Ezequiel Martínez Estrada was a leading post-Modernismo Argentine writer who influenced many younger writers. Martínez Estrada worked for 30 years (1916–46) at the Buenos Aires post office while also teaching initially in a preparatory school and later at the university there. Mostly self-taught,

Bad Bunny is a Puerto Rican singer and songwriter who helped bring reggaeton and trap music to a wider audience and led to him being crowned “the king of Latin trap.” His urban music style, also called música urbana, incorporates other genres, including rock, punk, and soul. In 2025 he became the

Gregorio Martínez Sierra was a poet and playwright whose dramatic works contributed significantly to the revival of the Spanish theatre. Martínez Sierra’s first volume of poetry, El poema del trabajo (1898; “The Poem of Work”), appeared when he was 17. Short stories reflecting the Modernist concern

martini, an alcoholic drink traditionally made with gin and dry vermouth and sometimes made with vodka in lieu of gin. Considered a sophisticated, classic cocktail, martinis are a popular mixed drink in many parts of the world. The martini’s name is attributed to several different sources. One

Martinez v. Bynum, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on May 2, 1983, ruled (8–1) that a Texas residency requirement concerning children seeking a free public education while living apart from their parents or guardians was a bona fide residence requirement that met “constitutional standards.”

Carmen Polo de Franco was a Spanish consort who was thought to be the force behind many of the religious and social strictures imposed on Spain during the repressive regime of her husband, Francisco Franco (1939–75). She was born into a middle-class provincial family and had a strict Roman Catholic

Florida: Population composition: …of revolutionary turmoil in Cuba, Vicente Martínez Ybor moved his cigar factories there from Havana. Labor troubles and a disastrous fire encouraged Ybor to move again in 1886, this time to Tampa, and again many Cubans followed the factories. A similar influx occurred in the early 1960s after the Cuban…

Hugo Wast was an Argentine novelist and short-story writer, probably his country’s most popular and most widely translated novelist. Wast, a lawyer by profession, served as a national deputy (1916–20), as director of the National Library in Buenos Aires (1931–54), and as minister of justice and

Elizabeth Martínez was an American activist who fought against poverty, racism, and militarism in the United States. Born to an American mother and a Mexican father, Martínez grew up in a generally comfortable economic environment in the United States. Her father told her stories of the Mexican

Hispanic Americans: Hispanic activism: Bob Martinez, the first Hispanic governor of Florida, served as director of the U.S. national drug-control policy in 1991–93. Antonia Novello was the first Hispanic surgeon general of the United States, serving in 1990–93. Mel Martinez, who was secretary of the U.S. Department of Housing…

metalwork: 18th century: …in Madrid in 1778 by D. Antonio Martínez, who favored severely classical designs. In both the northern and southern Netherlands, local production followed French precept, but more individuality survived in Germany. In Augsburg, excellent table silver was produced, but more important were the pictorial panels embossed in the highest relief…

Seattle Mariners: He joined with designated hitter Edgar Martinez, pitcher Randy Johnson, and right fielder Jay Buhner to lead Seattle to winning seasons in 1991 and 1993, but a postseason appearance eluded the team until 1995. That year, with the team threatened with relocation because of its substandard stadium and declining attendance,…

Elizabeth Martínez was an American activist who fought against poverty, racism, and militarism in the United States. Born to an American mother and a Mexican father, Martínez grew up in a generally comfortable economic environment in the United States. Her father told her stories of the Mexican

Elizabeth Martínez was an American activist who fought against poverty, racism, and militarism in the United States. Born to an American mother and a Mexican father, Martínez grew up in a generally comfortable economic environment in the United States. Her father told her stories of the Mexican

Maria Martinez was an American artist who, with her husband, Julian Martinez, pioneered a pottery style comprising a black-on-black design with matte and glossy finishes. Together they helped revitalize Pueblo pottery and transformed typically utilitarian objects into works of art that gained

Hispanic Americans: Hispanic activism: Mel Martinez, who was secretary of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in 2001–03, was the first Cuban American to serve in the U.S. cabinet; he later became the first Cuban American to serve in the U.S. Senate. The first Hispanic U.S. attorney…

Tejano: …orchestral lineup was reversed by Oscar Martínez, whose band featured a brass-oriented instrumentation that would remain the template for banda (two trumpets, alto and tenor saxophones, guitar, bass, and drums), which peaked in the 1970s.

Pedro Martínez is a professional baseball player who was one of the greatest pitchers of all time. Martínez began his journey to the major leagues by signing with the National League Los Angeles Dodgers in 1988 and made his major league debut with the Dodgers in 1992. In 1993 he was traded to the

Pedro Martínez is a professional baseball player who was one of the greatest pitchers of all time. Martínez began his journey to the major leagues by signing with the National League Los Angeles Dodgers in 1988 and made his major league debut with the Dodgers in 1992. In 1993 he was traded to the

Hispanic Americans: Hispanic activism: Bob Martinez, the first Hispanic governor of Florida, served as director of the U.S. national drug-control policy in 1991–93. Antonia Novello was the first Hispanic surgeon general of the United States, serving in 1990–93. Mel Martinez, who was secretary of the U.S. Department of Housing…

Tomás Eloy Martínez was an Argentine novelist, journalist, and educator. Martínez earned an undergraduate degree in Spanish and Latin American literature from the Universidad de Tucumán and an M.A. from the Université de Paris VII. From 1957 to 1961 he was a film critic in Buenos Aires for La

horsemanship: Aids: Martingales are of three types: running, standing, or Irish. The running and standing martingales are attached to the saddle straps at one end and the bit reins or bridle at the other. The Irish martingale, a short strap below the horse’s chin through which the…

probability theory: Martingale theory: As a final example, it seems appropriate to mention one of the dominant ideas of modern probability theory, which at the same time springs directly from the relation of probability to games of chance. Suppose that X1, X2,… is any stochastic process and,…

Bernardo Santareno was a poet and dramatist, considered one of Portugal’s leading 20th-century playwrights. Santareno’s university studies at Coimbra were completed in medicine. Subsequently he pursued a dual career in Lisbon as a psychiatrist and writer. Santareno created a stage world reminiscent

martini, an alcoholic drink traditionally made with gin and dry vermouth and sometimes made with vodka in lieu of gin. Considered a sophisticated, classic cocktail, martinis are a popular mixed drink in many parts of the world. The martini’s name is attributed to several different sources. One

Arturo Martini was an Italian sculptor who was active between the World Wars. He is known for figurative sculptures executed in a wide variety of styles and materials. Martini was trained in goldsmithing and in ceramics and worked for a time as a potter. In 1905 he began sculpting; he attended art

Francesco di Giorgio was an early Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, and designer. Remarkably versatile, a kind of Renaissance homo universale, Francesco combined the bold investigation of the humanist scholars with the conservative lyricism of the Sienese school. His early works

Giovanni Battista Martini was an Italian composer, music theorist, and music historian who was internationally renowned as a teacher. Martini was educated by his father, a violinist; by Luc’Antonio Predieri (harpsichord, singing, organ); and by Antonio Riccieri (counterpoint). He was ordained in

Vicente Martín y Soler was a Spanish opera composer known primarily for his melodious Italian comic operas and his work with acclaimed librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte in the late 18th century. Martín y Soler was initiated early into the music profession in his Spanish homeland, beginning as a singer in

encyclopaedia: The development of the modern encyclopaedia (17th–18th centuries): …the classification put forward by Matthias Martini in his Idea Methodica (1606). Although Bacon was apparently unaware of this work, both philosophers were probably working from the same basic Platonic precepts. The results were profound: Diderot made a point of acknowledging the assistance Bacon’s analysis of the structure of human…

Simone Martini was an important exponent of Gothic painting who did more than any other artist to spread the influence of Sienese painting. Simone was very possibly a pupil of Duccio di Buoninsegna, from whom he probably inherited his love of harmonious, pure colours and most of his early figure

Vicente Martín y Soler was a Spanish opera composer known primarily for his melodious Italian comic operas and his work with acclaimed librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte in the late 18th century. Martín y Soler was initiated early into the music profession in his Spanish homeland, beginning as a singer in

small arm: The bolt action: …the British went to new Martini-Henry breechloaders of .45-inch calibre. In these rifles, pushing down a lever attached to the trigger guard lowered the entire breechblock, exposing the chamber, and raised the breechblock back to firing position when it was pulled back. Russia adopted two new 10-mm breechloaders, the Model…

Defenestration of Prague: …imperial regents, William Slavata and Jaroslav Martinic, were tried and found guilty of violating the Letter of Majesty and, with their secretary, Fabricius, were thrown from the windows of the council room of Hradčany (Prague Castle) on May 23, 1618. Although inflicting no serious injury on the victims, that act,…

Martinique, island and overseas territorial collectivity of France, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It is included in the Lesser Antilles island chain. Its nearest neighbours are the island republics of Dominica, 22 miles (35 km) to the northwest, and Saint Lucia, 16 miles (26 km) to the south.

fer-de-lance: …to the Martinique lancehead (Bothrops lanceolatus) found on the island of the same name in the West Indies. Several authoritative sources, however, frequently apply the name to the terciopelo (B. asper) and the common lancehead (B. atrox) of South America. The name fer-de-lance has also been used collectively to…

Martinique, island and overseas territorial collectivity of France, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It is included in the Lesser Antilles island chain. Its nearest neighbours are the island republics of Dominica, 22 miles (35 km) to the northwest, and Saint Lucia, 16 miles (26 km) to the south.

John M. Martinis is an American physicist known for his pioneering work in quantum computing, particularly in the development of superconducting qubits, the basic units of quantum information. His research has advanced the generation of high-fidelity qubits that form the foundation for scalable

John M. Martinis is an American physicist known for his pioneering work in quantum computing, particularly in the development of superconducting qubits, the basic units of quantum information. His research has advanced the generation of high-fidelity qubits that form the foundation for scalable

illuminati: Later illuminati: … was given to the French Martinists, founded in 1754 by Martinez Pasqualis and propagated by Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin. By 1790 Martinism had been spread to Russia by Johann Georg Schwarz and Nikolay Novikov. Both strains of “illuminated” Martinism included elements of Kabbalism and

Martin I was a prince of Aragon, king of Sicily (1392–1409), and skilled soldier, who had to subdue a popular revolt to maintain his reign on the island. The son of Martin the Humanist of Aragon, Martin married Queen Mary of Sicily in November 1391. He was crowned at Palermo in May 1392, without

Francesco di Giorgio was an early Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, and designer. Remarkably versatile, a kind of Renaissance homo universale, Francesco combined the bold investigation of the humanist scholars with the conservative lyricism of the Sienese school. His early works

St. Anthony of Padua ; canonized 1232; feast day June 13) was a Franciscan friar and a dedicated patron of the poor. Portugal and the city of Padua, Italy, claim him as their patron saint, and he is invoked for the return of lost property. He is also the patron saint of sailors, fisherfolk,

Martins Ferry, city, Belmont county, eastern Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Ohio River (there bridged to Wheeling, W.Va.), about 60 miles (100 km) west of Pittsburgh, Pa. Squatters in the 1770s and ’80s formed settlements (Hoglin’s, or Mercer’s, Town and Norristown) on the site. In 1795 Absalom

Peter Martins is a Danish dancer and choreographer, known principally for his work with the New York City Ballet. Martins began his dance training at the Royal Danish Ballet School in 1953, became a corps de ballet member in 1965, and was made a soloist two years later. George Balanchine, artistic

Martinsburg, city, seat (1772) of Berkeley county, eastern panhandle of West Virginia, U.S. It lies 16 miles (26 km) southwest of Hagerstown, Maryland. Settled in 1732, it was laid out by Adam Stephen, later a general in the American Revolution, and was named for Colonel Thomas B. Martin, a nephew

Bente Skari is a Norwegian cross-country skier who won numerous World Cup titles and who dominated international events in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Skari was the daughter of former Olympic ski medalist and International Ski Federation executive Odd Martinsen. Although she skied during the

Bente Skari: …and International Ski Federation executive Odd Martinsen. Although she skied during the 1992 season, she was not an immediate hit on the World Cup circuit. She moved up during the 1994 Olympic season and won her first World Cup race in December 1997, but it was not until 1998, when…

Harry Martinson was a Swedish novelist and poet who was the first self-taught, working-class writer to be elected to the Swedish Academy (1949). With Eyvind Johnson he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1974. Martinson spent his childhood in a series of foster homes and his youth and

Harry Martinson was a Swedish novelist and poet who was the first self-taught, working-class writer to be elected to the Swedish Academy (1949). With Eyvind Johnson he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1974. Martinson spent his childhood in a series of foster homes and his youth and

Moa Martinson was a Swedish novelist who was among the first to write about the agricultural labourer, the landless worker of the Swedish countryside known as statare. The first half of her life was filled with poverty and misery, yet she retained an ability to write about the life of the workers

Martinsville, city, seat (1793) of Henry county (though administratively independent of it), southern Virginia, U.S., in the eastern foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Established in 1793, when the county courthouse was located there, it was known as Henry County Courthouse until the name was

Martins Ferry, city, Belmont county, eastern Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Ohio River (there bridged to Wheeling, W.Va.), about 60 miles (100 km) west of Pittsburgh, Pa. Squatters in the 1770s and ’80s formed settlements (Hoglin’s, or Mercer’s, Town and Norristown) on the site. In 1795 Absalom

Bohuslav Martinů was a modern Czech composer whose works exhibit a distinctive blend of French and Czech influences. Martinů studied violin from age six, attended and was expelled from the Prague Conservatory, and in 1913 joined the Prague Philharmonic Orchestra. After the success of his ballet

Martinus Gosia was a jurist, one of the “four doctors” of the Bologna Law School, and an important successor of Irnerius, although probably not his pupil. Martinus, who advocated a more liberal interpretation of the law than did his Bolognese contemporary Bulgarus, gave considerable weight to

György Martinuzzi was a Hungarian statesman and later cardinal who worked to restore and maintain the national unity of Hungary. Born of a Croatian father and a mother of the patrician Venetian family of Martinuzzi, György became a Paulist friar at the age of 28 after a brief military career. A

Sandra Cisneros: Books: …she was an aspiring author, Martita, I Remember You (2021) follows twentysomething Corina, who leaves her Mexican family in Chicago to pursue her literary dreams in Paris, where she befriends other expatriates.

Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martius was a German botanist best known for his work on Brazilian flora. Martius studied medicine at Erlangen University and was an élève of the Royal Bavarian Academy (1814–17). On April 2, 1817, Martius left from Trieste with an Austrian expedition to Brazil. In

martin, any of several swallows belonging to the family Hirundinidae (order Passeriformes). In America the name refers to the purple martin (Progne subis) and its four tropical relatives—at 20 cm (8 inches) long, the largest American swallows. The sand martin, or bank swallow (Riparia riparia), a

Fátima: …dos Santos and her cousins Francisco and Jacinta Marto, reportedly saw a woman who identified herself as the Lady of the Rosary. On October 13, a crowd (generally estimated at about 70,000) gathered at Fátima witnessed a “miraculous solar phenomenon” immediately after the lady had appeared to the children. After…

Fátima: … and her cousins Francisco and Jacinta Marto, reportedly saw a woman who identified herself as the Lady of the Rosary. On October 13, a crowd (generally estimated at about 70,000) gathered at Fátima witnessed a “miraculous solar phenomenon” immediately after the lady had appeared to the children. After initial opposition,…

The Longest Day: Production notes and credits:

Roger II: Enthronement as king of Sicily: …to authenticity—the mosaic in the Church of the Martorana at Palermo—he is depicted in Byzantine robes being symbolically crowned by Christ.

Western architecture: Spain and Portugal: …of the 19th century, when Juan Martorell and a group of his disciples in Catalonia took up the idea of evolving a national style based on medieval precedent. The source of their inspiration was the work of Viollet-le-Duc. But it was not until Antoni Gaudí, the most idiosyncratic of all…

Martos, town, Jaén provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain, southwest of Jaén city, on a western peak of the Sierra Jabalcuz. Identified with the Roman Colonia Augusta Gemella, Martos was taken from the Moors by Ferdinand III in 1225 and

Neoclassical art: Russia: Ivan Petrovich Martos studied under Mengs, Thorvaldsen, and Batoni in Rome and became a director of the St. Petersburg Academy. His best works are tombs. Mikhail Kozlovsky contributed to the decoration of the throne room at Pavlovsk.

L. Martov was the leader of the Mensheviks, the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party. Martov served his revolutionary apprenticeship in Vilna as a member of the Bund, a Jewish Socialist group. In 1895 he and Vladimir Ilich Lenin formed the St. Petersburg Union of

L. Martov was the leader of the Mensheviks, the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party. Martov served his revolutionary apprenticeship in Vilna as a member of the Bund, a Jewish Socialist group. In 1895 he and Vladimir Ilich Lenin formed the St. Petersburg Union of

Amorite, member of an ancient Semitic-speaking people who dominated the history of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine from about 2000 to about 1600 bc. In the oldest cuneiform sources (c. 2400–c. 2000 bc), the Amorites were equated with the West, though their true place of origin was most likely

Vistula River: Physiography: …the Leniwka (now called the Martwa Wisła), which followed the true Vistula channel to the Gulf of Gdańsk. Improvements, the ultimate aim of which was to control the Vistula’s outlet to the sea and make the entire delta region economically productive, were initiated at the end of the 19th century:…

Vistula River: Physiography: …the Leniwka (now called the Martwa Wisła), which followed the true Vistula channel to the Gulf of Gdańsk. Improvements, the ultimate aim of which was to control the Vistula’s outlet to the sea and make the entire delta region economically productive, were initiated at the end of the 19th century:…

Ernest Borgnine: Acting debut and success: …starred in the romantic drama Marty, an adaptation of a television drama written by Paddy Chayefsky. For his against-type performance as a lonesome, kindhearted butcher, Borgnine received numerous accolades, including the Academy Award for best actor.

Paddy Chayefsky: His greatest success was Marty (1953), about the awakening of love between two plain people, a butcher and a schoolteacher. The film version in 1955 won four Academy Awards, including one for Chayefsky’s screenplay, and the Palme d’Or at the Cannes film festival. Two of his other television plays…

Martin E. Marty was an American historian of religion best known as the author of numerous works that examined trends in religion in their broader historical and cultural contexts. His masterwork was the three-volume Modern American Religion (1986–96). Marty studied at Concordia Seminary in St.

Martin E. Marty was an American historian of religion best known as the author of numerous works that examined trends in religion in their broader historical and cultural contexts. His masterwork was the three-volume Modern American Religion (1986–96). Marty studied at Concordia Seminary in St.

Edward Martyn was an Irish dramatist who with William Butler Yeats and Lady Gregory formed the Irish Literary Theatre (1899), which was part of the nationalist revival of interest in Ireland’s Gaelic literary history. Martyn’s admiration of the craftsmanship and intellectualism of Ibsen caused him

John Martyn was a botanist and author known for his translations of Virgil. During the 1720s, Martyn worked as an apothecary, introducing the plants valerian and black currants and the use of peppermint water into pharmaceutical practice. He also lectured on botany, in which he was largely

Newsweek: Newsweek was founded by Thomas J.C. Martyn, a former foreign-news editor of Time, as News-Week. It borrowed the general format of Time (founded 1923), as did Raymond Moley’s Today magazine, with which News-Week merged in 1937, removing the hyphen from its name. The early Newsweek offered a survey of…

unicorn plant, any North American herb of the family Martyniaceae of the flowering plant order Lamiales, and particularly Proboseidea louisianica. There are nine species of unicorn plants, most having large purple or creamy white flowers. The unicorn plant is often grown for its novel fruits, which

martyr, one who voluntarily suffers death rather than deny their religion by words or deeds; such action is afforded special, institutionalized recognition in most major religions of the world. The term may also refer to anyone who sacrifices their life or something of great value for the sake of

Baghdad: Architecture and monuments: The Martyr’s Monument, a 150-foot (50-metre) split dome built in 1983, commemorates the casualties of the Iran-Iraq War (1980–90). The Victory Arches (1988), which consist of two enormous sets of crossed swords nearly 150 feet (50 metres) high and mounted on bases in the form of…

St. Justin Martyr ; feast day June 1) was one of the most important of the Greek philosopher-Apologists in the early Christian church. His writings represent one of the first positive encounters of Christian revelation with Greek philosophy and laid the basis for a theology of history. A pagan

Ascension of Isaiah, pseudepigraphal work surviving intact only in a 5th–7th-century-ad Ethiopic edition. Fragments exist in Greek, Coptic, Latin, and Old Slavonic. Three separate works comprise the total book, the final version by a Christian editor, which appeared in the 2nd century ad. The first

Martyrdom of Polycarp, early Christian letter that describes the death by burning of St. Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna in Asia Minor. It was sent to the church in Philomelium, Asia Minor, from the church in Smyrna (modern İzmir, Turkey). The work is the oldest authentic account of an early Christian

Andrea Mantegna: Formative years in Padua: …Chapel except The Assumption and The Martyrdom of St. Christopher were destroyed by a bomb during World War II.

Titian: Religious paintings: The Martyrdom of St. Lawrence marks a further step in new compositional directions that culminate in Baroque form in the following century. St. Lawrence upon his gridiron is placed obliquely in space, and the steps reverse the direction to the right. Although dramatic power invests the…

Giovanni Bellini: …idea of their design from The Martyrdom of St. Mark in the Scuola di San Marco in Venice, finished and signed by one of Giovanni’s assistants, and of their execution from Giovanni’s completion of Gentile’s St. Mark Preaching in Alexandria after his brother’s death in Venice in 1507.

Fra Angelico: San Domenico period: …Adoration of the Magi and The Martyrdom of St. Mark, which are lucid and compact in their narrative and have a strictly defined perspective, a technique that is even more effective in the small painting depicting the naming of John the Baptist.

Caravaggio: The Contarelli Chapel and other church commissions of Caravaggio: Matthew and The Martyrdom of St. Matthew. Caravaggio used his by-now-established method, setting both episodes in the present day and painting directly from live models posed in mise-en-scènes of his own devising. He set the subject of Christ calling Matthew, the tax gatherer, in a dingy modern…

El Greco: Middle years: …1578–79) and second of the Martyrdom of St. Maurice and the Theban (1580–82). The latter painting did not meet with the approval of the king, who promptly ordered another work of the same subject to replace it. Thus ended the great artist’s connection with the Spanish court. The king may…

Tintoretto: Career: …of the Cross and in The Martyrdom of St. Paul (1556), the figures stand out dramatically on a space suffused with a vaporous, unreal light. In two enormous canvases, one depicting the Jews worshipping the golden calf while Moses on Mount Sinai receives the tables of the Law and the…

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres: Maturity: …1834, when Ingres exhibited the Martyrdom of Saint-Symphorien at the Salon. Rumored beforehand to be his definitive masterpiece, this monumental religious canvas was violently attacked by critics on the political and cultural left, while being no less vehemently defended by Ingres’s allies on the right. Deeply wounded by the lack…

Sébastien Bourdon: …Hôtel de Grammont and the “Martyrdom of St. Andrew” for the chapter of the Church of Saint-André in Chartres. In 1648 Bourdon was one of the founders of the French Royal Academy, in which he became professor and rector and led an impressive series of public lectures on current issues…

Nicolas Poussin: Beginnings: …in securing the commission for The Martyrdom of St. Erasmus, an altarpiece for St. Peter’s. Poussin’s altarpiece did not meet with critical acclaim, however, and it effectively helped to end his career as a public painter in Rome. Deciding to concentrate instead on easel pictures of increasing subtlety and refinement,…

Vincenzo Foppa: …of his best-known fresco, “The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian” (1485).

Lavinia Fontana: …painted her largest work, the Martyrdom of St. Stephen, an altarpiece for San Paolo Fuori le Mura in Rome, a basilica that was destroyed in the fire of 1823. Her Visit of the Queen of Sheba to Solomon is her most ambitious surviving narrative work. She was elected a member…

Byzantine chant: …were shown by signs called martyriai, abbreviations of well-known melodies that provided an initial intonation.

Ian Paisley: In 1969 he founded the Martyrs Memorial Free Presbyterian Church in Belfast, Northern Ireland. From 1961 to 1991 membership in his churches increased 10-fold, though the 1991 census indicated that they attracted less than 1 percent of Northern Ireland’s population. Paisley’s strength lay in his ability to combine the language…

Francisco Pacheco: …of Santa Isabel and the Martyrs of Granada are highly imitative and rigid works, monumental but unimpressive. Although Velázquez became Pacheco’s son-in-law, he was uninfluenced by his father-in-law’s art.

African literature: English: Maru (1971), a novel by Bessie Head, tells a story about the liberation of the San people from ethnic and racial oppression and about the liberation of the Tswana people of Dilepe from their prejudices and hatreds. It is a story of a flawed world…