Ralph Vaughan Williams: His three Norfolk Rhapsodies (numbers 2 and 3 later withdrawn), notably the first in E minor (first performed, 1906), were the first works to show his assimilation of folk song contours into a distinctive melodic and harmonic style. His nine symphonies cover a vast expressive range. Especially…

Robert Ket: …which was afterwards known as Ket’s Rebellion. He was either a tanner or, more probably, a small landowner.

Virginia: Education: … (1868) is nationally recognized, and Norfolk State University (1935) is Virginia’s largest predominantly Black public postsecondary institution.

harness racing: Early history.: England’s Norfolk Trotter, which emerged as a breed around 1750, was purely a road horse, but its speed led to its being used for road racing as a diversion for its owners. Most of its matches were trotting a given distance within a specified time.

John Howard, 1st duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal was an English lord who supported the Yorkist kings in the Wars of the Roses. John Howard was the son of Sir Robert Howard by his wife, Margaret, daughter of Thomas Mowbray, the 1st Duke of Norfolk of that family. In 1455 John Howard was sent to

John Howard, 1st duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal was an English lord who supported the Yorkist kings in the Wars of the Roses. John Howard was the son of Sir Robert Howard by his wife, Margaret, daughter of Thomas Mowbray, the 1st Duke of Norfolk of that family. In 1455 John Howard was sent to

Thomas Howard, 2nd duke of Norfolk was a noble prominent during the reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII of England. Son of the 1st Duke of Norfolk, Thomas Howard early shared his father’s fortunes; he fought at Barnet for Edward IV and was made steward of the royal household and created Earl of

Thomas Howard, 2nd duke of Norfolk was a noble prominent during the reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII of England. Son of the 1st Duke of Norfolk, Thomas Howard early shared his father’s fortunes; he fought at Barnet for Edward IV and was made steward of the royal household and created Earl of

Thomas Howard, 3rd duke of Norfolk was a powerful English noble who held a variety of high offices under King Henry VIII. Although he was valuable to the king as a military commander, he failed in his aspiration to become the chief minister of the realm. Howard was the brother-in-law of King Henry

Thomas Howard, 3rd duke of Norfolk was a powerful English noble who held a variety of high offices under King Henry VIII. Although he was valuable to the king as a military commander, he failed in his aspiration to become the chief minister of the realm. Howard was the brother-in-law of King Henry

Thomas Howard, 4th duke of Norfolk was an English nobleman executed for his intrigues against Queen Elizabeth I on behalf of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, a Roman Catholic claimant to the English throne. He was the son of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who was put to death for alleged treasonable

Thomas Howard, 4th duke of Norfolk was an English nobleman executed for his intrigues against Queen Elizabeth I on behalf of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, a Roman Catholic claimant to the English throne. He was the son of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who was put to death for alleged treasonable

Thomas Howard, 2nd earl of Arundel was an English noble prominent during the reigns of James I and Charles I and noted for his art collections of marbles and manuscripts. The son of Philip Howard, the first earl of the Howard line, he was educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College,

Thomas Mowbray, 1st duke of Norfolk was an English lord whose quarrel with Henry of Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford (later King Henry IV, reigned 1399–1413), was a critical episode in the events leading to the overthrow of King Richard II (reigned 1377–99) by Bolingbroke. The quarrel dominates the

Thomas Mowbray, 1st duke of Norfolk was an English lord whose quarrel with Henry of Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford (later King Henry IV, reigned 1399–1413), was a critical episode in the events leading to the overthrow of King Richard II (reigned 1377–99) by Bolingbroke. The quarrel dominates the

Henry IV: …of the 1st duke of Norfolk, and Richard Scrope, archbishop of York, executed for conspiring with Northumberland to raise another rebellion. Although the worst of Henry’s political troubles were over, he then began to suffer from an affliction that his contemporaries believed to be leprosy—it may have been congenital syphilis.…

Henry IV: …of the 1st duke of Norfolk, and Richard Scrope, archbishop of York, executed for conspiring with Northumberland to raise another rebellion. Although the worst of Henry’s political troubles were over, he then began to suffer from an affliction that his contemporaries believed to be leprosy—it may have been congenital syphilis.…

Henry IV: …of the 1st duke of Norfolk, and Richard Scrope, archbishop of York, executed for conspiring with Northumberland to raise another rebellion. Although the worst of Henry’s political troubles were over, he then began to suffer from an affliction that his contemporaries believed to be leprosy—it may have been congenital syphilis.…

Thomas of Brotherton, earl of Norfolk was the Earl of Norfolk and half brother of King Edward II of England and of Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent. He was created Earl of Norfolk in 1312 and was given vast lands in England, Wales, and Ireland; Edward II further distinguished him by creating him

Tenzing Norgay was a Nepali-Indian Sherpa mountaineer who in 1953 became, with Edmund Hillary of New Zealand, the first person to set foot on the summit of Mount Everest, the world’s highest peak (approximately 29,035 feet [8,850 meters]; see Researcher’s Note: Height of Mount Everest). There is

Norway, country of northern Europe that occupies the western half of the Scandinavian peninsula. Nearly half of the inhabitants of the country live in the far south, in the region around Oslo, the capital. About two-thirds of Norway is mountainous, and off its much-indented coastline lie, carved by

Umberto Nobile: …North Pole in the dirigible Norge, from Spitsbergen (now Svalbard), north of Norway, to Alaska.

Géo Norge was a Belgian poet whose love of language found expression in a concise, often playful style. In the 1920s Norge flirted with the avant-garde, writing some loosely experimental plays (which were criticized by the Surrealists) and joining Raymond Rouleau in an experimental theatre group,

Norway: Transportation and telecommunications: …electrified, is operated by the Norwegian State Railways (Norges Statsbaner), which sustains large annual operating deficits. Vestlandet has never had north-south railway connections, only routes running east from Stavanger and Bergen to Oslo and from Åndalsnes to Dombås on the line linking Oslo and Trondheim. The connection from Bodø to…

levonorgestrel: …the mirror compound (enantiomer) of norgestrel, which was synthesized in the early 1960s by American scientist Herschel Smith at the U.S.-based company Wyeth Pharmaceuticals.

Sondre Norheim was a Norwegian skier who revolutionized ski design and ski equipment and helped to standardize certain aspects of the sport. Norheim in 1860 was the first to use bindings of willow, cane, and birch root around the heel from each side of the toe strap to fasten the boot to the ski,

laver, (genus Porphyra), genus of 60–70 species of marine red algae (family Bangiaceae). Laver grows near the high-water mark of the intertidal zone in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. It grows best in cold nitrogen-rich water. Laver is harvested, dried, and used as food in greater

noria, undershot waterwheel used to raise water in primitive irrigation systems. It was described by the Roman architect Vitruvius (c. 1st century bce). As the noria turns, pots or hollow chambers on the rim fill when submerged and empty automatically into a trough when they reach or exceed the

Norian Stage, middle of three divisions in the Upper Triassic Series, representing those rocks deposited worldwide during Norian time (228 million to 208.5 million years ago) in the Triassic Period. The stage was named after an ancient Roman province south of the Danube River in present-day

Noric Alps, segment of the Eastern Alps extending across southern Austria between the Hohe Tauern range and Katschberg Pass (west) and the city of Graz on the Mur River (east). With the Drava River to the south and the upper Mur River to the north, the mountains rise to Eisenhut (8,008 feet [2,441

Noricum, region of Europe north of what is now Italy, roughly comprising modern central Austria and parts of Bavaria, Ger. Noricum was originally a kingdom controlled by a Celtic confederacy that dominated an earlier Illyrian population. It reached its greatest extent during the early period: on

Austria: Restoration of sovereignty: However, more scandals (notably the Noricum affair, involving the illegal sale of arms to Iran by a state-owned company), division within the Austrian People’s Party, and the public’s continued dissatisfaction with backroom deals weakened support for the coalition, while the environmentalist Greens (in parliament since 1986) and the Freedom Party…

Manuel Noriega was a Panamanian military leader, commander of the Panamanian Defense Forces (1983–89), who, for the years of his command, was the actual power behind the civilian president. Noriega was born into a poor family of Colombian extraction. (There is some dispute about when he was born,

Latin American literature: Historiographies: …controversial figure, the Mexican friar José Servando Teresa de Mier Noriega y Guerra lived and wrote in Spain, France, and other European countries. In Memorias (probably first published in 1856 in a book about Servando Teresa de Mier; The Memoirs of Fray Servando Teresa de Mier) and Historia de la…

Manuel Noriega was a Panamanian military leader, commander of the Panamanian Defense Forces (1983–89), who, for the years of his command, was the actual power behind the civilian president. Noriega was born into a poor family of Colombian extraction. (There is some dispute about when he was born,

Hida Range: Recent volcanoes, including Mount Norikura (9,928 feet [3,026 meters]) and Mount Ontake (10,049 feet [3,063 meters]), rest upon the granitic foundation. The Hida Range as a whole is characterized by rugged landforms dissected by deep river gorges. The highest peaks are found near the center of the range,…

Norilsk, city, Krasnoyarsk kray (territory), central Russia, in the Rybnaya Valley amid the Putoran Mountains. Founded in 1935, Norilsk lies north of the Arctic Circle and is one of the world’s leading producing centres for nickel and platinum. Copper is also mined. Power is supplied to Norilsk by

Mikhail Prokhorov: …to a controlling stake in Norilsk Nickel, the largest nickel and palladium producer in the world, among other companies. UNEXIM was also the auctioneer of the Norilsk loan and rejected another, higher bid in favour of its own. The “loans for shares” program enabled Prokhorov, Potanin, and a select few…

Naryn River, river in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan that is fed by the glaciers and snows of the central Tien Shan (mountains). It becomes the Syr Darya (river) after merging with the Karadarya in the Fergana Valley. The Naryn River flows westward for 430 miles (700 km), receiving many tributaries and

Noric Alps, segment of the Eastern Alps extending across southern Austria between the Hohe Tauern range and Katschberg Pass (west) and the city of Graz on the Mur River (east). With the Drava River to the south and the upper Mur River to the north, the mountains rise to Eisenhut (8,008 feet [2,441

mineral deposit: Immiscible melts: …of a mafic rock called norite lies above a discontinuous zone of gabbro, some of which contains numerous broken fragments of the underlying basement rocks and some of which is rich in sulfide ore minerals of nickel, copper, and platinum-group metals. Many hypotheses have been suggested for the origin of…

norito, in the Shintō religious practices of Japan, words, or prayer, addressed by worshipers to a deity. The efficacy of prayer is founded on the concept of koto-dama, the spiritual power that resides in words. According to ancient belief, beautiful, correct words bring about good, whereas ugly,

D.B. Cooper: …in its history, known as NORJAK (Northwest Hijacking). Initially the agency believed that Cooper knew both planes and the area, and it was speculated that he served in the military, possibly as a paratrooper; later, however, it was decided that he was not an experienced skydiver because the jump was…

igneous rock: Classification of igneous rocks: …mineral composition is called the norm, and the minerals constituting the standard set are termed normative minerals, since they are ordinarily found in igneous rocks. The rock under analysis may then be classified according to the calculated proportions of the normative minerals.

triangle inequality: Measures are called norms, which are typically indicated by enclosing an entity from the space in a pair of single or double vertical lines, | | or || ||. For example, real numbers a and b, with the absolute value as a norm, obey a version of the…

norm, rule or standard of behaviour shared by members of a social group. Norms may be internalized—i.e., incorporated within the individual so that there is conformity without external rewards or punishments, or they may be enforced by positive or negative sanctions from without. The social unit

Norm Macdonald: Career: …in the situation comedy series Norm from 1999 to 2001 and hosting the short-lived Sports Show with Norm Macdonald in 2011. Although he primarily considered himself to be a comedian rather than a television or film actor, he wrote and starred in the dark comedy film Dirty Work in 1998…

Norm Macdonald: Career: …in the situation comedy series Norm from 1999 to 2001 and hosting the short-lived Sports Show with Norm Macdonald in 2011. Although he primarily considered himself to be a comedian rather than a television or film actor, he wrote and starred in the dark comedy film Dirty Work in 1998…

Vincenzo Bellini: …sonnambula (1831; The Sleepwalker); and Norma (1831). La sonnambula, an opera semiseria (serious but with a happy ending), became very popular, even in England, where an English version appeared. Bellini’s masterpiece, Norma, a tragedy set in ancient Gaul, achieved lasting success despite an initial failure.

Norma, constellation in the southern sky at about 16 hours right ascension and 50° south in declination. Its brightest star is Gamma2 Normae, with a magnitude of 4.0. The French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille formed this constellation in 1754. It represents the square, the device used in

Vladimir Sorokin: The collapse of language in Norma (1994; “The Norm”) and the division of the book into eight structurally distinct parts, one of which simply lists nouns preceded by the word normal’nyy (“normal”), reflect the breakdown of ideology in the novel’s Soviet society. The work, written between 1979 and 1984, demonstrates…

Martin Ritt: Films of the 1970s: …for Matthau, was followed by Norma Rae (1979), one of Ritt’s most popular and most accomplished motion pictures. Sally Field won the Academy Award for best actress for her portrayal of real-life textile worker Crystal Lee Sutton, who led the fight to unionize a North Carolina cotton mill in 1973.…

mathematics: Apollonius: …IV); how to draw “normal” lines to conics (that is, lines meeting them at right angles; Book V); and the congruence and similarity of conics (Book VI).

Normal, town, McLean county, central Illinois, U.S. At the junction of three interstate highways, Normal adjoins Bloomington (south) and is located about 65 miles (105 km) northeast of Springfield. It was founded in the early 1850s at the intersection of the Illinois Central and Chicago and Alton

centripetal acceleration, the acceleration of a body traversing a circular path. Because velocity is a vector quantity (that is, it has both a magnitude, the speed, and a direction), when a body travels on a circular path, its direction constantly changes and thus its velocity changes, producing an

albedo: …differentiated into two general types: normal albedo and Bond albedo. The former, also called normal reflectance, is a measure of a surface’s relative brightness when illuminated and observed vertically. The normal albedo of snow, for example, is nearly 1.0, whereas that of charcoal is about 0.04. Investigators frequently rely on…

liquid: Partial miscibility: …the solubility (weight percent) of n-butyl alcohol in water is 6.5 percent, whereas that of water in n-butyl alcohol is 22.4 percent. At 127° C, the upper consolute temperature, complete miscibility is attained: above 127° C the two liquids mix in all proportions, but below 127° C they show a…

Brownian motion: Einstein’s theory of Brownian motion: The graph is the familiar bell-shaped Gaussian “normal” curve that typically arises when the random variable is the sum of many independent, statistically identical random variables, in this case the many little pushes that add up to the total motion. The equation for this relationship is

Brownian motion: Einstein’s theory of Brownian motion: The graph is the familiar bell-shaped Gaussian “normal” curve that typically arises when the random variable is the sum of many independent, statistically identical random variables, in this case the many little pushes that add up to the total motion. The equation for this relationship is

radiation: Dispersion: …with frequency, a phenomenon termed normal dispersion. The degree of refraction depends on the refractive index. The increased bending of violet light over red by a glass prism is therefore the result of normal dispersion. If experiments are done, however, with light having a frequency close to the natural electron…

normal distribution, the most common distribution function for independent, randomly generated variables. Its familiar bell-shaped curve is ubiquitous in statistical reports, from survey analysis and quality control to resource allocation. The graph of the normal distribution is characterized by

normal fault, type of fault in which lengthening, or extension, of a portion of Earth’s crust causes a block of rock above the fault (hanging wall) to move downward relative to the block below (footwall). The dip angle of the sliding surface on either side tends to be steep, often between 45° and

Larry Kramer: The Normal Heart and later works: …play The Normal Heart (1985; television film 2014), which centres on Ned Weeks, a vociferous and abrasive activist whose lover is dying of AIDS during the early years of the outbreak. The star of the original production, Brad Davis, committed suicide because of AIDS complications in 1991. The 2014 HBO…

Larry Kramer: The Normal Heart and later works: …AIDS activist in the play The Normal Heart (1985; television film 2014), which centres on Ned Weeks, a vociferous and abrasive activist whose lover is dying of AIDS during the early years of the outbreak. The star of the original production, Brad Davis, committed suicide because of AIDS complications in…

atmosphere: Convection: …free convection, occurs when the environmental lapse rate (the rate of change of an atmospheric variable, such as temperature or density, with increasing altitude) of temperature decreases at a rate greater than 1 °C per 100 metres (approximately 1 °F per 150 feet). This rate is called the adiabatic lapse…

mechanics: Coupled oscillators: …frequencies, are known as the normal modes of the system.

petroleum refining: Saturated molecules: …either in straight chains (normal paraffins, such as butane; see figure) or branched chains (isoparaffins). Most of the paraffin compounds in naturally occurring crude oils are normal paraffins, while isoparaffins are frequently produced in refinery processes. The normal paraffins are uniquely poor as motor fuels, while isoparaffins have good…

Sally Rooney: Normal People: Rooney’s second novel, Normal People, published in 2018, tracks the unshakable yet warped romantic relationship between two main characters, Connell and Marianne. The pair serve as a vessel to convey themes of class inequality, patriarchy, and identity. Rooney also cowrote a television adaptation of Normal People produced for…

Paul Mescal: Stardom: Normal People and Aftersun: …landed his breakthrough role in Normal People, a coming-of-age drama based on the novel by Sally Rooney. The sexually explicit show focuses on the on-again, off-again romance of two Irish teens, Connell and Marianne (played by Daisy Edgar-Jones), while also exploring their experiences with mental illness. Normal People was released…

albedo: …differentiated into two general types: normal albedo and Bond albedo. The former, also called normal reflectance, is a measure of a surface’s relative brightness when illuminated and observed vertically. The normal albedo of snow, for example, is nearly 1.0, whereas that of charcoal is about 0.04. Investigators frequently rely on…

normal school, institution for the training of teachers. One of the first schools so named, the École Normale Supérieure (“Normal Superior School”), was established in Paris in 1794. Based on various German exemplars, the school was intended to serve as a model for other teacher-training schools.

Thomas Henry Huxley: The Rattlesnake voyage: …history and paleontology at the Government School of Mines in Piccadilly, central London. With a new professional ethos sweeping the country, Huxley trained schoolmasters in science and fostered a meritocratic, exam-based approach to education and professional advancement. He simultaneously occupied chairs at the Royal Institution and the Royal College of…

galaxy: Spiral galaxies: …divided into two parallel classes: normal spirals and barred spirals. The normal spirals have arms that emanate from the nucleus, while barred spirals have a bright linear feature called a bar that straddles the nucleus, with the arms unwinding from the ends of the bar. The nucleus of a spiral…

mechanics of solids: …that plane is called the normal stress. Water at the base of a pond, air in an automobile tire, the stones of a Roman arch, rocks at the base of a mountain, the skin of a pressurized airplane cabin, a stretched rubber band, and the bones of a runner all…

normal school: …first schools so named, the École Normale Supérieure (“Normal Superior School”), was established in Paris in 1794. Based on various German exemplars, the school was intended to serve as a model for other teacher-training schools. Later it became affiliated with the University of Paris.

most-favoured-nation treatment (MFN), guarantee of trading opportunity equal to that accorded to the most-favoured nation; it is essentially a method of establishing equality of trading opportunity among states by making originally bilateral agreements multilateral. As a principle of public

separation and purification: Chromatography: In contrast to normal-phase chromatography, where the adsorbent surface is polar, in reverse-phase chromatography the elution of substances from the column is in the order of increasing polarity. In addition, separation is based on the nonpolar aspects of the substances. In the separation of a series of peptides…

Niels Erik Bank-Mikkelsen: …an early champion of the normalization principle. This principle holds that the daily lives and routines of people with intellectual disabilities should be made to resemble those of the nondisabled to the greatest extent possible and that this could be achieved by teaching self-help skills and providing a variety of…

evolution: Stabilizing selection: Natural selection can be studied by analyzing its effects on changing gene frequencies, but it can also be explored by examining its effects on the observable characteristics—or phenotypes—of individuals in a population. Distribution scales of phenotypic traits such as height, weight, number of…

Normandy: The French province: The names of Norman places and families show Nordic, Anglo-Saxon, and Frankish influences. The Norman patois, which incorporates a number of English expressions and words of Nordic derivation, is in decline.

Norman, member of those Vikings, or Norsemen, who settled in northern France (or the Frankish kingdom), together with their descendants. The Normans founded the duchy of Normandy and sent out expeditions of conquest and colonization to southern Italy and Sicily and to England, Wales, Scotland, and

Norman, city, seat (1907) of Cleveland county, central Oklahoma, U.S. The city is located on the South Canadian River, immediately southeast of Oklahoma City. Beginning as a tent city in April 1889 when Oklahoma was opened to white settlement, it was named for Aubrey Norman, a Santa Fe Railway

Norman Conquest, the military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy, primarily effected by his decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings (October 14, 1066) and resulting ultimately in profound political, administrative, and social changes in the British Isles. The conquest was the final

Alan Ayckbourn: …Half Loves (1971), the trilogy The Norman Conquests (1973), Absurd Person Singular (1974), Intimate Exchanges (1985), Mr. A’s Amazing Maze Plays (1989), Body Language (1990), Invisible Friends (1991), Communicating Doors (1995), Comic

Charles Homer Haskins: Haskins’ most important work, Norman Institutions (1918), was an epochal treatment of the 11th–12th-century institutions of Normandy and their contributions to medieval English government. It had been preceded by his more popular treatment of the subject, The Normans in European History (1915). His writings on the transmission of Greek…

Buddy Holly and the Crickets made some of the most memorable records of the rock-and-roll era in Norman Petty’s off-the-beaten-track homemade studio in Clovis, New Mexico. Holly was probably the best all-around musician of the first generation of rockers—an inventive guitarist, songwriter, and

Norman River, river rising in the Gregory Range of the Eastern Highlands of Queensland, Australia, and flowing for 260 miles (420 km) northwest through level country to the Gulf of Carpentaria at Karumba, a centre for the prawning industry. For long stretches the river flows through tropical

William Edmondstoune Aytoun: His Norman Sinclair (1861) pictures Scottish manners in the early 19th century.

Norman style, Romanesque architecture that developed in Normandy and England between the 11th and 12th centuries and during the general adoption of Gothic architecture in both countries. Because only shortly before the Norman Conquest of England (1066) did Normandy become settled and sophisticated

Mackenzie River: The lower course: At Norman Wells the Mackenzie River broadens to about 4 miles (6.4 km) in width and is less than 175 feet (53 metres) above sea level. The mean annual discharge of the river there is 302,000 cubic feet (8,550 cubic metres) per second, but flows during…

Carlos Lehder: …using the Bahamian island of Norman’s Cay as a transshipment point, from which planes laden with cocaine would fly to abandoned airstrips in Florida, Georgia, and North and South Carolina. He bribed government officials and either bought out or frightened away the residents of the island, making it his own…

Cape Ann: Norman’s Woe, a reef off the cape’s east coast, has been the scene of numerous shipwrecks, and it is the setting of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poem “The Wreck of the Hesperus.” Halibut Point forms Cape Ann’s northernmost tip.

People-Centered (Not Tech-Driven) Design: …latter then enhanced through the capabilities of technology.

Greg Norman is an Australian professional golfer who was widely successful worldwide from the 1970s to the 1990s. As a youth, Norman excelled at contact sports, especially rugby and Australian rules football. His interest in golf began at a relatively late age (15) after caddying for his mother.

Greg Norman is an Australian professional golfer who was widely successful worldwide from the 1970s to the 1990s. As a youth, Norman excelled at contact sports, especially rugby and Australian rules football. His interest in golf began at a relatively late age (15) after caddying for his mother.

Jessye Norman was an American operatic soprano, one of the finest of her day, who also enjoyed a successful concert career. Norman was reared in a musical family. Both her mother and grandmother were pianists and her father sang in church, as did the young Jessye. She won a scholarship to Howard

Shakespeare in Love: Writer Marc Norman, inspired by a suggestion from one of his sons, began writing a script for Shakespeare in Love in the late 1980s and sold it to Universal Pictures. The studio then brought in playwright Tom Stoppard to add to the script. However, the project…

American literature: The Off-Broadway ascendancy: Other well-received women playwrights included Marsha Norman, Beth Henley, Tina Howe, and Wendy Wasserstein. In a series of plays that included Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom (1984), Fences (1987), for which he won a Pulitzer Prize, and Joe Turner’s Come and Gone (1986),

Anglo-Norman literature, body of writings in the Old French language as used in medieval England. Though this dialect had been introduced to English court circles in Edward the Confessor’s time, its history really began with the Norman Conquest in 1066, when it became the vernacular of the court,

Normanby Island, one of the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. The island lies 10 miles (16 km) from the eastern tip of the island of New Guinea, across Goschen Strait, and is separated from Fergusson Island to the northwest by Dawson Strait. Normanby is volcanic