Social Movements & Trends, STE-TRU
The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Baron von Steuben was a German officer who served the cause of U.S. independence by converting the revolutionary......
Alzina Parsons Stevens was an American labour leader and journalist known for her contributions to union organization......
Marie Stopes was an advocate of birth control who, in 1921, founded the United Kingdom’s first instructional clinic......
straight edge, subculture affiliated with the hardcore punk scene, followers of which abstain from alcohol, tobacco,......
Joseph George Strossmayer was a Croatian Roman Catholic bishop who inspired and led the National Party, which was......
Joseph Sturge was an English philanthropist, Quaker pacifist, and political reformer who was most important as......
Luigi Sturzo was an Italian priest, public official, and political organizer who founded a party that was a forerunner......
Antonio José de Sucre was the liberator of Ecuador and Peru, and one of the most respected leaders of the Latin......
the Sugarhill Gang, American rap group best known for its hit single “Rapper’s Delight” (1979), which was the first......
Suharto was an army officer and political leader who was president of Indonesia from 1967 to 1998. His three decades......
Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian independence movement and Indonesia’s first president (1949–66), who suppressed......
Riad al-Sulh was a Lebanese statesman who before World War II was several times sentenced to death for nationalist......
Sulla was the victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88–82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82–79),......
Maximilien de Béthune, duke de Sully was a French statesman who, as the trusted minister of King Henry IV, substantially......
Publius Sulpicius Rufus was a Roman orator and politician whose attempts, as tribune of the plebs, to enact reforms......
Salomon Sulzer was an Austrian Jewish cantor, considered the most important composer of synagogue music in the......
Basking under San Francisco’s summer sun, an immense kaleidoscope of youths thrummed with sex, drugs, and rock......
Charles Sumner was a U.S. statesman of the American Civil War period dedicated to human equality and to the abolition......
Sun Yat-sen was the leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang [Pinyin: Guomindang]), known as the father......
superstition, belief, half-belief, or practice for which there appears to be no rational substance. Those who use......
Frano Supilo was a Croatian journalist and politician who opposed Austro-Hungarian domination before World War......
survivals, in anthropology, cultural phenomena that outlive the set of conditions under which they developed. The......
Bertha, baroness von Suttner was an Austrian novelist who was one of the first notable woman pacifists. She is......
Helen Suzman was a white South African legislator (1953–89), who was an outspoken advocate for the country’s nonwhite......
Suzuki Bunji was a Japanese Christian who was one of the primary organizers of the labour movement in Japan. An......
Swadeshi Movement, anti-colonial agitation in British India, formally launched in 1905, and the first organized......
SWAPO Party of Namibia, political party that began as a liberation movement in Namibia (formerly South West Africa)......
Gerard Swope was the president of the General Electric Company (1922–39; 1942–44) in the United States. He greatly......
Heinrich von Sybel was a German historian who departed from the dispassionate manner of his teacher Leopold von......
SZA is an American singer-songwriter whose musical style combines elements of rhythm and blues, hip-hop, and soul.......
Leo Szilard was a Hungarian-born American physicist who helped conduct the first sustained nuclear chain reaction......
István, Count Széchenyi was a reformer and writer whose practical enterprises represented an effort toward Hungarian......
Roque Sáenz Peña was the president of Argentina from 1910 until his death. He was an aristocratic conservative......
Rasmus Møller Sørensen was a teacher and politician who was a leading agitator for agrarian reform and for the......
Eduard, count von Taaffe was a statesman and twice prime minister of Austria (1868–70 and 1879–93) who controlled......
Debendranath Tagore was a Hindu philosopher and religious reformer, active in the Brahmo Samaj (“Society of Brahma,”......
Taika era reforms, (“Great Reformation of the Taika Era”), series of political innovations that followed the coup......
Taizong was the temple name (miaohao) of the second emperor of the Song dynasty (960–1279) and brother of the first......
Henri Tajfel was a Polish-born British social psychologist, best known for his concept of social identity, a central......
Oliver Tambo was the president of the South African black-nationalist African National Congress (ANC) between 1967......
Tan Cheng Lock was a Malaysian Chinese community leader, politician, and businessman. Born into a wealthy Straits......
Ibrahim Datuk Tan Malaka (Headman) was an Indonesian Communist leader who competed with Sukarno for control of......
Tank Man, unidentified Chinese man who on June 5, 1989, faced down a column of People’s Liberation Army (PLA) tanks......
Tanuma Okitsugu was a renowned minister of Japan’s Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1867); traditionally considered one......
Tanzimat, (Turkish: “Reorganization”), series of reforms promulgated in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876......
Arthur Tappan was an American philanthropist who used much of his energy and his fortune in the struggle to end......
Mīrzā Taqī Khān was the prime minister of Iran in 1848–51, who initiated reforms that marked the effective beginning......
Richard Henry Tawney was an English economic historian and one of the most influential social critics and reformers......
Tea Party movement, conservative populist social and political movement that emerged in 2009 in the United States,......
temperance movement, movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence in the use......
William Temple was the archbishop of Canterbury who was a leader in the ecumenical movement and in educational......
Tempō reforms, (1841–43), unsuccessful attempt by the Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868) to restore the feudal agricultural......
Dinanath Gopal Tendulkar first published his eight-volume biography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Mahatma, in......
Tenentismo, (from Portuguese tenente, “lieutenant”), movement among young, idealistic Brazilian army officers,......
St. Teresa of Ávila ; canonized 1622; feast day October 15) was a Spanish nun, one of the great mystics and religious......
Joseph-Marie Terray was the French controller general of finances during the last four years of the reign of King......
terrorism, the calculated use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring......
Tewodros II was the emperor of Ethiopia (1855–68) who has been called Ethiopia’s first modern ruler. Not only did......
Thakin Than Tun was a Burmese politician, leader of the Communist Party of Burma from 1945 until his death. Than......
June 16, 2016, marks the 40th anniversary of the Soweto Uprising (also called the Soweto Rebellion) in South Africa.......
the personal is political, political slogan expressing a common belief among feminists that the personal experiences......
The Industrial Revolution, the period in which agrarian and handicraft economies shifted rapidly to industrial......
Saint Theodore of Canterbury ; feast day September 19) was the seventh archbishop of Canterbury and the first archbishop......
Theodosius I was a Roman emperor of the East (379–392) and then sole emperor of both East and West (392–395), who,......
Johan Rudolf Thorbecke was a leading Dutch political figure of the mid-19th century who, as prime minister (1849–53,......
Franz Anton, prince zu Thun und Hohenstein was an Austrian administrator, prime minister, and governor of Bohemia,......
Leo, count von Thun und Hohenstein was a pro-Czech Austrian statesman and administrator who improved the educational......
Imre Thököly was a Hungarian patriot, a leader of the Hungarian Protestants in their struggle against Austrian......
Tiananmen Square incident, series of protests and demonstrations in China in the spring of 1989 that culminated......
Tianshidao, great popular Daoist movement that occurred near the end of China’s Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce) and......
George Ticknor was an American author and educator who helped modernize the curriculum at Harvard University. Educated......
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a scholar, mathematician, philosopher, and ardent nationalist who helped lay the foundation......
Ben Tillman was an outspoken U.S. populist politician who championed agrarian reform and white supremacy. Tillman......
The civil rights movement came to national prominence in the United States during the mid-1950s and continued to......
Napoleon Bonaparte rose from the ranks of the French Revolutionary army to become first consul (1799–1804) and......
Alfred von Tirpitz was a German admiral, the chief builder of the German Navy in the 17 years preceding World War......
Jozef Tiso was a Slovak priest and statesman who fought for Slovak autonomy within the Czechoslovak nation during......
Josip Broz Tito was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman. He was secretary-general (later president) of the Communist......
Omar Said Tjokroaminoto was a highly influential Indonesian leader of the early Indonesian nationalist movement,......
On this night 252 years ago, up to 150 men marched to Griffin’s Wharf in Boston, cheered on by thousands. They......
Tokugawa Nariaki was a Japanese advocate of reform measures designed to place more power in the hands of the emperor......
Tokugawa Yoshimune was the eighth Tokugawa shogun, who is considered one of Japan’s greatest rulers. His far-reaching......
Tokutomi Sohō was an influential Japanese historian, critic, journalist, and essayist and a leading nationalist......
Ernst Toller was a dramatist, poet, and political activist, who was a prominent exponent of Marxism and pacifism......
Ton Duc Thang was a Communist leader who succeeded Ho Chi Minh as president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam......
Wolfe Tone was an Irish republican and rebel who sought to overthrow English rule in Ireland and who led a French......
John Horne Tooke was a radical politician, one of the most effective English agitators for parliamentary reform......
Sir Robert Richard Torrens was an Australian statesman who introduced a simplified system of transferring land,......
Toussaint Louverture was the leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolution (1787–99).......
Arnold Toynbee was an English economist and social reformer noted for his public service activities on behalf of......
Benjamin F. Tracy was the U.S. secretary of the Navy (1889–93) who played a major role in the rebuilding and modernization......
transhumanism, philosophical and scientific movement that advocates the use of current and emerging technologies—such......
transitional justice, national institutions or practices that identify and address injustices committed under a......
transnational social movement, a collectivity of groups with adherents in more than one country that is committed......
Council of Trent, 19th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, held in three parts from 1545 to 1563.......
Triangle shirtwaist factory fire, fatal conflagration that occurred on the evening of March 25, 1911, in a New......
David Trimble was a politician who served as first minister of the Northern Ireland Assembly (1998–2002), leader......
Pierre Elliott Trudeau was a Liberal politician and prime minister of Canada (1968–79; 1980–84). His terms in office......
Ante Trumbić was a Croatian nationalist from Dalmatia who played a leading role in the founding of Yugoslavia.......
Truong Chinh was a Vietnamese scholar and statesman, a leading North Vietnamese communist intellectual. While a......