food preservation: Aseptic processing: …later became known as the Dole Aseptic Canning System. This system involved the sterilization of liquid foods by rapidly heating them in tubular heat exchangers, followed by holding and cooling steps. The cans and lids were sterilized with superheated steam, and the sterilized containers were filled with the sterile liquid…

Martin I was a prince of Aragon, king of Sicily (1392–1409), and skilled soldier, who had to subdue a popular revolt to maintain his reign on the island. The son of Martin the Humanist of Aragon, Martin married Queen Mary of Sicily in November 1391. He was crowned at Palermo in May 1392, without

Martin V was the pope from 1417 to 1431. A cardinal subdeacon who had helped organize the Council of Pisa in 1409, he was unanimously elected pope on Nov. 11, 1417, in a conclave held during the Council of Constance (1414–18), which had been called to end the Great Schism (1378–1417), a split in

John Marshall: Chief justice of the United States: Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816) and Cohens v. Virginia (1821) affirmed the Supreme Court’s right to review and overrule a state court on a federal question, and in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) the Supreme Court asserted the doctrine of “implied powers” granted Congress by the…

Vicente Martín y Soler was a Spanish opera composer known primarily for his melodious Italian comic operas and his work with acclaimed librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte in the late 18th century. Martín y Soler was initiated early into the music profession in his Spanish homeland, beginning as a singer in

Vicente Martín y Soler was a Spanish opera composer known primarily for his melodious Italian comic operas and his work with acclaimed librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte in the late 18th century. Martín y Soler was initiated early into the music profession in his Spanish homeland, beginning as a singer in

animal rights: Animals and the law: …enacted in 1822, known as Martin’s Act, made it a crime to treat a handful of domesticated animals—cattle, oxen, horses, and sheep—cruelly or to inflict unnecessary suffering upon them. However, it did not protect the general welfare of even these animals, much less give them legal rights, and the worst…

A.J.P. Martin was a British biochemist who was awarded (with R.L.M. Synge) the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1952 for development of paper partition chromatography, a quick and economical analytical technique permitting extensive advances in chemical, medical, and biological research. Martin

Agnes Martin was a Canadian-born U.S. painter. She moved to the U.S. in 1931 and became a U.S. citizen in 1950. She studied at Columbia University and taught at the University of New Mexico. In 1958 she had her first solo exhibition. Martin was a prominent exponent of geometric abstraction, and,

Jane Cowl was a highly successful American playwright and actress of the first half of the 20th century. Grace Bailey attended Erasmus Hall (1902–04), during which time she made her acting debut in New York City at the theatre of her mentor, David Belasco, in Sweet Kitty Bellairs (1903). She

Albert l’Ouvrier was a French worker who became the workers’ representative in the provisional government and National Assembly of 1848; he was the first industrial workingman to enter a government in France. A Paris mechanic during the 1830s and a member of several secret societies, Albert was

Billy Martin was an American professional baseball player and manager whose leadership transformed teams on the field, but whose outspokenness and pugnacity made him the centre of controversy. At the age of 18 Martin began playing baseball in the minor leagues. He batted and threw right-handed and

Lilly Martin Spencer was an American painter who created enormously popular genre paintings, illustrations, and portraits. Angelique Martin was the daughter of French parents who emigrated from England to the United States in 1830. She grew up in Marietta, Ohio, and received a thorough education at

Anne Henrietta Martin was an American reformer who was an ardent feminist and pacifist in the early 20th century. Martin attended Whitaker’s School for Girls in Reno, Nevada, and the University of Nevada (B.A., 1894). She then enrolled in Stanford (California) University, taking a second B.A. in

Tony Martin was an American pop singer and movie actor whose handsome visage and smooth baritone voice made him one of the most celebrated all-around entertainers of his era. Morris grew up in Oakland, California, and, as a child, sang regularly at his mother’s sewing club. He later took up the

A.J.P. Martin was a British biochemist who was awarded (with R.L.M. Synge) the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1952 for development of paper partition chromatography, a quick and economical analytical technique permitting extensive advances in chemical, medical, and biological research. Martin

Billy Martin was an American professional baseball player and manager whose leadership transformed teams on the field, but whose outspokenness and pugnacity made him the centre of controversy. At the age of 18 Martin began playing baseball in the minor leagues. He batted and threw right-handed and

Henri Martin was an author of a famous history of France that included excerpts from the chief chroniclers and historians, with original expository passages filling the gaps. The Histoire de France, 15 vol. (1833–36), rewritten and further elaborated (fourth ed., 16 vol. and index, 1861–65), won

Burna Boy: Music career: album included Youssou N’Dour, Coldplay’s Chris Martin, and Naughty by Nature—the same hip-hop group Burna Boy impersonated as a child. Twice as Tall won the 2020 Grammy for best global music album and peaked at 54 on the Billboard Top 200 chart.

boxing: Women in boxing: …such as Lucia Rijker and Christy Martin in publicity and purses.

Dean Martin was an American singer and actor who was a member, with Jerry Lewis, of one of the most popular comedy teams on stage and television and in motion pictures for 10 years. Martin then moved on to a successful solo career as a singer, an actor, and a television variety show host. During

Frank Martin was one of the foremost Swiss composers of the 20th century. In the middle and late 1920s Martin was associated with Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, the originator of the eurythmics method of music education. Martin was president of the Swiss Musicians’ Union from 1943 to 1946, and in the

the Beatles: First success: Brian Epstein, George Martin, and Please Please Me: …their career at Parlophone was George Martin, a classically trained musician who from the start put his stamp on the Beatles, first by suggesting the band hire a more polished drummer (they chose Starr) and then by rearranging their second recorded song (and first big British hit), “Please Please Me,”…

George R.R. Martin is an American writer of fantasy, best known for his Song of Ice and Fire series (1996– ), a bloody saga about various factions vying for control of a fictional kingdom. It was adapted into the hugely popular TV show Game of Thrones (2011–19) and inspired the spin-off series

George R.R. Martin is an American writer of fantasy, best known for his Song of Ice and Fire series (1996– ), a bloody saga about various factions vying for control of a fictional kingdom. It was adapted into the hugely popular TV show Game of Thrones (2011–19) and inspired the spin-off series

George R.R. Martin is an American writer of fantasy, best known for his Song of Ice and Fire series (1996– ), a bloody saga about various factions vying for control of a fictional kingdom. It was adapted into the hugely popular TV show Game of Thrones (2011–19) and inspired the spin-off series

Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band: Reception and legacy: …honor the album’s 50th anniversary, Giles Martin (George Martin’s son), composed a remix of the album. The remixed version, which Martin modified to improve the audio quality, reached the third spot on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart and the first spot on charts in the United Kingdom.

Glenn L. Martin was an American airplane inventor whose bombers and flying boats played important roles in World War II. In Santa Ana, Calif., before World War I, Martin designed his first powered airplane and leased an abandoned church as his first factory. He became one of the outstanding

Glenn L. Martin was an American airplane inventor whose bombers and flying boats played important roles in World War II. In Santa Ana, Calif., before World War I, Martin designed his first powered airplane and leased an abandoned church as his first factory. He became one of the outstanding

Gregory Martin was a Roman Catholic biblical scholar who served as the principal translator of the Latin Vulgate Bible into English for the Douai-Reims Bible. This version was the basis for Bishop Richard Challoner’s revised editions (1749, 1750, 1752), which were in turn the basis for the standard

Karl Ziegler: Polyethylene: Ziegler’s research associate, Heinz Martin, and two graduate students, Erhard Holzkamp and Heinz Breil, discovered the cause of the chain-ending reaction. Holzkamp reacted isopropylaluminum and ethylene in a stainless-steel autoclave at 100 to 200 atmospheres and 100 °C (212 °F). They expected to produce an odd-numbered alkene (an…

Henri Martin was an author of a famous history of France that included excerpts from the chief chroniclers and historians, with original expository passages filling the gaps. The Histoire de France, 15 vol. (1833–36), rewritten and further elaborated (fourth ed., 16 vol. and index, 1861–65), won

circus: Wild animal acts: …1831, when the French trainer Henri Martin, performing in Germany, presumably entered a cage with a tiger. He was soon followed by the American trainer Isaac A. Van Amburgh, reputedly the first man to stick his head into a lion’s mouth, who in 1838 took his act to England and…

physiology: Historical background: …United States in 1876 by Henry Newell Martin, a professor of biology at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. The American tradition drew also on the continental schools. S. Weir Mitchell, who studied under Claude Bernard, and Henry P. Bowditch, who worked with Carl Ludwig, joined Martin to organize the…

Martin Schongauer was a painter and printmaker who was the finest German engraver before Albrecht Dürer. Schongauer was the son of Caspar Schongauer, a goldsmith of Augsburg. In 1465 he registered at the University of Leipzig but apparently remained there only for a short time. It is not clear

Homer Dodge Martin was a landscape painter who was one of the first to introduce Impressionism into American painting. His early work is akin to the Hudson River school. Martin studied briefly with James Hart, and in 1862 he moved to New York City, where he was able to study the landscapes of John

Martin Schongauer was a painter and printmaker who was the finest German engraver before Albrecht Dürer. Schongauer was the son of Caspar Schongauer, a goldsmith of Augsburg. In 1465 he registered at the University of Leipzig but apparently remained there only for a short time. It is not clear

On June 12, 2016, a mass shooter in a nightclub in Orlando, Florida, killed 49 people, most of whom were members of the local LGBTQ community. The next day James Martin, a Roman Catholic priest based in New York City, posted a video about the tragedy on Facebook. Dismayed that so few U.S. Catholic

stagecraft: Costume of the 18th and 19th centuries: Jean-Baptiste Martin, who was appointed designer for the Paris Opéra in 1748, devised decorative and amusing Rococo variations for the male dancer’s traditional costume. Martin utilized Inca, African, Chinese, and Mexican motifs in his ballets, and under his direction the tonneler took on an elliptical…

Jamestown Colony: Origins (1606–07): …investor; John Ratcliffe; George Kendall; John Martin; and Capt. John Smith, a former mercenary who had fought in the Netherlands and Hungary. Wingfield became the colony’s first president. Smith had been accused of plotting a mutiny during the ocean voyage and was not admitted to the council until weeks later,…

dance criticism: The 20th century: …The New York Times engaged John Martin (he became a full-time critic the following year).

Joseph William Martin, Jr. was a U.S. Republican congressional leader and speaker of the House of Representatives (1947–49; 1953–55). The son of a blacksmith, Martin declined a scholarship to Dartmouth College (Hanover, New Hampshire) and instead took a job as a newspaper reporter. A few years

Lillien Jane Martin was an American psychologist who followed up her academic career with an active second career in gerontological psychology. Martin was a precocious child and entered Olean Academy at the age of four. At age 16 she began teaching in a girls’ school in Wisconsin, and by 1876 she

Lillien Jane Martin was an American psychologist who followed up her academic career with an active second career in gerontological psychology. Martin was a precocious child and entered Olean Academy at the age of four. At age 16 she began teaching in a girls’ school in Wisconsin, and by 1876 she

The Day the Earth Stood Still: …his robot servant Gort (Lock Martin). Klaatu is shot shortly after landing and is taken to an army hospital. Klaatu tells the president’s secretary that he wants to meet the leaders of Earth but soon is told that an agreement on a meeting site has proved impossible to obtain.…

Cape Fear: Cast: Assorted References

Luther Martin was an American lawyer best known for defending Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase at his impeachment trial and Aaron Burr at his treason trial and for arguing the losing side in McCulloch v. Maryland. Martin graduated with honours in 1766 from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton

Maria Martin was an American artist known for her highly detailed watercolours of flora and fauna, especially those done in collaboration with the naturalist and artist John James Audubon. Martin displayed interest in the natural sciences and in art at an early age. Little is known of her

St. Thérèse of Lisieux ; canonized May 17, 1925; feast day October 1) was a Carmelite nun whose service to her Roman Catholic order, although outwardly unremarkable, was later recognized for its exemplary spiritual accomplishments. She was named a doctor of the church by Pope John Paul II in 1997.

Mary Martin was an American singer and actress best known for her work in Broadway musicals. Martin attended private schools and for a year the University of Texas. After a brief first marriage (1930–35), she opened a dance school in her hometown of Weatherford, Texas, that proved a remarkable

Mary Martin was an American singer and actress best known for her work in Broadway musicals. Martin attended private schools and for a year the University of Texas. After a brief first marriage (1930–35), she opened a dance school in her hometown of Weatherford, Texas, that proved a remarkable

Benny Blanco: Breakthrough and rise in the industry: “Luke and Max Martin—like Timbaland and a Pharrell—paved the way for me,” Blanco told Variety in 2021. “Sitting in a room working with Max and Luke was like learning how to shoot hoops with Michael Jordan and LeBron James.”

Micheál Martin is an Irish politician who became taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland in 2020 after the party he led, Fianna Fáil, entered into an unprecedented coalition government with its historical rival, Fine Gael, and the Green Party. Under the agreement that led to the formation of the

Paul Martin is a Canadian businessman and politician who served as prime minister of Canada (2003–06). Martin’s father, Paul Joseph Martin, served as a minister in four Liberal governments and was a leading architect of Canada’s post-World War II social policy. The younger Martin attended the

Paul Martin is a Canadian businessman and politician who served as prime minister of Canada (2003–06). Martin’s father, Paul Joseph Martin, served as a minister in four Liberal governments and was a leading architect of Canada’s post-World War II social policy. The younger Martin attended the

Paul Joseph James Martin was a Canadian politician and diplomat who served with distinction in the cabinets of four Liberal Party prime ministers: W.L. Mackenzie King, Louis Saint Laurent, Lester B. Pearson, and Pierre Elliott Trudeau. As minister of national health and welfare (1946–57), Martin

Holocene Epoch: Faunal change: …ever since another American investigator, Paul S. Martin, proposed the overkill hypothesis in the 1960s. Since then, other hypotheses for the late Pleistocene extinctions, such as those involving climatic changes or disease outbreaks, have emerged. Whatever the case, most geologists and paleontologists designate the beginning of a new epoch—the Holocene—at…

Pierre-Émile Martin was a French engineer who invented the Siemens–Martin (open-hearth) process, which produced most of the world’s steel until the development of the basic oxygen process. While the chemistry of steelmaking was already familiar in 1856, the only practical method, the Bessemer

Quinn Martin was an American television producer who was perhaps best known for a series of popular crime shows. Martin worked as a film editor and producer before forming the television production company QM Productions (1960–79). He produced some 20 television movies and created more than 15

primate: Classification: …but the eminent primate specialist Robert D. Martin has long argued that their connection with authenticated primates is tenuous, to say the least, and, in the 1990s, the paleontologist K.C. Beard discovered hand bones and other material that suggest strongly that some of these fossils may actually belong not to…

Buffalo Sabres: …centre Gilbert Perreault, left wing Rick Martin, and right wing René Robert. The French Connection led Buffalo to a division championship in 1974–75, and the team advanced to the Stanley Cup finals in just its fifth season of existence, where it lost to the defending-champion Philadelphia Flyers. Along with left…

Ricky Martin is a Puerto Rican singer and actor who rose to stardom in Latin America as a member of the boy band Menudo and then became a worldwide pop music sensation with such singles as “La copa de la vida” and “Livin’ la Vida Loca.” He helped to popularize Latin American music and culture in

gospel music: Black gospel music: …Black gospel tradition have included Roberta Martin, a gospel pianist based in Chicago with a choir and a school of gospel singing; Mahalia Jackson, who toured internationally and was often broadcast on television and radio; and Sister Rosetta Tharpe (1915–73), whose guitar and vocal performances introduced gospel into nightclubs and…

St. Martin of Tours ; Western feast day, November 11; Eastern feast day November 12) was a Roman Catholic bishop in what is now France who is considered the father of monasticism in Gaul and the first great leader of Western monasticism. He is venerated as the patron saint of France, soldiers, and

Martin Schongauer was a painter and printmaker who was the finest German engraver before Albrecht Dürer. Schongauer was the son of Caspar Schongauer, a goldsmith of Augsburg. In 1465 he registered at the University of Leipzig but apparently remained there only for a short time. It is not clear

the Beatles: First success: Brian Epstein, George Martin, and Please Please Me: …their career at Parlophone was George Martin, a classically trained musician who from the start put his stamp on the Beatles, first by suggesting the band hire a more polished drummer (they chose Starr) and then by rearranging their second recorded song (and first big British hit), “Please Please Me,”…

the Beatles: First success: Brian Epstein, George Martin, and Please Please Me: …their career at Parlophone was George Martin, a classically trained musician who from the start put his stamp on the Beatles, first by suggesting the band hire a more polished drummer (they chose Starr) and then by rearranging their second recorded song (and first big British hit), “Please Please Me,”…

Steve Martin is an American comedian, writer, and producer who began his career as a stand-up comic and eventually achieved success in motion pictures, on television, on Broadway, and in literature. Martin attended Long Beach State College in California. His interest in performing was honed during

Cool Hand Luke: …of the prison warden (Strother Martin) and befuddles the guards with a series of daring escapes. In the process, he provides inspiration and vicarious thrills for his fellow inmates. The mounting tension between Luke and his jailers, however, leads to tragedy.

Virginia: Virginia, c. 1900–50: Thomas Martin, U.S. senator from Virginia from 1893 to 1919, organized a Democratic program that emphasized low taxes, few government services, administrative efficiency, and white privilege. Harry F. Byrd, a newspaper editor and farmer who was elected governor in 1926 and U.S. senator in 1933,…

Tony Martin was an American pop singer and movie actor whose handsome visage and smooth baritone voice made him one of the most celebrated all-around entertainers of his era. Morris grew up in Oakland, California, and, as a child, sang regularly at his mother’s sewing club. He later took up the

Afrocentrism: Criticism of Afrocentrism: …disputes between Lefkowitz and Afrocentrist Tony Martin created strife between Black and Jewish intellectuals and made Afrocentrism vulnerable to charges of anti-Semitism. Critics further have argued that Afrocentrism’s search for exclusively African values sometimes comes perilously close to reproducing racial stereotypes. The movement’s followers maintain that Afrocentrism remains a valuable…

shooting of Trayvon Martin: …Trayvon Martin, fatal shooting of Trayvon Martin by George Zimmerman in Sanford, Florida, on February 26, 2012. The shooting exposed deep divisions among Americans on race issues.

Somerville and Ross: Violet Martin grew up in a genteel Protestant literary family living on a country estate, Ross House, in somewhat straitened finances. After her father’s death in 1872, the family lived in Dublin, where she attended Alexandra College. Edith Somerville’s father was a British army lieutenant…

Somerville and Ross: Violet Martin grew up in a genteel Protestant literary family living on a country estate, Ross House, in somewhat straitened finances. After her father’s death in 1872, the family lived in Dublin, where she attended Alexandra College. Edith Somerville’s father was a British army lieutenant…

Sir John Martin Harvey was an English actor, producer, and theatre manager. The son of a yacht builder, Harvey originally planned for a career in naval architecture but decided instead to study theatre with the actor John Ryder. He made his first public appearance in London in 1881. A year later he

foundations of mathematics: Impredicative constructions: More recently, the Swedish logician Per Martin-Löf presented a new predicative type theory, but no one claims that this is adequate for all of classical analysis. However, the German-American mathematician Hermann Weyl (1885–1955) and the American mathematician Solomon Feferman have shown that impredicative arguments such as the above can often…

Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, state-controlled coeducational institution of higher learning at Halle, Ger. The university was formed in 1817 through the merger of the University of Wittenberg and the University of Halle. Wittenberg was founded by the elector Frederick II of Saxony

Luis Martín-Santos was a Spanish psychiatrist and novelist. Martín-Santos received a medical degree from the University of Salamanca and, in 1947, a doctorate in psychiatry from the University of Madrid. From 1951 until his death, he was director of the Psychiatric Sanitorium in San Sebastián. He

Martina Franca, town, Puglia (Apulia) regione, southeastern Italy. It has numerous Baroque buildings, such as the Church of San Martino, the Corte palace, and particularly the civic centre, a former ducal palace (1669). In 1529, during the war against the Holy Roman emperor Charles V, the town

Jean-Jacques Bernard: As in Martine(1922), perhaps the best example of his work, emotions are implied in gestures, facial expressions, fragments of speech, and silence.

Harriet Martineau was an essayist, novelist, journalist, and economic and historical writer who was prominent among English intellectuals of her time. Perhaps her most scholarly work is The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, Freely Translated and Condensed, 2 vol. (1853), her version of Comte’s

James Martineau was an English Unitarian theologian and philosopher whose writings emphasized the individual human conscience as the primary guide for determining correct behaviour. He was a brother of writer Harriet Martineau. From 1828 to 1832 Martineau served as junior minister at Eustace Street

Ricardo Martinelli Panamanian businessman and politician who served as president of Panama (2009–14). Martinelli was educated primarily in the United States; he attended Staunton Military Academy in Virginia and the University of Arkansas, where he earned a degree in business in 1973. He went on to

commedia dell’arte: Origins and development: …Drusiano Martinelli and his wife, Angelica, a company first mentioned in 1574. Troupes of the 17th century included a second Confidènti troupe, directed by Flaminio Scala, and the Accesi and the Fedeli, to which Giovambattista Andreini, called Lelio, one of the great commedia dell’arte actors, belonged. The first mention of…

commedia dell’arte: Origins and development: …1621; and the Uniti, under Drusiano Martinelli and his wife, Angelica, a company first mentioned in 1574. Troupes of the 17th century included a second Confidènti troupe, directed by Flaminio Scala, and the Accesi and the Fedeli, to which Giovambattista Andreini, called Lelio, one of the great commedia dell’arte actors,…

Ricardo Martinelli Panamanian businessman and politician who served as president of Panama (2009–14). Martinelli was educated primarily in the United States; he attended Staunton Military Academy in Virginia and the University of Arkansas, where he earned a degree in business in 1973. He went on to

commedia dell’arte: Origins and development: …formed in 1595, to which Tristano Martinelli (c. 1557–1630), the famous Arlecchino, belonged; the Comici Confidènti, active from 1574 to 1621; and the Uniti, under Drusiano Martinelli and his wife, Angelica, a company first mentioned in 1574. Troupes of the 17th century included a second Confidènti troupe, directed by Flaminio…

linguistics: Sound change: …notably by the French linguist André Martinet. But no such theory has yet won universal acceptance, and it is likely that the causes of sound change are multiple.

drill: …XIV’s inspector general of infantry, Jean Martinet, whose name became a synonym for drillmaster. To make effective use of inaccurate muskets, concentrated volleys had to be delivered at short range. Troops advanced in rigidly maintained battle lines, all firing simultaneously on command. Through ceaseless drill, the Prussian Army of Frederick…

Jim Crow law: Challenging the Separate Car Act: …members of the committee was Louis A. Martinet, a Creole attorney and doctor who had also founded the Daily Crusader, and he and his newspaper became the leading opponents of the law. After its passage his paper called for both a legal challenge and a boycott of those railroads that…

tinamou: Locomotion: The elegant crested tinamou (Eudromia elegans) of the open tableland of Argentina alternates periods of flapping with short glides. When flushed, forest species sometimes collide with branches and tree trunks and may injure themselves. If forced to make several flights in short succession, tinamous soon become…

Guardians of the Galaxy: …encounters that world’s only survivor, Martinex, a crystalline human who was genetically altered to survive the frigid Plutonian environment. The pair attempt to hinder the Badoon war effort by sabotaging Pluto’s industrial infrastructure before teleporting to Earth, where they meet Vance Astro, a 20th-century astronaut who emerged from cryogenic suspension…

Martinez, city, seat (1850) of Contra Costa county, western California, U.S. It lies on the south shore of Carquinez Strait (between Suisun and San Pablo bays) north of Oakland. It was named for Ignacio Martínez, commandant of the San Francisco presidio and grantee (1829) of the Rancho El Pinole,

Arsenio Martínez Campos was a general and politician whose pronunciamiento (military revolution) on December 29, 1874, restored Spain’s Bourbon dynasty. Martínez Campos received a military education and after 1852 served on Spain’s general staff. A competent soldier, he took part in the

Isabel Perón is an Argentine politician who served as president of Argentina in 1974–76, the world’s first woman president. She was the third wife of President Juan Perón and served as vice president (1973–74) in his administration. She was born to a lower-middle-class family, acquired the name

Argentina: The Videla regime and the Dirty War: …civilian from an old family, José Martínez de Hoz, became economy minister, but, keen as he was to deregulate the economy, the armed forces were equally determined to keep control. Annual inflation dropped in 1976–82 from about 600 to 138 percent—a more manageable but still distended level. Argentina’s balance of…

Argentina: Discovery and settlement: …under Juan de Ayolas and Domingo Martínez de Irala, lieutenants of Mendoza, pushed a thousand miles up the Plata and Paraguay rivers. Ayolas was lost on an exploring expedition, but Irala founded Asunción (now in Paraguay) among the Guaraní, a largely settled agricultural people. In 1541 the few remaining inhabitants…

Francisco de Paula Martínez de la Rosa was a Spanish dramatist, poet, and conservative statesman. He became a professor of philosophy at the University of Granada in 1705. His play La conjuración de Venecia (“The Conspiracy of Venice”), written during his political exile in France (1823–31) and

Isabel Perón is an Argentine politician who served as president of Argentina in 1974–76, the world’s first woman president. She was the third wife of President Juan Perón and served as vice president (1973–74) in his administration. She was born to a lower-middle-class family, acquired the name