Economics & Economic Systems, PET-QUI
Economic system, any of the ways in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think that there would be a great variety of such systems, corresponding to the many cultural arrangements that have characterized human society.
Economics & Economic Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Peter’s Pence, in medieval England, an annual tax of a penny paid by landowners to the papal treasury in Rome.......
James C. Petrillo was an American labour leader who served as president of the American Federation of Musicians......
Sir William Petty was an English political economist and statistician whose main contribution to political economy,......
Edmund S. Phelps is an American economist, who was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize for Economics for his analysis......
Luang Phibunsongkhram was a field marshal and premier of Thailand in 1938–44 and 1948–57, who was associated with......
Kim Philby was a British intelligence officer until 1951 and the most successful Soviet double agent of the Cold......
The Phillips curve visualizes the economic relationship between unemployment rates and changes in money wages.......
physical capital, in economics, a factor of production. It is one of three primary building blocks (along with......
physiocrat, any of a school of economists founded in 18th-century France and characterized chiefly by a belief......
picketing, Act by workers of standing in front of or near a workplace to call attention to their grievances, discourage......
Arthur Cecil Pigou was a British economist noted for his studies in welfare economics. Educated at King’s College,......
Thomas Piketty is a French economist who was best known for Le Capital au XXIe siècle (2013; Capital in the Twenty-first......
Christopher A. Pissarides is a British Cypriot economist who was a corecipient, with Peter A. Diamond and Dale......
Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Plehve was a Russian imperial statesman whose efforts to uphold autocratic principle,......
Pol Pot was a Khmer political leader who led the Khmer Rouge totalitarian regime (1975–79) in Cambodia that imposed......
Karl Polanyi was an economic anthropologist and former Hungarian political leader. In college in Budapest Polanyi......
political business cycle, fluctuation of economic activity that results from an external intervention of political......
political economy, branch of social science that studies the relationships between individuals and society and......
political risk analysis, in risk management, analysis of the probability that political decisions, events, or conditions......
poll tax, in English history, a tax of a uniform amount levied on each individual, or “head.” Of the poll taxes......
Harry Pollitt was a British Communist, general secretary (1929–39, 1941–56) and chairman (1956–60) of the Communist......
polymer banknote, form of cash currency made from polypropylene, a synthetic resin built up by the polymerization......
Marquis de Pombal was a Portuguese reformer and virtual ruler of his country from 1750 to 1777. Sebastião was the......
Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, Angolan political party that has ruled the country since 1975. It......
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, self-supporting corporate agency formed in 1921 by agreement between......
Sylvia Field Porter was an American economist and journalist whose financial advice—in newspaper columns, books,......
In financial markets, whenever you initiate a transaction that places a security (e.g., a stock, bond, exchange-traded......
positive externality, in economics, a benefit received or transferred to a party as an indirect effect of the transactions......
poster, printed paper announcement or advertisement that is exhibited publicly. Whether promoting a product, an......
postindustrial society, society marked by a transition from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based economy,......
pound sterling, the basic monetary unit of Great Britain, divided (since 1971) decimally into 100 new pence. The......
Terence V. Powderly was an American labor leader and politician who led the Knights of Labor (KOL) from 1879 to......
Jerome Powell is the chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the Fed), the central bank......
Prachanda is a Nepali rebel leader and politician who headed the Maoist insurgency that ended Nepal’s monarchy......
Preanger system, revenue system introduced in the 18th century in Preanger (now Priangan) of western Java (now......
Raúl Prebisch was an Argentine economist and statesman. Serving in various positions in Argentine government and......
Edward C. Prescott was an American economist who, with Finn E. Kydland, won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences......
Present value (PV) is the value of an expected sum of money discounted by compounding interest rates to the present......
Jackie Presser was an American union leader and president (1983–88) of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters,......
Luís Carlos Prestes was a Brazilian revolutionary. Beginning in 1924, he led a rebel force on a three-year trek......
Price refers to the amount of money required to purchase a product or service. Price can also be seen as a measure......
price discrimination, practice of selling a commodity at different prices to different buyers, even though sales......
price index, measure of relative price changes, consisting of a series of numbers arranged so that a comparison......
price maintenance, measures taken by manufacturers or distributors to control the resale prices of their products......
price system, a means of organizing economic activity. It does this primarily by coordinating the decisions of......
price-fixing, any agreement between business competitors (“horizontal”) or between manufacturers, wholesalers,......
The price-to-book ratio (P/B) compares a company’s market value with its book value per share, drawn from the balance......
The price-to-cash-flow ratio (P/CF) compares a company’s stock price with the cash it generates from operations,......
The price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) is a valuation measure that compares a company’s share price with its earnings......
The price-to-sales ratio (P/S) compares a company’s stock price with its sales—called revenue on the company income......
The price/earnings-to-growth ratio (PEG) refines the price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) by adjusting for expected earnings......
Principal, also known as par value or face value in the bond market, is the amount of money the issuer will return......
private good, a product or service produced by a privately owned business and purchased to increase the utility,......
privatization, transfer of government services or assets to the private sector. State-owned assets may be sold......
Romano Prodi is an Italian politician who was twice prime minister of Italy (1996–98; 2006–08) and who served as......
producer goods, in economics, goods manufactured and used in further manufacturing, processing, or resale. Producer......
production chain, in economics, an analytical tool used to understand the nature of the production process (including......
production function, in economics, equation that expresses the relationship between the quantities of productive......
production management, planning and control of industrial processes to ensure that they move smoothly at the required......
production system, any of the methods used in industry to create goods and services from various resources. All......
factors of production, term used by economists to denote the economic resources, both human and other, which, if......
theory of production, in economics, an effort to explain the principles by which a business firm decides how much......
productivity, in economics, the ratio of what is produced to what is required to produce it. Usually this ratio......
professionalism, the standards, practices, or motivations associated with a profession. The concepts of professionalism,......
profit, in business usage, the excess of total revenue over total cost during a specific period of time. In economics,......
profit sharing, system by which employees are paid a share of the net profits of the company that employs them,......
progressive tax, tax that imposes a larger burden (relative to resources) on those who are richer. Its opposite,......
promissory note, short-term credit instrument consisting of a written promise by one person (maker) to pay a specified......
pronoia system, Byzantine form of feudalism based on government assignment of revenue-yielding property to prominent......
propensity to consume, in economics, the proportion of total income or of an increase in income that consumers......
propensity to save, in economics, the proportion of total income or of an increase in income that consumers save......
property, an object of legal rights, which embraces possessions or wealth collectively, frequently with strong......
property tax, levy that is imposed primarily upon land and buildings. In some countries, including the United States,......
A prospectus is a legal document that every publicly traded stock, mutual fund, and exchange-traded fund (ETF)......
protectionism, policy of protecting domestic industries against foreign competition by means of tariffs, subsidies,......
Protestant ethic, in sociological theory, the value attached to hard work, thrift, and efficiency in one’s worldly......
Ptolemy II Philadelphus was the king of Egypt (285–246 bce), second king of the Ptolemaic dynasty, who extended......
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), private, nonprofit American corporation whose members are the public television......
public company, a company that issues shares of stock to be traded on a public exchange or an unlisted securities......
public debt, obligations of governments, particularly those evidenced by securities, to pay certain sums to the......
public enterprise, a business organization wholly or partly owned by the state and controlled through a public......
public good, in economics, a product or service that is non-excludable and nondepletable (or “non-rivalrous”).......
public investment, investment by the state in particular assets, whether through central or local governments or......
public sector, portion of the economy composed of all levels of government and government-controlled enterprises.......
public utility, enterprise that provides certain classes of services to the public, including common carrier transportation......
public-private partnership (PPP), partnership between an agency of the government and the private sector in the......
Pullman Strike, (May 11, 1894–c. July 20, 1894), in U.S. history, widespread railroad strike and boycott that severely......
purchasing power parity (PPP), a measure of the relative value of currencies that compares the prices of purchasing......
purveyance, in English history, the prerogative of the sovereign to compel the sale of goods at a reduced price......
Georgy Leonidovich Pyatakov was an Old Bolshevik economist who held prominent administrative posts in the Soviet......
Carlos Andrés Pérez was the president of Venezuela from 1974 to 1979 and from 1989 to 1993. Pérez began his political......
Muammar al-Qaddafi was the de facto leader of Libya (1969–2011). Qaddafi had ruled for more than four decades when......
Qu Qiubai was a prominent leader and, on occasions in the 1920s and early 1930s, head of the Chinese Communist......
In personal finance, “qualified” means an account, plan, or expense ticks the boxes that allow you to claim a tax......
The qualified business income (QBI) deduction is a tax concept that allows many small business owners to deduct......
quantitative easing (QE), a set of unconventional monetary policies that may be implemented by a central bank to......
quantity theory of money, economic theory relating changes in the price levels to changes in the quantity of money.......
quasi-market, organizationally designed and supervised markets intended to create more efficiency and choice than......
François Quesnay was a French economist and intellectual leader of the physiocrats, the first systematic school......
quinto real, (Spanish: “royal fifth”), in colonial Spanish America, a tax levied by the crown on mineral products;......