Economics & Economic Systems, NAG-PET
Economic system, any of the ways in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think that there would be a great variety of such systems, corresponding to the many cultural arrangements that have characterized human society.
Economics & Economic Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Imre Nagy was a Hungarian statesman, independent Communist, and premier of the 1956 revolutionary government whose......
naira, monetary unit of Nigeria. The naira is divided into 100 kobo. The naira was introduced in 1973, when the......
E.M.S. Namboodiripad was an Indian communist leader and theorist who served as chief minister of Kerala state from......
Jayaprakash Narayan was an Indian political leader, socialist thinker, and independence activist. Widely regarded......
Narodnik, member of a 19th-century socialist movement in Russia who believed that political propaganda among the......
John Nash was an American mathematician who was awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize for Economics for his landmark work,......
National Alliance, former nationalist anticommunist political party of Italy. Historically, some of its members......
national bank, in the United States, any commercial bank chartered and supervised by the federal government and......
National Coal Board (NCB), former British public corporation, created on January 1, 1947, which operated previously......
National Communism, policies based on the principle that in each country the means of attaining ultimate communist......
national income accounting, a set of principles and methods used to measure the income and production of a country.......
National Labor Union (NLU), in U.S. history, a political-action movement that from 1866 to 1873 sought to improve......
National Liberation Front (NLF), Vietnamese political organization formed on December 20, 1960, to effect the overthrow......
Nationalist Party, political party that governed all or part of mainland China from 1928 to 1949 and subsequently......
nationalization, alteration or assumption of control or ownership of private property by the state. It is historically......
natural resource management, ways in which societies manage the supply of or access to the natural resources upon......
Peter Navarro is an American economist and a top trade adviser to U.S. Pres. Donald Trump. Navarro is one of Trump’s......
Naxalite, general designation given to several Maoist-oriented and militant insurgent and separatist groups that......
U Ne Win was a Burmese general who was the leader of Burma (now Myanmar) from 1962 to 1988. Shu Maung studied at......
Sergey Gennadiyevich Nechayev was a Russian revolutionary known for his organizational scheme for a professional......
Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE), North American trade union formed in 1995 by the......
negative externality, in economics, the imposition of a cost on a party as an indirect effect of the actions of......
negotiable instrument, Transferable document (e.g., a bank note, check, or draft) containing an unconditional promise......
Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of independent India (1947–64), who established parliamentary government......
neoliberal globalization, an approach to economic globalization, or the integration of the world’s economies, based......
neoliberalism, ideology and policy model that emphasizes the value of free market competition. Although there is......
Pablo Neruda was a Chilean poet, diplomat, and politician who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1971.......
networking, the development, maintenance, or use of social or professional contacts for the purpose of exchanging......
New Deal, domestic program of the administration of U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) between 1933 and 1939,......
New Economic Policy (NEP), the economic policy of the government of the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1928, representing......
New Left, a broad range of left-wing activist movements and intellectual currents that arose in western Europe......
New People’s Army (NPA), military arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines, Marxist-Leninist (CPP-ML), which......
New Zealand Labour Party, political party established in 1916 in a merger of various socialist and trade-union......
newly industrialized country (NIC), country whose national economy has transitioned from being primarily based......
Reinhold Niebuhr was an American Protestant theologian who had extensive influence on political thought and whose......
Nikkei, Japan’s most widely respected daily business-oriented newspaper. It deals principally with commerce, industry,......
Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK), public radio and television system of Japan. It operates two television and three radio......
Nirmala Sitharaman (born August 18, 1959, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India) is an Indian politician and economist who......
Richard Nixon was the 37th president of the United States (1969–74), who, faced with almost certain impeachment......
William Nordhaus is an American economist who, with Paul Romer, was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize for Economics......
Douglass C. North was an American economist, recipient, with Robert W. Fogel, of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Economic......
Sir Dudley North was an English merchant, civil servant, and economist who was an early advocate of what later......
Nosaka Sanzō was a politician who was the leading figure in the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) throughout the late......
In financial instruments, the notional value (also called the notional amount and the principal amount) is the......
nuevo sol, monetary unit of Peru. It is divided into 100 centimos. The sol was introduced as the currency of Peru......
octroi, tax levied by a local political unit, normally the commune or municipal authority, on certain categories......
offshoring, the practice of outsourcing operations overseas, usually by companies from industrialized countries......
Bertil Ohlin was a Swedish economist and political leader who is known as the founder of the modern theory of the......
oil crisis, a sudden rise in the price of oil that is often accompanied by decreased supply. Since oil provides......
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala is a Nigerian-American economist who served as the seventh director general of the World Trade......
Arthur M. Okun was an American economist who served as chairman of the U.S. Council of Economic Advisers (1968–69).......
oligopoly, market situation in which each of a few producers affects but does not control the market. Each producer......
Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimental, count-duke de Olivares was the prime minister (1623–43) and court favourite (valido)......
Oneida Community, utopian religious community that developed out of a Society of Inquiry established by John Humphrey......
open-market operation, any of the purchases and sales of government securities and sometimes commercial paper by......
opium trade, in Chinese history, the traffic that developed in the 18th and 19th centuries in which Western countries,......
opportunism, a foundational assumption of many economic theories that claims human beings are generally self-interested......
In economics, opportunity cost refers to the potential benefit or gain that is given up when choosing one option......
optimum currency area, a currency area in which the benefits of using a common currency outweigh the costs of individual......
Grigory Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze was a communist leader who played a major role in bringing Georgia under......
Nicholas Oresme was a French Roman Catholic bishop, scholastic philosopher, economist, and mathematician whose......
Organization of American States (OAS), organization formed to promote economic, military, and cultural cooperation......
organized labour, association and activities of workers in a trade or industry for the purpose of obtaining or......
- Introduction
- Crisis 1890s, New Unions, Political Action
- Union Expansion, Voluntary System
- US, Canada, Unions
- Industrial Unionism, Workers' Rights, Collective Bargaining
- Western Europe, Unions, Workers
- Institutionalization, Unions, Bargaining
- Inflation, Neocorporatism, Restructuring
- Eastern Europe, Unions, Workers
- Poland, Strikes, Unions
- Developing World, Unions, Workers
Jean Orry was a French economist whose broad financial and governmental reforms in early 18th-century Spain helped......
George Orwell was an English novelist, essayist, and critic famous for his novels Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen......
Elinor Ostrom was an American political scientist who, with Oliver E. Williamson, was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize......
Ottawa Agreements, trade policies, based on the system of imperial preference, negotiated between the United Kingdom......
Alassane Ouattara is an Ivoirian economist and politician who was elected president of Côte d’Ivoire in 2010. Despite......
Out of the money (OTM) is a term used in options trading to describe an option that has no intrinsic value. That......
outsourcing, work arrangement made by an employer who hires an outside contractor to perform work that could be......
over-the-counter market, trading in stocks and bonds that does not take place on stock exchanges. It is most significant......
Robert Owen was a Welsh manufacturer turned reformer, one of the most influential early 19th-century advocates......
Paasche index, index developed by German economist Hermann Paasche for measuring current price or quantity levels......
packaging, the technology and art of preparing a commodity for convenient transport, storage, and sale. Though......
Palmer Raids, raids conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice in 1919 and 1920 in an attempt to arrest foreign......
Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), social democratic political party in Greece. The Panhellenic Socialist......
panic, in economics, acute financial disturbance, such as widespread bank failures, feverish stock speculation......
parental leave, employee benefit that provides job-protected leave from employment to care for a child following......
Vilfredo Pareto was an Italian economist and sociologist who is known for his theory on mass and elite interaction......
Pareto-optimality, a concept of efficiency used in the social sciences, including economics and political science,......
parity, in economics, equality in price, rate of exchange, purchasing power, or wages. In international exchange,......
Park Chung-Hee was a South Korean general and politician, president of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) from......
Participatory Technology Development (PTD), an approach to development that emerged during the 1980s and ’90s,......
Partisan, member of a guerrilla force led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia during World War II against the......
A partnership is a business owned by two or more people who agree to share its profits and losses. Each partner......
Frédéric Passy was a French economist and advocate of international arbitration who was co-winner (with Jean-Henri......
patent troll, pejorative term for a company, found most often in the American information technology industry,......
paternalism, attitude and practice that are commonly, though not exclusively, understood as an infringement on......
William Paterson was a Scottish founder of the Bank of England, writer on economic issues, and the prime mover......
paulette, in pre-Revolutionary France, royal edict of 1604 that resulted in making offices hereditary, a step in......
pawnbroking, business of advancing loans to customers who have pledged household goods or personal effects as security......
Christina H. Paxson is an American economist who made substantial contributions to the fields of health economics......
payment, the performance of an obligation to pay money. A person under such an obligation is called a debtor, and......
payroll tax, levy imposed on wages and salaries. In contrast to income taxes, payroll taxes do not include income......
peonage, form of involuntary servitude, the origins of which have been traced as far back as the Spanish conquest......
personal income tax, a tax imposed by public authorities on the incomes of individuals or family units. See income...
Juan Perón was an army colonel who became president of Argentina (1946–52, 1952–55, 1973–74) and was the founder......
peseta, former monetary unit of Spain. The peseta ceased to be legal tender in 2002, when the euro, the monetary......
peso, the monetary unit of several Latin American countries and the Philippines; it is divided into 100 centavos.......
Peter II was the king of Portugal whose reign as prince regent (1668–83) and as king (1683–1706) was marked by......