Cookstown: …the rath (ring fort) of Tullaghoge, which before its destruction in 1602 was the inauguration site for the chiefs of the O’Neill clan of Ulster. Area former district, 241 square miles (623 square km). Pop. (2001) town, 10,566; (2011) town, 11,620.

Tullahoma, city, Coffee county, south-central Tennessee, U.S. It lies about 60 miles (95 km) southeast of Nashville on the site of a Cherokee village. Settled in the early 1800s by pioneers from eastern Tennessee, it served as a railroad camp during construction of the Nashville, Chattanooga, and

South Asian arts: 14th–19th century: …the 18th-century folk poet of tuḷḷals (a song-dance form), Kuñcan Nampiyār, unparalleled for his wit and exuberance, his satiric sketches of caste types, his versions of Sanskrit Purāṇa narratives projected on the backdrop of Kerala, and his humorous renderings even of mythic characters.

Tullamore, market town, urban district, and the seat of County Offaly, Ireland, situated on the River Tullamore. The High Cross is all that remains of Durrow Abbey, which once stood to the north of Tullamore. The Book of Durrow, an illuminated manuscript of the four Gospels in Irish script, was

Tulle, town, capital of Corrèze département, Nouvelle-Aquitaine région, central France. It is situated on the western edge of the upland block known as the Massif Central. The town is spread out along the deep, narrow Corrèze valley, and its streets climb steep hill slopes. Only the 12th-century

netting: Tulle is an extremely fine, soft net with hexagonal-shaped meshes, and bobbinet also has hexagonal meshes. Nets having square corners, with knots in each of the corners, are frequently used in fishing and are popular for curtains.

John Murray, 2nd earl and 1st marquess of Atholl was a leading Scottish Royalist and defender of the Stuarts from the time of the English Civil Wars (1642–51) until after the accession of William and Mary (1689). The son of the 1st earl of Atholl in the Murray line, Atholl was the chief supporter

John Murray, 2nd marquess and 1st duke of Atholl was a leading Scottish supporter of William and Mary and of the Hanoverian succession. Son of the 1st marquess of Atholl, he favored the accession of William and Mary in 1689 but was unable, during his father’s absence, to prevent the majority of his

human ear: Transmission of sound waves in the cochlea: …may cause transient vertigo (the Tullio phenomenon). However, laboratory evidence suggests that the saccule of mammals may retain some degree of responsiveness to intense sound, an intriguing observation because the saccule is the organ of hearing in fish, the distant ancestors of mammals. Normally only the cochlear fluids and the…

Cicero was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, and writer who vainly tried to uphold republican principles in the final civil wars that destroyed the Roman Republic. His writings include books of rhetoric, orations, philosophical and political treatises, and letters. He is remembered in modern

Tulliver family, fictional family in George Eliot’s novel The Mill on the Floss (1860). Mr. Tulliver is the stubborn and hot-tempered owner of Dorlcote Mill whose lawsuit against a neighbour leads to disaster for the family. Mrs. Tulliver cares more for her household goods than for her children.

Ethiopia: Relief of Ethiopia: The highest peaks are Tullu Deemtu (Tulu Dīmtu), at 14,360 feet (4,377 metres), and Mount Batu, at 14,127 feet (4,305 metres). The Eastern Lowlands resemble the long train of a bridal gown suddenly dipping from the narrow band of the Eastern Highlands and gently rolling for hundreds of miles…

Toul, town, Meurthe-et-Moselle département, Grand Est région, northeastern France. It lies between the left bank of the Moselle River and the Marne au Rhin Canal, 12 miles (19 km) west of Nancy. Once named Tullum and originally the capital of the Leuci tribe in the Belgic confederation, the town

Coriolanus: …joins forces with his enemy Aufidius, a Volscian, against Rome. Leading the enemy to the edge of the city, Coriolanus is ultimately persuaded by his mother, Volumnia—who brings with her Coriolanus’s wife, Virgilia, and his son—to make peace with Rome, and in the end he is killed at the instigation…

Tullus Hostilius, traditionally, the third king of Rome, reigning from 672 to 641 bc. He was a legendary figure, the legend probably influenced by that of Romulus. Both Tullus and Romulus supposedly carried on war with the neighbouring cities of Fidenae and Veii, doubled the number of Roman

Cicero was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, and writer who vainly tried to uphold republican principles in the final civil wars that destroyed the Roman Republic. His writings include books of rhetoric, orations, philosophical and political treatises, and letters. He is remembered in modern

Ron Livingston: Loudermilk and later credits: …starred with Charlize Theron in Tully (2018), and in A Million Little Things (2018–23) he played a businessman whose suicide has a profound effect on his friends. In 2023 Livingston appeared as the father of the title character in the superhero movie The Flash. He also lent his voice to…

Ptolemais, coastal city of ancient Cyrenaica (now part of Libya). The site was easily defensible and provided the only safe anchorage between Euhesperides-Berenice (modern Benghazi) and Apollonia (modern Sūsah in Libya). In the 3rd century bc the city received the name Ptolemais from Ptolemy III,

Toronto Blue Jays: …in 2015, acquiring perennial All-Stars Troy Tulowitzki and David Price at the trade deadline, who helped propel Toronto to the team’s first playoff appearance in 22 seasons, where the Jays were eliminated in the ALCS. The team returned to the ALCS the following season and again lost and struggled during…

The Dutch Tulip Bubble (“Tulip Mania”) was a speculative frenzy in 17th-century Holland over the sale of tulip bulbs. Tulips were introduced into Europe from Turkey shortly after 1550, and the delicately formed, vividly colored flowers became a popular if costly item. The demand for differently

Tulsa, city, Osage and Tulsa counties, seat (1907) of Tulsa county, northeastern Oklahoma, U.S., situated on the Arkansas River. It originated in 1836 as a settlement of Creek Indians who named it for their former town in Alabama. White settlement began after the arrival in 1882 of the St.

Larry Clark: …were published in 1971 as Tulsa, a book that established Clark’s national reputation.

ProCon Debate: Should the Federal Government Pay Reparations to the Descendants of Enslaved People? ProCon Issue in the NewsMayor G.T. Bynum of Tulsa, Oklahoma, has created a commission to study reparations for the 1921 race massacre in the city that left between 30 and 300 dead, mostly African

Sylvester Stallone: Later film and television roles: Cliffhanger, The Expendables, and Tulsa King: In the TV series Tulsa King (2022– ), created by Taylor Sheridan, Stallone played a Mafia boss who, after being released from prison, attempts to rebuild his empire. He also wrote and directed Staying Alive (1983), a poorly received sequel to Saturday Night Fever (1977); both films starred John…

The Tulsa race massacre of 1921 was one of the most severe incidents of racial violence in U.S. history. It occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma, beginning on May 31, 1921, and lasting for two days. The massacre left somewhere between 30 and 300 people dead, mostly African Americans, and destroyed Tulsa’s

The Tulsa race massacre of 1921 was one of the most severe incidents of racial violence in U.S. history. It occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma, beginning on May 31, 1921, and lasting for two days. The massacre left somewhere between 30 and 300 people dead, mostly African Americans, and destroyed Tulsa’s

University of Tulsa, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S. It is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). The university offers undergraduate degrees through the Henry Kendall College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Business Administration, and

holy basil, (Ocimum tenuiflorum), flowering plant of the mint family (Lamiaceae) grown for its aromatic leaves. Holy basil is native to the Indian subcontinent and grows throughout Southeast Asia. The plant is widely used in Ayurvedic and folk medicine, often as an herbal tea for a variety of

Shiva Dayal Saheb was the founder of the esoteric Hindu and Sikh sect Radha Soami Satsang. He was born into a devout Vaishnava family and established himself as a banker in Agra. In 1861 he revealed himself as the sant satguru (true teacher of spirituality) and began instructing a group of

holy basil: In Hinduism: …by a festival known as Tulsi Vivah, in which homes and temples ceremonially wed holy basil to Vishnu. Water infused with the leaves is often given to the dying to help elevate their souls, and funeral pyres are commonly fitted with holy basil twigs with the hopes that the deceased…

Tulsidas was an Indian Vaishnavite (devotee of the deity Vishnu) poet whose principal work, the Hindi Ramcharitmanas (“Sacred Lake of the Acts of Rama”), remains the most-popular version of the story of Rama. The Ramcharitmanas expresses the religious sentiment of bhakti (“loving devotion”) to

Ethiopia: Relief of Ethiopia: The highest peaks are Tullu Deemtu (Tulu Dīmtu), at 14,360 feet (4,377 metres), and Mount Batu, at 14,127 feet (4,305 metres). The Eastern Lowlands resemble the long train of a bridal gown suddenly dipping from the narrow band of the Eastern Highlands and gently rolling for hundreds of miles…

Tulu language, member of the Dravidian language family, spoken in southern Karnataka state, India. Tulu has borrowed many words from the Kannada language, the official language of Karnataka, but they are not closely related. Tulu has a rich oral tradition, but little has been written in the

Kenenisa Bekele: …Fatuma Roba, and Bekoji native Derartu Tulu, but his first athletic love was football (soccer). Bekele attended school through the ninth grade, and it was at school that he was introduced to running. He finished fourth in his first race, but in 1998 he won a provincial cross-country title and…

Grantha alphabet: ” The Tulu-Malayalam script is a variety of Grantha dating from the 8th or 9th century ad. The modern Tamil script may also be derived from Grantha, but this is not certain.

Tuluá, city, Valle del Cauca departamento, western Colombia. The site, originally settled by the Putimáes Indians, was called Villa de Jerez by early explorers. The Indians resisted all Spanish attempts at conquest from that of Bartolomé Giraldo Gil de Estupiñán in 1556 until subdued by Juan de

Turfan, city, north-central Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. It lies about 112 miles (180 km) southeast of the city of Ürümqi (Urumchi), on the northern edge of the deep Turfan Depression between the Bogda Mountains (an eastern extension of the Tien Shan) to the north and

deep mountain basin in the Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. The Turfan Depression is a fault trough, descending ultimately to 508 feet (155 meters) below sea level (the lowest point in China), whereas the neighboring Tarim River and Lop Nur areas are between 2,000 and 3,000

Tulun, city, Irkutsk oblast (region), east-central Russia. It lies along the Iya River and the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Incorporated first in 1922, it changed to a rural settlement in 1924 and was reincorporated in 1927. It is a centre for the Azey lignite (brown coal) field and of the wood and

Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn was the founder of the Ṭūlūnid dynasty in Egypt and the first Muslim governor of Egypt to annex Syria. As a child Aḥmad was taken into slavery and placed in the private service of the ʿAbbāsid caliph at the new capital of Sāmarrāʾ. Later he studied theology in the city of Tarsus

Ṭūlūnid Dynasty, first local dynasty of Egypt and Syria to exist independently of the ʿAbbāsid caliphate in Baghdad, ruling 868–905. Its founder, Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn, a Turk, arrived in Egypt in 868 as vice governor and promptly (868–872) established a military and financial foothold in the province by

Vijayanagar: … had been supplanted by the Tuluva dynasty. The outstanding Tuluva king was Krishna Deva Raya. During his reign (1509–29) the land between the Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers (the Raichur doab) was acquired (1512), the Orissa Hindus were subdued by the capture of Udayagiri (1514) and other towns, and severe defeats…

Khmer literature: Classical literature: One of the best-known is Tum Teav, a tragic love story believed to be based on real events that occurred during the 17th century. The story was passed down orally and then eventually recorded in the 19th century by the poet Santhor Mok. It remains a widely known story that…

Tumaco, city, Nariño departamento, southwestern Colombia. It is situated on the Pacific coast, on a small island at the south end of Tumaco Bay. Named for an Indian chief, Tumas, who founded the settlement in 1570, Tumaco experienced prosperity as the point of export for rubber and cinchona bark

al-Khansāʾ was one of the greatest Arab poets, famous for her elegies. The deaths of two of her kinsmen—her brother Muʿāwiyah and her half-brother Ṣakhr, both of whom had been tribal heads and had been killed in tribal raids sometime before the advent of Islam—threw al-Khansāʾ into deep mourning.

Chad: Ethnic groups: …and, like the Gula and Tumak of the Goundi area, are culturally distinct from their Sara neighbors. Along the banks of the Chari and Logone rivers, and in the region between the two rivers, are found the Tangale peoples.

Tumakuru, city, southeastern Karnataka state, southern India. It lies in an upland region at the foot of Devarayadurga Hill, which has a picturesque health resort at an elevation about 3,900 feet (1,190 metres). The city, a road and rail centre, has a cluster of small-scale industries, which

Baloch: History and society: Each tribe (tuman) consists of several clans and acknowledges one chief, even though in some tuman there are clans in habitual opposition to the chief.

Tumen River, river, forming the northeastern frontier of North Korea with China and Russia. The Tumen originates on Mount Paektu (Chinese: Baitou; 9,022 feet [2,750 metres]), the highest peak of the Changbai (Korean: Chanbaek) Mountains along the China-Korea border. It then flows with its short

Tumen River, river, forming the northeastern frontier of North Korea with China and Russia. The Tumen originates on Mount Paektu (Chinese: Baitou; 9,022 feet [2,750 metres]), the highest peak of the Changbai (Korean: Chanbaek) Mountains along the China-Korea border. It then flows with its short

Singapore, city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, about 85 miles (137 kilometres) north of the Equator. It consists of the diamond-shaped Singapore Island and some 60 small islets; the main island occupies all but about 18 square miles of this combined area. The main island

José Agustín: His first novel, La tumba (1964; “The Tomb”), published when he was 20, is told from a teenager’s viewpoint. Subsequent works include the prizewinning play Círculo vicioso (1974; “Vicious Circle”) and the award-winning novel Ciudades desiertas (1982; “Deserted Cities”). In 1985 Agustín published an autobiography, El rock de…

Lake Tumba, lake, part of the Congo River basin, northwestern Congo (Kinshasa). Lake Tumba lies 75 miles (120 km) northwest of Lake Mai-Ndombe (formerly Lake Léopold II). It covers 190 square miles (500 square km) and is 6–20 feet (2–6 m) deep. The lake empties into the Congo River by Irebu

Zanzibar: Geography: …Zanzibar Island and the adjacent Tumbatu Island have been occupied by another Bantu-speaking people known as the Tumbatu. These two groups represent the earliest arrivals in Zanzibar. Throughout the 19th century, and after, they were expropriated from the western and more fertile parts of the island by later arrivals, notably…

Tumbes, city, northwestern Peru. It is located on the Pacific coastal plain and on high banks overlooking the Tumbes River, 20 miles (30 km) from the Ecuadorian border. In 1532 Francisco Pizarro landed at what is now Puerto Pizarro (the port for Tumbes, 12 miles [19 km] northwest), to begin his

Tumbes, city, northwestern Peru. It is located on the Pacific coastal plain and on high banks overlooking the Tumbes River, 20 miles (30 km) from the Ecuadorian border. In 1532 Francisco Pizarro landed at what is now Puerto Pizarro (the port for Tumbes, 12 miles [19 km] northwest), to begin his

Puná Island: …originally inhabited by the aboriginal Tumbez Indians, whom not even the Inca had conquered. The present population is concentrated around the village of Puná at the island’s northeastern tip. Punta Salinas is a fishing and hunting resort on the southwestern cape.

Sangoan industry, sub-Saharan African stone tool industry of Acheulean derivation dating from about 130,000 to 10,000 years ago. It is more or less contemporaneous with the Fauresmith industry of southern Africa. The Sangoan industry was discovered in 1920 at Sango Bay, Uganda, and is also found in

Silurian Period: Clastic wedges: …belonging to the Upper Silurian Tumblagooda Sandstone were derived from a Precambrian massif called the Yilgarn Block.

rocket: Tumble mustard, or tall rocket (S. altissimum), is also naturalized in North America and forms a tumbleweed as it dries. London rocket (S. irio) has been used in folk medicine and is considered an invasive species in many places outside its native Eurasian range.

windmill grass: truncata) and the North American tumble windmill grass (C. verticillata) are perennial species of waste areas. Rhodes grass (C. gayana), a tufted perennial native to South Africa, has been introduced into other areas of the world for forage.

dung beetle, (subfamily Scarabaeinae), any of a group of beetles in the family Scarabaeidae (insect order Coleoptera) that forms manure into a ball using its scooperlike head and paddle-shaped antennae. In some species the ball of manure can be as large as an apple. In the early part of the summer

poultry processing: Tumbling and massaging: A tumbler is a slowly rotating drum that works the meat into a smooth mixture. A massager is a large mixing chamber that contains a number of internal paddles. Cured turkey products (i.e., treated with sodium nitrite), such as turkey ham and turkey pastrami, are often…

lock: Development of modern types.: …in England, patented a double-acting tumbler lock. A tumbler is a lever, or pawl, that falls into a slot in the bolt and prevents it being moved until it is raised by the key to exactly the right height out of the slot; the key then slides the bolt. The…

electric switch: …of switches; a common type—the toggle, or tumbler, switch—is widely used in home lighting and other applications. The so-called mercury, or “silent,” switch is used extensively for controlling home lighting circuits. The oil switch has its live parts immersed in oil to reduce arcing. The aggregate of switching or circuit-breaking…

tumbleweed, plant that breaks away from its roots and is driven about by the wind as a light rolling mass, scattering seeds as it goes. Examples include pigweed (Amaranth retroflexus, a widespread weed in the western United States) and other amaranths, tumbling mustard, Russian thistle, the steppe

Elton John: Superstardom and showmanship: …“Burn Down the Mission” on Tumbleweed Connection (1971) and “Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding” on Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (1973). Other notable songs from this period include “Rocket Man” on Honky Château (1972) and “Don’t Let the Sun Go Down on Me” on Caribou (1974).

Janet McTeer: Films: … nominations for her roles in Tumbleweeds (1999), as a vagabond single mother, and Albert Nobbs (2011), as a woman who disguises herself as a man in 19th-century Ireland. She appeared in a number of other motion pictures, including the thriller Half Moon Street (1986); Carrington (1995), in which she played…

gemstone: …7 or less) may be tumbled; that is, they may be placed in a cylinder with abrasive grit and water and the cylinder rotated about its long axis. The stones become polished but are irregular in shape. Second, the same kinds of gemstones may instead be cut en cabochon (i.e.,…

tumbling, execution of acrobatic movements such as rolls, twists, handsprings, or somersaults on floor mats or on the ground. Unlike most other disciplines in gymnastics, tumbling does not involve the use of apparatuses. The activity dates back to ancient China, Egypt, and Greece. Tumbling was

gemstone: …may be placed in a cylinder with abrasive grit and water and the cylinder rotated about its long axis. The stones become polished but are irregular in shape. Second, the same kinds of gemstones may instead be cut en cabochon (i.e., with a rounded upper surface and a flat underside)…

tumbling flower beetle, (family Mordellidae), any of about 1,500 species of beetles (insect order Coleoptera) named for their jumping, turning, and tumbling motion when disturbed or caught. These black beetles are small, usually between 3 and 7 mm (0.1 to 0.3 inch) in length, and are most often

Claes Oldenburg: Their final collaboration, Tumbling Tacks, was unveiled on the grounds of the Kistefos Museum, Jevnaker, Norway, in 2009, several months after van Bruggen died from breast cancer. In 2011 Oldenburg created his first independent project in 30 years, Paint Torch, which was installed in Philadelphia. He then turned…

soapwort: Major species: A trailing species known as rock soapwort, or tumbling Ted (S. ocymoides), has several cultivated varieties with pink to deep red flower clusters. Pygmy pink (S. pumilio) is a very small alpine specimen sometimes grown in rock gardens.

Gene Autry: …of hit recordings, including “Tumbling Tumbleweeds” (1935) and his signature song, “Back in the Saddle Again” (1939). He recorded more than 600 songs altogether, many of which he wrote or cowrote. By 1940 he was one of the top movie and music stars in the country. The Gene Autry…

Eric Fischl: His sculpture Tumbling Woman (2002) generated some controversy when it was first exhibited: commemorating the bodies that had so recently fallen from the World Trade Center in the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, it was felt to touch too raw a wound.

Tumblr, social media microblogging site founded in 2007 by American Web developer David Karp. Tumblr is notable for its customizable interface, which allows for easy sharing of multiple forms of content, including images, text, music, and short-form blog posts, on users’ “tumbleblogs”—the site’s

welwitschia, (Welwitschia mirabilis), unusual gymnosperm plant that is the sole member of the gnetophyte family Welwitschiaceae. Welwitschia is found only in the Namib desert of southwestern Africa near the coast of Angola and Namibia as well as inland to about 150 km (more than 90 miles). It is

Tumbuka, a people who live on the lightly wooded plateau between the northwestern shore of Lake Nyasa (Lake Malaŵi) and the Luangwa River valley of eastern Zambia. They speak a Bantu language closely related to those of their immediate neighbours, the lakeside Tonga, the Chewa, and the Senga. The

tumbrel, French two-wheeled dumpcart or wagon designed to be drawn by a single draft animal. Originally used to carry agricultural supplies, it was most often associated with the cartage of animal manure. It was also used, however, by artillery units to carry tools and ammunition, and during the

tumbrel, French two-wheeled dumpcart or wagon designed to be drawn by a single draft animal. Originally used to carry agricultural supplies, it was most often associated with the cartage of animal manure. It was also used, however, by artillery units to carry tools and ammunition, and during the

Oceanic art and architecture: New Britain: …male (dukduk) and female (tubuan) masks. Both types are cone-shaped and were constructed of cane and fibre. The dukduk is taller than the tubuan and is faceless. The tubuan has circular eyes and a crescent-shaped mouth painted on a dark background. Both masks have short, bushy capes of leaves.

Tumbuka, a people who live on the lightly wooded plateau between the northwestern shore of Lake Nyasa (Lake Malaŵi) and the Luangwa River valley of eastern Zambia. They speak a Bantu language closely related to those of their immediate neighbours, the lakeside Tonga, the Chewa, and the Senga. The

Tibet: The Dge-lugs-pa (Yellow Hat sect): …invited to visit the powerful Tümed Mongol leader Altan Khan, with whom he revived the patron-priest relationship that had existed between Kublai Khan and ’Phags-pa. From this time dates the title of Dalai (“Oceanwide”) Lama, conferred by Altan and applied retrospectively to the two previous hierarchs. The holder is regarded…

Tumen River, river, forming the northeastern frontier of North Korea with China and Russia. The Tumen originates on Mount Paektu (Chinese: Baitou; 9,022 feet [2,750 metres]), the highest peak of the Changbai (Korean: Chanbaek) Mountains along the China-Korea border. It then flows with its short

Tumen River, river, forming the northeastern frontier of North Korea with China and Russia. The Tumen originates on Mount Paektu (Chinese: Baitou; 9,022 feet [2,750 metres]), the highest peak of the Changbai (Korean: Chanbaek) Mountains along the China-Korea border. It then flows with its short

Vidya Balan: Later career: …did have a hit with Tumhari Sulu (2017; “Your Sulu”), and her performance earned her another Filmfare Award. In 2019 Balan appeared in NTR: Kathanayakudu and NTR: Mahanayakudu, both of which were biopics about Indian actor, director, and politician Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao.

Tumakuru, city, southeastern Karnataka state, southern India. It lies in an upland region at the foot of Devarayadurga Hill, which has a picturesque health resort at an elevation about 3,900 feet (1,190 metres). The city, a road and rail centre, has a cluster of small-scale industries, which

Tummel, river and loch (lake), Scotland. The River Tummel rises on Rannoch Moor near the southern border of the Highland council area and drains via Loch Laidon through the heavily glaciated east-west valley containing the ribbon lakes (Lochs Rannoch and Tummel, in the Perth and Kinross council

Tummel: Loch Tummel is a popular scenic spot, as are the Falls of Tummel near the confluence of the Rivers Tummel and Garry.

Borscht Belt: Entertainment: …jack-of-all-trades social director called a tummler (from the Yiddish tumler, literally, “one who makes a racket”) would lead games such as Simon Says, tell occasional jokes, and act as the resident master of ceremonies. There was also a steady stream of popular performers, both family-friendly and more adult-oriented.

tumour, a mass of abnormal tissue that arises without obvious cause from preexisting body cells, has no purposeful function, and is characterized by a tendency to independent and unrestrained growth. Tumours are quite different from inflammatory or other swellings because the cells in tumours are

tumor suppressor gene, any of a class of genes that are normally involved in regulating cell growth but that may become cancer-causing when damaged. Tumor suppressor genes encode for proteins that are involved in inhibiting the proliferation of cells, which is crucial to normal cell development and

tumour, a mass of abnormal tissue that arises without obvious cause from preexisting body cells, has no purposeful function, and is characterized by a tendency to independent and unrestrained growth. Tumours are quite different from inflammatory or other swellings because the cells in tumours are

gall, an abnormal, localized outgrowth or swelling of plant tissue caused by infection from bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes or irritation by insects and mites. See black knot; cedar-apple rust; clubroot; crown

cancer: Molecular evaluation: …Those substances are known as tumor markers. The type and level of a specific tumor marker can provide insight into whether treatment is working and whether a tumor has returned. In general, a rising level of a tumor marker in the blood indicates the regrowth of the tumor. Tumor markers…

blood disease: Leukemia: …the therapy was associated with tumour lysis syndrome (a sometimes severe metabolic disturbance caused by the dying off of massive numbers of cancer cells), it was hailed at the time of its report in 2011 as a major breakthrough in the treatment of leukemia.

cancer: Molecular evaluation: …Those substances are known as tumor markers. The type and level of a specific tumor marker can provide insight into whether treatment is working and whether a tumor has returned. In general, a rising level of a tumor marker in the blood indicates the regrowth of the tumor. Tumor markers…

tumour necrosis factor (TNF), a naturally occurring protein that is produced in the human body by the phagocytic cells known as macrophages. (The latter can engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances.) TNF is produced by macrophages when they encounter the poisonous

inflammatory bowel disease: …mutation of a gene called TNFSF15 (tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 15), which is involved in suppressing inflammation, has been identified as an ethnic-specific IBD susceptibility gene. In addition, variation of a gene called IL23R (interleukin 23 receptor), particularly in persons of northern European descent, has been associated with…