Social Movements & Trends, DEN-FIE
The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Deng Xiaoping was the most powerful figure in the People’s Republic of China from the late 1970s until his death......
Mary Coffin Ware Dennett was an American reformer, best remembered for her activism in support of the ready and......
Destour, Tunisian political party, especially active in the 1920s and ’30s in arousing Tunisian national consciousness......
Deuteronomic Reform, great religious reformation instituted in the reign of King Josiah of Judah (c. 640–609 bc).......
Ki Hadjar Dewantoro was the founder of the Taman Siswa (literally “Garden of Students”) school system, an influential......
Ferenc Deák was a Hungarian statesman whose negotiations led to the establishment of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary......
Theódoros Dhiliyiánnis was a politician who was prime minister of Greece five times (1885–86, 1890–92, 1895–97,......
On December 1, 1955, 42-year-old Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to surrender her seat to a white......
Digger, any of a group of agrarian communists who flourished in England in 1649–50 and were led by Gerrard Winstanley......
Annie LePorte Diggs was a Canadian-born American reformer and politician, an organizer and campaigner in the Populist......
digital activism, form of activism that uses the Internet and digital media as key platforms for mass mobilization......
John Dillon was a leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party (Irish Nationalist Party) in the struggle to secure Home......
Dragutin Dimitrijević was a Serbian army officer and conspirator, leader of the Serbian secret society Crna Ruka......
Dinocrates was a Greek architect who prospered under Alexander the Great. He tried to captivate the ambitious fancy......
Diocletian was a Roman emperor (284–305 ce) who restored efficient government to the empire after the near anarchy......
disability rights movement, civil and social advocacy campaign that aims to ensure accessibility, equal opportunities,......
Most people know someone with a disability. The statistics bear that out. For example, according to the Centers......
Benjamin Disraeli was a British statesman and novelist who was twice prime minister (1868, 1874–80) and who provided......
dissent, an unwillingness to cooperate with an established source of authority, which can be social, cultural,......
dissidents in the Soviet Union and Russia, critics of the regimes in the Soviet Union and 21st-century Russia.......
Dorothea Dix was an American educator, social reformer, and humanitarian whose devotion to the welfare of the mentally......
DJ Kool Herc is a Jamaican American disc jockey (deejay or DJ) who is credited as the founder of hip-hop, a musical......
Roman Dmowski was a Polish statesman, a leader of Poland’s struggle for national liberation, and the foremost supporter......
Dong Zhongshu was a scholar instrumental in establishing Confucianism in 136 bce as the state cult of China and......
Donglin, party of Chinese scholars and officials who attempted to combat the moral laxity and intellectual weakness......
Donoughmore Commission, committee sent by the British government to Ceylon in 1927 to examine the Ceylonese constitution......
José dos Santos was an Angolan politician who served as president of Angola (1979–2017). In 1961 dos Santos, a......
Anna Murray Douglass was an abolitionist, an agent on the Underground Railroad, and a mother of five who lived......
Frederick Douglass was an African American abolitionist, orator, newspaper publisher, and author who is famous......
Sir George Downing was an English diplomat and financial administrator who helped precipitate two wars with the......
Jane Drew was a British architect who, with her husband, Maxwell Fry, was a forerunner in the field of modern tropical......
Johann Gustav Droysen was a historian and politician whose belief in Prussia’s destiny to lead Germany influenced......
Marcus Livius Drusus was the son of the tribune of 122 bc by the same name; as tribune in 91, Drusus made the last......
Marcus Livius Drusus was a Roman politician, tribune with Gaius Gracchus in 122 bc who undermined Gracchus’ program......
Stephanus Jacobus du Toit was a South African pastor and political leader who, as the founder of the Afrikaner......
Juan Pablo Duarte was the father of Dominican independence, who lost power after the struggle succeeded and spent......
Pierre Dubois was a French lawyer and political pamphleteer during the reign of Philip IV the Fair. His most important......
Élie Ducommun was a Swiss writer and editor who in 1902, with Charles-Albert Gobat, won the Nobel Prize for Peace.......
Sir Charles Gavan Duffy was an Irish nationalist who later became an Australian political leader. While studying......
Gabriel Dumont was a Métis leader who rose to political prominence in an age of declining buffalo herds and was......
John George Lambton, 1st earl of Durham was a British reformist Whig statesman sometimes known as “Radical Jack.”......
Victor Duruy was a French scholar and public official who, as national minister of education (1863–69), initiated......
Eurico Gaspar Dutra was a soldier and president of Brazil (1945–50), whose administration was noted for its restoration......
Duy Tan was the emperor of Vietnam from 1907 to 1916 and symbol of the Vietnamese anticolonialist movement against......
East L.A. walkouts, social protest in March 1968 in which thousands of Mexican American high-school students walked......
Crystal Eastman was an American lawyer, suffragist, and writer, a leader in early 20th-century feminist and civil......
Katherine Philips Edson was an American reformer and public official, a strong influence on behalf of woman suffrage......
Edward IV was the king of England from 1461 until October 1470 and again from April 1471 until his death. He was......
Hannah Bachman Einstein was an American social worker who launched a successful campaign to establish municipal,......
election, the formal process of selecting a person for public office or of accepting or rejecting a political proposition......
Norbert Elias was a sociologist who described the growth of civilization in western Europe as a complex evolutionary......
Mountstuart Elphinstone was a British official in India who did much to promote popular education and local administration......
Richard T. Ely was an American economist who was noted for his belief that government, aided by economists, could......
Eminem is an American rapper, record producer, and actor who is known as one of the most-controversial and best-selling......
Robert Emmet was an Irish nationalist leader who inspired the abortive rising of 1803, remembered as a romantic......
Thomas Addis Emmet was a lawyer in Ireland and, later, in the United States, a leader of the nationalist Society......
Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin was an eccentric French social, political, and economic theorist who was a leading......
Zenón de Somodevilla y Bengoechea marquis de la Ensenada was a Spanish statesman who, as prime minister from 1743......
environmental justice, social movement seeking to address the inequitable distribution of environmental hazards......
EOKA, underground nationalist movement of Greek Cypriots dedicated to ending British colonial rule in Cyprus (achieved......
Epaminondas was a Theban statesman and military tactician and leader who was largely responsible for breaking the......
Ephialtes was a leader of the radical democrats at Athens in the 460s, who by his reforms prepared the way for......
Olaudah Equiano was an abolitionist and writer whose autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah......
Ludwig Erhard was an economist and statesman who, as economics minister (1949–63), was the chief architect of West......
Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), secessionist movement that successfully fought for the creation of an......
Tage Erlander was a politician and prime minister of Sweden (1946–69). His tenure as prime minister coincided with......
Ernest I was the duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, who, after the ravages of the Thirty Years’ War, sought to rebuild......
Matthias Erzberger was a leader of the left wing of the Roman Catholic Centre Party in Germany and signatory of......
Levi Eshkol was the prime minister of Israel from 1963 until his death. Eshkol became involved in the Zionist movement......
Vilma Espín Guillois was a Cuban revolutionary and women’s rights activist. As the wife of Raúl Castro, the younger......
Paul-H.-B. d’Estournelles de Constant was a French diplomat and parliamentarian who devoted most of his life to......
ETA, Basque separatist organization in Spain that used terrorism in its campaign for an independent Basque state.......
Ethical Policy, in Indonesian history, a program introduced by the Dutch in the East Indies at the turn of the......
Euthymius Of Tŭrnovo was an Orthodox patriarch of Tŭrnovo, near modern Sofia, monastic scholar and linguist whose......
George Henry Evans was an American pro-labour social reformer and newspaper editor who sought to enhance the position......
William Ewart was an English politician who succeeded in partially abolishing capital punishment. Ewart was educated......
Ezra was a religious leader of the Jews who returned from exile in Babylon, a reformer who reconstituted the Jewish......
József, Baron Eötvös, was a novelist, essayist, educator, and statesman, whose life and writings were devoted to......
Fabianism, socialist movement and theory that emerged from the activities of the Fabian Society, which was founded......
Nicola Fabrizi was one of the most militant and dedicated leaders of the Risorgimento, the movement aimed at the......
factory system, system of manufacturing that began in the 18th century and is based on the concentration of industry......
Faisal I was an Arab statesman and king of Iraq (1921–33) who was a leader in advancing Arab nationalism during......
Falange, extreme nationalist political group founded in Spain in 1933 by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of the......
Frédéric-Alfred-Pierre, count de Falloux was a French political figure and monarchist who served in various political......
FALN, separatist organization in Puerto Rico that has used violence in its campaign for Puerto Rican independence......
Christian Magnus Falsen was a nationalist political leader, generally regarded as the author of the Norwegian constitution.......
Fan Zhongyan was a Chinese scholar-reformer who, as minister to the Song emperor Renzong (reigned 1022/23–1063/64),......
Fang Lizhi was a Chinese astrophysicist and dissident who was held by the Chinese leadership to be partially responsible......
Manfredo Fanti was one of the most capable patriot generals during the mid-19th-century wars of Italian independence;......
FARC, Marxist guerrilla organization in Colombia. Formed in 1964 as the military wing of the Colombian Communist......
Eliza Wood Burhans Farnham was an American reformer and writer, an early advocate of the importance of rehabilitation......
An influential and often controversial Black religious leader, Louis Farrakhan has since 1978 been the leader of......
Sant Fateh Singh was a Sikh religious leader who became the foremost campaigner for Sikh rights in postindependence......
Rebecca Ann Felton was an American political activist, writer, and lecturer, and the first woman seated in the......
Fenian, member of an Irish nationalist secret society active chiefly in Ireland, the United States, and Britain,......
Fennoman movement, in 19th-century Finnish history, nationalist movement that contributed to the development of......
Jules Ferry was a French statesman of the early Third Republic, notable both for his anticlerical education policy......
Paul, knight von Feuerbach was a jurist noted for his reform of criminal law in Germany. Feuerbach received a doctorate......
John Fielden was a radical British reformer, a notable proponent of legislation protecting the welfare of factory......
Sir John Fielding was an English police magistrate and the younger half brother of novelist Henry Fielding, noted......