rockets used by Hyder Ali, prince of Mysore, against the British in Indian in the 1790s. Used by both the British and Americans during the War of 1812, Congreve rockets

Richard Congreve was a Positivist philosopher, a disciple of Auguste Comte and founder of the Church of Humanity in London. In 1878 he caused a schism among Positivists by repudiating the authority of Comte’s successor, Pierre Laffitte. Afterward Congreve was especially concerned with the

Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet was an English artillery officer and inventor, best known for his military rocket, which was a significant advance on earlier black-powder rockets. It provided the impetus for an early wave of enthusiastic utilization of rockets for military purposes in Europe.

William Congreve was an English dramatist who shaped the English comedy of manners through his brilliant comic dialogue, his satirical portrayal of the war of the sexes, and his ironic scrutiny of the affectations of his age. His major plays were The Old Bachelour (1693), The Double-Dealer (1693),

conger eel, any of about 100 species of marine eels of the family Congridae (order Anguilliformes). Congers are scaleless eels with large heads, large gill slits, wide mouths, and strong teeth. They are usually grayish to blackish, with paler bellies and black-edged fins. Carnivorous fish found in

eel: Annotated classification: Suborder Congroidei Frontal bones paired or fused, supraoccipital present or absent, paired nostrils close in front of eye. Family Nemichthyidae (snipe eels) Jaws greatly extended, minute teeth. 3 genera with about 9 species. Bathypelagic (deepwater), worldwide. Family Serrivomeridae

congruence, in mathematics, a term employed in several senses, each connoting harmonious relation, agreement, or correspondence. Two geometric figures are said to be congruent, or to be in the relation of congruence, if it is possible to superpose one of them on the other so that they coincide

China: Literature and scholarship: …began producing huge anthologies (congshu) of rare or otherwise interesting books and thus preserved many works from extinction. The example was set in this regard by an imperially sponsored classified anthology of all the esteemed writings of the whole Chinese heritage completed in 1407 under the title Yongle dadian…

Cuneo, city, Piemonte (Piedmont) regione, northwestern Italy, on a plateau in the wedge (cuneo) formed by the confluence of the Stura di Demonte and Gesso rivers, south of Turin. Founded in 1198 by fugitives from baronial feuds and Lombard refugees after the destruction of Milan by Emperor

Coniacian Stage, third of six main divisions (in ascending order) in the Upper Cretaceous Series, representing rocks deposited worldwide during the Coniacian Age, which occurred 89.8 million to 86.3 million years ago during the Cretaceous Period. Rocks of the Coniacian Stage overlie those of the

Hiram Boardman Conibear: …distinctive style known as the American stroke (also called the Washington stroke and the Conibear stroke) that revolutionized college rowing and had an effect on the sport that lasted for 30 years.

Hiram Boardman Conibear was an American trainer and rowing coach at the University of Washington (1907–17). He developed a distinctive style known as the American stroke (also called the Washington stroke and the Conibear stroke) that revolutionized college rowing and had an effect on the sport

conic section, in geometry, any curve produced by the intersection of a plane and a right circular cone. Depending on the angle of the plane relative to the cone, the intersection is a circle, an ellipse, a hyperbola, or a parabola. Special (degenerate) cases of intersection occur when the plane

map: Map projections: Conic projections are derived from a projection of the globe on a cone drawn with the point above either the North or South Pole and tangent to the Earth at some standard or selected parallel. Occasionally the cone is arranged to intersect the Earth at…

conic section, in geometry, any curve produced by the intersection of a plane and a right circular cone. Depending on the angle of the plane relative to the cone, the intersection is a circle, an ellipse, a hyperbola, or a parabola. Special (degenerate) cases of intersection occur when the plane

roller bearing: …may be cylinders or truncated cones. Only radial loads (i.e., loads perpendicular to the axis of rotation) can be carried when the rollers are cylindrical, but with conical rollers both radial and thrust, or axial, loads (i.e., ones parallel to the axis of rotation) can be carried. A needle bearing…

sound: Bore configuration and harmonicity: Cylindrical and conical bores can produce resonances that are harmonics of the fundamental frequencies, but bores that flare faster than a cone create nonharmonic overtones and thus produce raucous tones rather than good musical sounds. A fact discovered by early musical instrument builders, this is the reason…

pre-Columbian civilizations: Social and political organization: …group called by anthropologists a ramage, or a conical clan. This is a group with a myth of common descent, divided into ranked senior and junior lineages based on the seniority of older versus younger brother in the group genealogy. In support of this reconstruction is the statement that the…

flute: …17th century by the one-keyed conical flute, probably conceived by the celebrated Hotteterre family of makers and players in Paris. A conical flute is made in separate joints, the head joint being cylindrical, the others contracting toward the foot. Two joints were common in the 18th century, the upper being…

papermaking: Preparation of stock: …by various types of continuous refiners.

Sir William Rowan Hamilton: …to observe this phenomenon of conical refraction. This discovery excited considerable interest within the scientific community and established the reputations of both Hamilton and Lloyd.

analytic geometry: Elementary analytic geometry: …1,800 years with his book Conics. He defined a conic as the intersection of a cone and a plane (see figure). Using Euclid’s results on similar triangles and on secants of circles, he found a relation satisfied by the distances from any point P of a conic to two perpendicular…

Euclid: Other writings: …fate of earlier “Elements,” Euclid’s Conics, in four books, was supplanted by a more thorough book on the conic sections with the same title written by Apollonius of Perga (c. 262–190 bce). Pappus also mentioned the Surface-loci (in two books), whose subject can only be inferred from the title.

cone shell, any of several marine snails of the subclass Prosobranchia (class Gastropoda) constituting the genus Conus and the family Conidae (about 500 species). The shell is typically straight-sided, with a tapering body whorl, low spire, and narrow aperture (the opening into the shell’s first

fungus: Sporophores and spores: …on special spore-producing hyphae called conidiophores. Conidiophores may be arranged singly on the hyphae or may be grouped in special asexual fruiting bodies, such as flask-shaped pycnidia, mattresslike acervuli, cushion-shaped sporodochia, or sheaflike synnemata.

conidium, a type of asexual reproductive spore of fungi (kingdom Fungi) usually produced at the tip or side of hyphae (filaments that make up the body of a typical fungus) or on special spore-producing structures called conidiophores. The spores detach when mature. They vary widely in shape,

conidium, a type of asexual reproductive spore of fungi (kingdom Fungi) usually produced at the tip or side of hyphae (filaments that make up the body of a typical fungus) or on special spore-producing structures called conidiophores. The spores detach when mature. They vary widely in shape,

conifer, any member of the division Pinophyta, class Pinopsida, order Pinales, made up of living and fossil gymnospermous plants that usually have needle-shaped evergreen leaves and seeds attached to the scales of a woody bracted cone. Among living gymnosperm divisions, the conifers show little

sawfly: Conifer sawflies (Diprionidae) are medium-sized insects. The family includes several serious pests of coniferous trees. Diprionids are common throughout most of North America except in the Middle West.

conifer, any member of the division Pinophyta, class Pinopsida, order Pinales, made up of living and fossil gymnospermous plants that usually have needle-shaped evergreen leaves and seeds attached to the scales of a woody bracted cone. Among living gymnosperm divisions, the conifers show little

coniferous forest, vegetation composed primarily of cone-bearing needle-leaved or scale-leaved evergreen trees, found in areas that have long winters and moderate to high annual precipitation. The northern Eurasian coniferous forest is called the taiga or the boreal forest. Both terms are used to

poison hemlock: …plant contain the poisonous alkaloid coniine and are toxic to livestock and humans; ingestion of even small amounts can cause respiratory collapse and death. According to tradition, poison hemlock was the plant used to kill the philosopher Socrates.

Philips Koninck was a Dutch painter of the Baroque period, celebrated for his panoramic landscapes. The influence of Rembrandt is paramount in the art of the earliest phase of his career, and it has often been supposed, probably incorrectly, that Rembrandt was his master. However, Koninck was

Coningsby, political novel by Benjamin Disraeli, published in 1844. It is the first novel in Disraeli’s trilogy completed by Sybil (1845) and Tancred (1847). Coningsby follows the fortunes of Harry Coningsby, the orphaned grandson of the marquis of Monmouth. It also traces the waning of the Whigs

Coningsby, political novel by Benjamin Disraeli, published in 1844. It is the first novel in Disraeli’s trilogy completed by Sybil (1845) and Tancred (1847). Coningsby follows the fortunes of Harry Coningsby, the orphaned grandson of the marquis of Monmouth. It also traces the waning of the Whigs

Gillis van Coninxloo was a Flemish landscape painter whose works show the transition from Mannerist to early Baroque landscape. Coninxloo studied under, among others, Pieter Coecke van Aelst, a painter of the Antwerp school of Mannerism. After a period of travel in France, he returned to Antwerp in

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Coniochaetales Saprotrophic; ascomata subglobose to globose; filiform paraphyses; asci unitunicate; included in subclass Sordariomycetidae; examples of genera include Coniochaeta and Coniochaetidium. Order Diaporthales Pathogenic on plants, causing chestnut blight, root rot, and black spot

poison hemlock, (Conium maculatum), poisonous herbaceous plant of the parsley family (Apiaceae). Poison hemlock is native to Europe and North Africa and has been introduced to Asia, North America, and Australia. All parts of the plant contain the poisonous alkaloid coniine and are toxic to

Kancheepuram, city, northern Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. It is located on the Palar River, about 25 miles (40 km) east-southeast of Arcot and on the road and rail routes between Chennai (Madras; northeast) and Bengaluru (Bangalore; west) in Karnataka state. Kancheepuram is one of the

conjoined twin, one of a pair of twins who are physically joined and often share some organs. Fusion is typically along the trunk of the body or at the front, side, or back of the head. In the case of symmetrical conjoined twins, the children usually have no birth anomalies except at the areas of

extended family: …in anthropological terminology as a conjugal family), or it may be loosely applied to mean all living consanguineal kin. Compare nuclear family.

acid–base reaction: The Brønsted–Lowry definition: …and B together are a conjugate acid–base pair. In such a pair A must obviously have one more positive charge (or one less negative charge) than B, but there is no other restriction on the sign or magnitude of the charges.

reaction mechanism: Elimination reactions: Furthermore, the so-called conjugate eliminations occur when one or more double bonds are inserted between carbon atoms bearing the substituents that are eliminated; the result of such eliminations is a system of alternating double and single bonds (a conjugated system). Finally, there also are fragmentation reactions, in which…

optics: Theory: …real image (often called the conjugate image) and a virtual image (often called the primary image). There are two basic concepts that underlie this process: first, the addition of a coherent background (or reference) beam. Two optical fields may be considered, the complex amplitudes of which vary as the cosine…

combinatorics: The Ferrer diagram: + x2 +⋯+ xk the conjugate partition n = x1* + x2* +⋯xn*, in which xi* is the number of parts in the original partition of cardinality i or more. Thus the conjugate of the partition of 14 already given is 14 = 5 + 4 + 3 + 1…

protein: Conjugated proteins: The link between a protein molecule and its prosthetic group is a covalent bond (an electron-sharing bond) in the glycoproteins, the biliproteins, and some of the heme proteins. In lipoproteins,

conjugated system, in a covalent chemical compound, a group or chain of atoms bearing valence electrons that are not engaged in single-bond formation and that modify the behaviour of each other. If, for example, a carbonyl group (C ∶ O) and a hydroxyl group (OH) are widely separated in a molecule,

Ishmael Reed: …Spring (1993), Juice! (2011), and Conjugating Hindi (2018). He also published numerous volumes of poetry, notably Conjure (1972), which was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize; Chattanooga (1973); A Secretary to the Spirits (1978); New and Collected Poems, 1964–2006 (2006), which won the California Gold Medal in Poetry; and Why…

antibiotic resistance: Mechanisms of resistance: are transduction and conjugation. Transduction occurs when a bacterial virus, called a bacteriophage, detaches from one bacterial cell, carrying with it some of that bacterium’s genome, and then infects another cell. When the bacteriophage inserts its genetic content into the genome of the next bacterium, the previous bacterium’s…

Germanic languages: Conjugations: ’ The Proto-Indo-European verb seems to have had five moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive, injunctive, and optative), two voices (active and mediopassive), three persons (first, second, and third), three numbers (singular, dual, and plural), and several verbal nouns (infinitives) and adjectives (participles). In Germanic these were…

conjugation, in biology, sexual process in which two lower organisms of the same species, such as bacteria, protozoans, and some algae and fungi, exchange nuclear material during a temporary union (e.g., ciliated protozoans), completely transfer one organism’s contents to the other organism

part of speech: Conjunctions: A conjunction links words, phrases, and clauses. There are two main subcategories of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.

conjunction, in astronomy, an apparent meeting or passing of two or more celestial bodies. The Moon is in conjunction with the Sun at the phase of New Moon, when it moves between the Earth and Sun and the side turned toward the Earth is dark. Inferior planets—those with orbits smaller than the

conjunction, in logic, a type of connective that uses the word “and” to join together two propositions. See

eyelid: …the normal functioning of the conjunctiva and cornea. The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the visible portion of the eyeball except the cornea (the transparent part of the eyeball that covers the iris and the pupil). Each eyelid contains a fibrous plate, called a…

human eye: The conjunctiva: …upper and lower fornices, or conjunctival sacs; it is the looseness of the conjunctiva at these points that makes movements of lids and eyeball possible.

metalogic: The propositional calculus: …reduce every sentence to a conjunctive normal form—i.e., to a conjunction of disjunctions of single letters and their negations. But any such conjunction is valid if and only if every conjunct is valid; and a conjunct is valid if and only if it contains some letter p as well as…

conjunctivitis, inflammation of the conjunctiva, the delicate mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the front part of the white of the eye. The inflammation may be caused by a viral or bacterial infection. It can also be caused by a chemical burn or mechanical

borane: Structure and bonding of boranes: …is indicated by the prefix conjuncto- (Latin, meaning “join together”). For example, conjuncto-B10H16 is produced by joining the B3H8 units from two B6H9 molecules via a B―B bond.

Tejano: The original form, conjunto, which was seen as more déclassé than mariachi music, featured the accordion as the melodic lead instrument backed rhythmically by the bajo sexto (a 12-string guitar) and an acoustic bass guitar. Its initial repertoire included waltzes, polkas, mazurkas, and rancheros. In modern conjunto, a…

The Conjure Woman, the first collection of stories by Charles W. Chesnutt. The seven stories began appearing in magazines in 1887 and were first collected in a book in 1899. The narrator of The Conjure Woman is a white male Northerner living in the southern United States who passes along the

Rudolph Fisher: In his second novel, The Conjure-Man Dies (1932), Fisher presented a mystery and detective story, again set in Harlem and featuring an all-Black cast. It was Fisher’s attempt to tap into a popular audience with a tale of African rituals, a mysterious murder, and hidden identities. It is also…

cups and balls trick: …tricks traditionally performed by a conjurer. To begin the trick, the performer places a bead or ball under one of three inverted cups. The ball is then made to “jump” invisibly from one cup to another or to “multiply.” The basis for the illusion is a secret additional ball that,…

magic, theatrical representation of the defiance of natural law. Legerdemain, meaning “light, or nimble, of hand,” and juggling, meaning “the performance of tricks,” were the terms initially used to designate exhibitions of deception. The words magic and conjuring had no theatrical significance

Ron Livingston: Band of Brothers, Sex and the City, and The Conjuring: …Carrell and Paul Rudd, and The Conjuring (2013), a popular horror film about a family who moves into a haunted house. Also in 2013 Livingston had a recurring role as a businessman in the HBO series Boardwalk Empire, which centers on real-life gangsters in Atlantic City during Prohibition. Two years…

cups and balls trick: …tricks traditionally performed by a conjurer. To begin the trick, the performer places a bead or ball under one of three inverted cups. The ball is then made to “jump” invisibly from one cup to another or to “multiply.” The basis for the illusion is a secret additional ball that,…

Edwin Grant Conklin was an American biologist noted for his studies of human evolution, who was a leading critic of society’s response to advanced technology. Conklin became professor of biology at Princeton University (1908), where he remained as independent lecturer and researcher after his

Roscoe Conkling was a prominent U.S. Republican leader in the post-Civil War period. He was known for his support of severe Reconstruction measures toward the South and his insistence on the control of political patronage in his home state of New York. Admitted to the bar in 1850, Conkling soon

Conlaí, in Irish heroic tales, son of the most prominent hero of Ulster, Cú Chulainn, and of Aife (or Aoife), a warrior-queen of a magical land across the sea. Cú Chulainn overpowered Aife and asked her to bear him a son. He told her to send this son to him in Ulster with a ring as a token—the son

The Decemberists: ), keyboardist and accordionist Jenny Conlee (b. December 12, 1971, Seattle, Washington), guitarist Chris Funk (b. November 28, 1971, Valparaiso, Indiana), drummer John Moen (b. August 23, 1968, Brainerd, Minnesota), and bassist Nate Query (b. September 5, 1973, Bellevue, Washington).

Leo Frank: …Frank on coached testimony of Jim Conley, an African American janitor at the National Pencil Company who many contend committed the crime. Conley’s four affidavits—each new statement renouncing the last—developed the elaborate and, by all accounts, improbable story of his participation in a crime he attributed to Frank. Most of…

William Jermyn Florence was a U.S. actor, songwriter, and popular playwright, one of the most popular actors of his day. He was one of a select number of Americans to win the ribbon of the French Société Histoire Dramatique. Born of Irish parents and reared on the Lower East Side of New York City,