Lucia Moholy: …book Malerei, Photografie, Film (1925; Painting, Photography, Film), which was cowritten by the couple but published solely under Moholy-Nagy’s name. That lack of recognition became Moholy’s lifelong struggle.

biblical literature: Italian versions: …from the Latin Vulgate by Niccolò Malermi. In 1559 Pope Paul IV proscribed all printing and reading of the vernacular Scriptures except by permission of the church. This move, reaffirmed by Pope Pius IV in 1564, effectively stopped further Catholic translation work for the next 200 years.

Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes was a lawyer and royal administrator who attempted, with limited success, to introduce reforms into France’s autocratic regime during the reigns of Kings Louis XV (ruled 1715–74) and Louis XVI (ruled 1774–92). Malesherbes’s father, Guillaume II de

Malpighiales: Smaller families: Malesherbiaceae contains only Malesherbia (24 species), a genus of herbs and shrubs from often dry regions of western subtropical South America. Members of Malesherbiaceae are fetid and often densely glandular hairy plants with distinctive flowers. The calyx and corolla tube is persistent in fruit. The…

biogeographic region: Malesian subkingdom: This subkingdom encompasses the islands of Southeast Asia and the Malay Peninsula, extending as far east as the mainland of New Guinea (Figure 3). Although it had sometimes been included with India in an Indo-Malayan region, the flora of what C.G.G.J. van Steenis…

Claude-François de Malet was a French general who conspired against Napoleon and attempted an almost successful coup d’état on October 22–23, 1812. The descendant of a noble family, Malet had his first military experience with the king’s musketeers in 1771; when the Revolution broke out, he

Hungary: The Revolution of 1956: Pál Maléter, the Nagy government’s minister of defense, who had been invited by the Soviet commanders to negotiate, was taken captive and eventually executed.

Maletsunyane Falls, single cataract on a tributary of the Orange River in Lesotho, 75 miles (121 km) southeast of Maseru. With a drop of 630 feet (192 meters), it is one of the world’s highest waterfalls and is important to Lesotho as a tourist

Benevento, city and archiepiscopal see, Campania regione, southern Italy. The city lies on a ridge between the Calore and Sabato rivers, northeast of Naples. It originated as Malies, a town of the Oscans, or Samnites; later known as Maleventum, or Malventum, it was renamed Beneventum by the Romans.

Kazimir Malevich was an avant-garde painter who was the founder of the Suprematist school of abstract painting. Malevich, who was born to parents of Polish origin, studied drawing in Kyiv and then attended the Stroganov School in Moscow and the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and

Kazimir Malevich was an avant-garde painter who was the founder of the Suprematist school of abstract painting. Malevich, who was born to parents of Polish origin, studied drawing in Kyiv and then attended the Stroganov School in Moscow and the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and

malformation, in biology, irregular or abnormal structural development. Malformations occur in both plants and animals and have a number of causes. The processes of development are regulated in such a way that few malformed organisms are found. Those that do appear may, when properly studied, shed

Malgudi Days, Indian television series, first aired in 1986, that adapted short stories and novels by Indian author R.K. Narayan, known for his evocation of ordinary life in the fictional South Indian town of Malgudi. The series was directed by Kannada actor and filmmaker Shankar Nag, with T.N.

Baji Rao I: …was Baji Rao’s appointment of Malhar Rao Holkar as his chief general in Malwa in 1724. Holkar was able to set up a dynasty, which challenged Baji Rao II in 1801 and forced him to flee to the city of Bassein, where he sought protection from the British (see Treaty…

Daniel François Malherbe was a South African novelist, poet, and dramatist whose work helped establish Afrikaans as the cultural language of South Africa. He published many volumes of poetry and drama but is known primarily as a novelist for such works as Vergeet nil (1913; “Don’t Forget”), an

François de Malherbe was a French poet who described himself as un excellent arrangeur de syllabes and theoretician whose insistence upon strict form, restraint, and purity of diction prepared the way for French Classicism. Malherbe received a Protestant education at Caen and Paris and later at the

Malheur River, river rising in the Strawberry Mountain Wilderness on the southern slopes of the Blue Mountains in the Malheur National Forest, Oregon, U.S. It flows southeast, north, and northeast to join the Snake River at Ontario on the Idaho state line, after a course of 165 miles (266 km). Warm

Oregon: Relief and drainage: The Malheur-Owyhee Upland of southeastern Oregon is generally a high, warped plateau. It contains older lava and has been more eroded than the High Lava Plains. The major drainage system, the Owyhee River, has incised several notable canyons in an area locally called the Rimrock Country.…

Mande, group of peoples of western Africa, whose various Mande languages form a branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The Mande are located primarily on the savanna plateau of the western Sudan, although small groups of Mande origin, whose members no longer exhibit Mande cultural traits, are

Mali, trading empire that flourished in western Africa from the 13th to the 16th century. The Mali empire developed from the state of Kangaba, on the upper Niger River east of the Fouta Djallon, and is said to have been founded before 1000 ce. The Malinke inhabitants of Kangaba acted as middlemen

Mali, landlocked country of western Africa, mostly in the Saharan and Sahelian regions. Mali is largely flat and arid. The Niger River flows through its interior, functioning as the main trading and transport artery in the country. Sections of the river flood periodically, providing much-needed

Mali, town, northern Guinea. Located on the Fouta Djallon plateau at an elevation of about 4,600 feet (1,400 m), it is the chief trading centre for the cattle, rice, millet, oranges, and peanuts (groundnuts) produced in the surrounding area. A hydroelectric plant (18 miles [29 km] south-southwest)

Museum of Art in Lima (MALI), art museum in Lima, Peru, that features the art of Peru from the ancient to the contemporary. (Read Sister Wendy’s Britannica essay on art appreciation.) The Museum of Art in Lima maintains one of Peru’s broadest art collections, featuring work from pre-Columbian times

spitting cobra: Species, range, and conservation status: …of spitting cobra least concern Mali cobra, also called the Katian spitting cobra Naja katiensis West Africa a brown snake; juveniles are diurnal, but adults are active by day as well as night least concern Mozambique spitting cobra Naja mossambica Southern and southeastern Africa, primarily Mozambique temperamental snake known for…

Mali, trading empire that flourished in western Africa from the 13th to the 16th century. The Mali empire developed from the state of Kangaba, on the upper Niger River east of the Fouta Djallon, and is said to have been founded before 1000 ce. The Malinke inhabitants of Kangaba acted as middlemen

Mali Federation, short-lived union between the autonomous territories of the Sudanese Republic and Senegal in West Africa. The federation took effect on April 4, 1959, achieved complete independence on June 20, 1960 (remaining within the French Community), and was dissolved by Senegal’s secession

Mali River, river, rising in the hills near the northern border of Myanmar (Burma) and flowing about 200 miles (320 km) south to unite with the Nmai River and form the Irrawaddy River (q.v.). The Mali River is partially

Šar Mountains, mountain range in western North Macedonia and southern Kosovo, one of the most rugged and impassable in the Balkans, extending northeast–southwest for about 47 miles (75 km). A southern continuation along the Albanian frontier, which includes the Korab, Bistra, Jablanica, and

Mali River, river, rising in the hills near the northern border of Myanmar (Burma) and flowing about 200 miles (320 km) south to unite with the Nmai River and form the Irrawaddy River (q.v.). The Mali River is partially

vertically striped green-yellow-red national flag. It has a width-to-length ratio of 2 to 3.Like other formerly French-controlled territories in West Africa, Mali chose for its national flag the popular colours green, yellow, and red, which later came to be known as the “pan-African colours.” The

history of Mali, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Mali, a landlocked country of western Africa. Mali, which lies mostly in the Saharan and Sahelian regions, is largely flat and arid. The Niger River flows through its interior, functioning as the main trading and transport

African dance: Change and tradition: As members of the Malian National Folk Lore Troupe, they gain prestige as ambassadors for their country at international festivals. Radical changes continue as dancers travel to work in urban centres, where Western forms of entertainment on radio, film, and television have become part of life.

Mali: Constitutional framework: …enacted in 1979, made the Malian People’s Democratic Union (Union Démocratique du Peuple Malien; UDPM) the country’s sole legal party until 1991. In 1992 a third constitution was approved, providing for the separation of powers into three government branches, including a unicameral National Assembly as the legislative body. It also…

Orange River: Physiography: …farther north is the lesser-known Malibamatso headwater, one site of the Lesotho Highland Project. The Lesotho headwaters flow over the turf soil that covers Drakensberg lava and cut through the lava to expose underlying sedimentary rocks; material eroded from these rocks contributes to heavy silt deposits farther down the river’s…

Maria Malibran was a Spanish mezzo-soprano of exceptional vocal range, power, and agility. María and her mezzo-soprano sister Pauline Viardot were first instructed by their father, the tenor Manuel García, and at five years of age María sang a child’s part in Ferdinando Paer’s Agnese in Naples. She

Maria Malibran was a Spanish mezzo-soprano of exceptional vocal range, power, and agility. María and her mezzo-soprano sister Pauline Viardot were first instructed by their father, the tenor Manuel García, and at five years of age María sang a child’s part in Ferdinando Paer’s Agnese in Naples. She

surfing: History: Called “malibus,” for the California beach on which they were introduced, and weighing a mere 20 pounds (9 kg), these boards allowed surfers to “trim” (adjust their position and weight on the board to allow it to travel at the same speed as the breaking wave),…

Mompox, Indian people of what are now the northern Colombia lowlands who became extinct under Spanish rule. Culturally the Mompox were similar to their neighbours, such as the Cenú (q.v.); all such groups spoke languages of the Cariban family, but the Mompox language was not closely related to the

Malibu, city and beach community in Los Angeles county, southern California, U.S. With 21 miles (34 km) of coastline, Malibu lies along the Pacific Coast Highway just west-northwest of Santa Monica. The region, originally inhabited by Chumash Indians, was visited in 1542 by the Spanish explorer

Reba McEntire: Acting and later music: …similar role in another sitcom, Malibu Country (2012–13), which was set in California. She also starred in Happy’s Place (2024– ), playing a woman who inherits a bar. In addition, McEntire has guest roles on various TV series, and in 2019 she lent her voice to the animated film Spies…

Taylor Jenkins Reid: Writing career: In 2021 Reid published Malibu Rising, set over 24 hours in the lives of four siblings gathered for a 1983 party in Malibu, California. This was followed by Carrie Soto Is Back (2022), about a champion tennis player who comes out of retirement in the 1990s to face a…

carboxylic acid: Polycarboxylic acids: Malic acid is found in many fruits, including apples; tartaric acid occurs in grapes; and citric acid is present in lemons, oranges, and other citrus fruits. The monopotassium salt of tartaric acid, commonly called cream of tartar, is obtained from wine casks, where it crystallizes…

metabolism: Growth of microorganisms on TCA cycle intermediates: …is catalyzed by the so-called malic enzyme; in reaction [55], malate is decarboxylated to pyruvate, with concomitant reduction of NADP+. The primary role of malic enzyme, however, may be to generate reduced NADP+ for biosynthesis rather than to form an intermediate of carbohydrate catabolism.

Alec Baldwin: Stardom: Beetlejuice, The Hunt for Red October, and The Aviator: …might be a murderer in Malice (1993), Baldwin appeared in a series of little-seen films, including the civil rights drama Ghosts of Mississippi (1996); The Edge (1997), an adventure thriller written by Mamet; and Mercury Rising (1998), in which he starred opposite Bruce Willis. In 2004 Baldwin received an Academy…

mens rea: …incapable of entertaining the “malice aforethought” requisite to a finding of murder. See also diminished responsibility.

collective behavior: Common misconceptions: …is much less looting and vandalism than is popularly supposed. Even among persons who converge from outside the community there is more petty pilfering for souvenirs than serious crime. Fourth, initially an altruistic selflessness is more prevalent than self-pity and self-serving activity. Frequently noted are dramatic instances of persons who…

malware, malicious computer program, or “malicious software,” such as viruses, trojans, spyware, and worms. Malware typically infects a personal computer (PC) through e-mail, Web sites, or attached hardware devices. Mobile malware, including spyware and ransomware, attacks smartphones and tablets,

Terrence Malick is an American filmmaker whose reclusive, sporadic career is marked by films that are celebrated for their poetic beauty. Malick was raised in Texas and Oklahoma and graduated with a degree in philosophy from Harvard University in 1965. After Harvard, he was a Rhodes scholar at

Terrence Malick is an American filmmaker whose reclusive, sporadic career is marked by films that are celebrated for their poetic beauty. Malick was raised in Texas and Oklahoma and graduated with a degree in philosophy from Harvard University in 1965. After Harvard, he was a Rhodes scholar at

Benevento, city and archiepiscopal see, Campania regione, southern Italy. The city lies on a ridge between the Calore and Sabato rivers, northeast of Naples. It originated as Malies, a town of the Oscans, or Samnites; later known as Maleventum, or Malventum, it was renamed Beneventum by the Romans.

Samoa: European influence: He made a convert of Malietoa Vainu’upo, who had just conquered all of Samoa, and the rest of the population soon followed suit. A foreign settlement had developed around Apia Harbour by the 1850s. Samoans began to resist, however, as more settlers arrived from the United States, Great Britain, and…

tumour: …belong to tumours that are malignant. Such cells may be bizarre in form or may be arranged in a distorted manner. In more extreme cases, the cells of malignant tumours are described as primitive, or undifferentiated, because they have lost the appearance and functions of the particular type of (normal)…

cardiovascular disease: Hypertensive heart disease: …of hypertension occurs, often called malignant hypertension, that results in damage to small blood vessels throughout the body but particularly affecting the heart, brain, and kidneys.

anesthetic: General anesthetics: This potentially fatal response, called malignant hyperthermia, produces a very rapid rise in body temperature, oxygen utilization, and carbon dioxide production.

melanoma, a spreading and frequently recurring cancer of melanocytes, specialized skin cells that produce the protective skin-darkening pigment melanin. Since 2020, more than 325,000 new melanoma cases have been diagnosed worldwide each year. In the United States melanoma represents nearly 5

cancer, group of more than 100 distinct diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Though cancer has been known since antiquity, some of the most significant advances in scientists’ understanding of it have been made since the middle of the 20th century. Those

nephrosclerosis: In malignant nephrosclerosis a similar process occurs but at a much faster rate. The disease may develop so rapidly that there is little time for gross kidney changes to occur. The surface of the kidney, however, is nearly always covered with large red blotches at points…

anthrax, acute, infectious, febrile disease of animals and humans caused by Bacillus anthracis, a bacterium that under certain conditions forms highly resistant spores capable of persisting and retaining their virulence for many years. Although anthrax most commonly affects grazing animals such as

malware, malicious computer program, or “malicious software,” such as viruses, trojans, spyware, and worms. Malware typically infects a personal computer (PC) through e-mail, Web sites, or attached hardware devices. Mobile malware, including spyware and ransomware, attacks smartphones and tablets,

malaria: The course of the disease: Victims of this “malignant tertian” form of the disease may deteriorate rapidly from mild symptoms to coma and death unless they are diagnosed and treated promptly and properly. The greater virulence of P. falciparum is associated with its tendency to infect a large proportion of the red blood…

virus: Malignant transformation: A phenomenon analogous to bacterial cell lysogeny occurs in animal cells infected with certain viruses. These animal viruses do not generally cause disease immediately for certain animal cells. Instead, animal cells are persistently infected with such viruses, the DNA of which (provirus) is…

cancer, group of more than 100 distinct diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Though cancer has been known since antiquity, some of the most significant advances in scientists’ understanding of it have been made since the middle of the 20th century. Those

Ahilyanagar: It was conquered by Malik Aḥmad Niẓām Shah, founder of the Niẓām Shāhī dynasty, in 1490. The city was later taken by the Mughals, the Marathas, and the British. Chief among its historical sites are Aḥmad Niẓām Shah’s fort, in which Jawaharlal Nehru was imprisoned by the British in…

al-Malik al-Kāmil was a sultan (from 1218) of the Ayyūbid line, who ruled Egypt, Palestine, and Syria during the Fifth and Sixth crusades. On his accession to the sultanate, al-Kāmil engaged the armies of the Fifth Crusade and eventually negotiated their withdrawal from Egypt in 1221. During this

Saladin was a Muslim sultan of Egypt, Syria, Yemen, and Palestine, founder of the Ayyūbid dynasty, and the most famous of Muslim heroes. In wars against the Christian Crusaders, he achieved great success with the capture of Jerusalem (October 2, 1187), ending its nearly nine decades of occupation

al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb was the last effective ruler (reigned 1240 and 1245–49) of the Ayyūbid dynasty in Egypt. Al-Ṣāliḥ’s campaign against the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem in alliance with the Khwārezmians (1244) provoked the launching of the Seventh Crusade under Louis IX of France. Al-Ṣāliḥ died during

Baybars I was the most eminent of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria, which he ruled from 1260 to 1277. He is noted both for his military campaigns against Mongols and crusaders and for his internal administrative reforms. The Sirat Baybars, a folk account purporting to be his life story, is

Baybars I was the most eminent of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria, which he ruled from 1260 to 1277. He is noted both for his military campaigns against Mongols and crusaders and for his internal administrative reforms. The Sirat Baybars, a folk account purporting to be his life story, is

Baybars I was the most eminent of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria, which he ruled from 1260 to 1277. He is noted both for his military campaigns against Mongols and crusaders and for his internal administrative reforms. The Sirat Baybars, a folk account purporting to be his life story, is

Bahāʾ al-Dīn: …Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir died, his son Malik al-ʿAzīz was a minor, and Bahāʾ al-Dīn had the chief power in the regency, using it for the patronage of learning. He lived in retirement after the abdication of Malik al-ʿAzīz. Bahāʾ al-Dīn’s most important work is his biography of Saladin, the best account…

Faraj was the 26th Mamlūk ruler of Egypt and Syria; his reign was marked by a loss of internal control of the Mamlūk kingdom, whose rulers were descendants of slaves. Faraj was the victim of forces—including foreign invasion and domestic feuds—that he did not create and could not control. Faraj’s

Mūsā I of Mali: Pilgrimage to Mecca: …the Mamlūk sultans, Al-Malik al-Nāṣir. The emperor’s great civility notwithstanding, the meeting between the two rulers might have ended in a serious diplomatic incident, for so absorbed was Mansa Mūsā in his religious observances that he was only with difficulty persuaded to pay a formal visit to the sultan.…

Bahāʾ al-Dīn: …the friend of his son Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir, who appointed him judge of Aleppo. There he employed some of his wealth in the foundation of colleges. When Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir died, his son Malik al-ʿAzīz was a minor, and Bahāʾ al-Dīn had the chief power in the regency, using it for the…

the Roots: With the addition of rapper Malik B (Malik Abdul Basit) and bassist Hub (Leonard Hubbard), they began making a name for themselves in clubs in Philadelphia and New York City.

Arabic literature: Modern Arabic drama: …of Mamlūk Jābir’s Head”) and Al-Malik huwa al-malik (1977; “The King’s the King”) continued his ongoing experiments with theatre dynamics through what he termed masraḥ al-tasyīs (“theatre of politicization”). Because Wannūs was such a crucially important figure, other Syrian and Lebanese dramatists of the latter half of the 20th century…

Mālik ibn Anas was a Muslim legist who played an important role in formulating early Islamic legal doctrines. Few details are known about Mālik ibn Anas’ life, most of which was spent in the city of Medina. He became learned in Islamic law and attracted a considerable number of students, his

India: Vizierate of Maḥmūd Gāwān: …the leader of the conspirators, Malik Nāʾib, was able to make himself regent for Muḥammad’s minor son, Shihāb al-Dīn Maḥmūd (reigned 1482–1518).

John Heartfield: …as the in-house designer for Malik Verlag, a publishing house founded and run by his brother. In early 1919 Malik Verlag published Jedermann sein eigner Fussball (“Everyone His Own Soccer Ball”), a four-page satirical broadside written and designed by the brothers that was quickly censored. They followed up with Die…

Ḥabshī: …most famous of them was Malik ʿAmbar of Ahmadnagar, who defied the Mughals for many years. Ḥabshī in western India, the Sidis of Janjira, commanded the fleet of the Bijapur sultan and became independent chiefs. They defied the Marathas and in 1670 transferred their allegiance to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.…

Adam Malik was an Indonesian statesman and nationalist political leader. Malik was jailed by the Dutch in the 1930s for being a member of the nationalist group that sought independence for the Dutch East Indies. In 1937 he founded the Indonesian news agency Antara, which originally served as an

Pride and Prejudice: Movies and other adaptations: …Is Not Obliged (2015) by Ayisha Malik, in which a 21st-century Muslim woman is intrigued by her sullen tattooed neighbor. In 2011 crime fiction novelist P.D. James set a murder mystery on the grounds of Darcy’s famed estate in Death Comes to Pemberley, which was made into a miniseries in…

Universal Declaration of Human Rights: …playwright, philosopher, and diplomat; and Charles Habib Malik, a Lebanese philosopher and diplomat.

Islamic arts: Characteristic architectural forms: …main trade routes, such as Ribāṭ-i Malik, built between Samarkand and Bukhara in Uzbekistan. The most spectacular caravansaries were built in the 13th century in Anatolia. Equally impressive, however, although less numerous, are the caravansaries erected in eastern Iran and northern Iraq. Bridges also were rebuilt and decorated like the…

One Direction: County Westmeath, Ireland) Zayn Malik (born January 12, 1993, Bradford, West Yorkshire, England) Liam Payne (born August 29, 1993, Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England—died October 16, 2024, Buenos Aires, Argentina)

One Direction: County Westmeath, Ireland) Zayn Malik (born January 12, 1993, Bradford, West Yorkshire, England) Liam Payne (born August 29, 1993, Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England—died October 16, 2024, Buenos Aires, Argentina)

Malik-Shāh was the third and most famous of the Seljuq sultans. Malik-Shāh succeeded his father, Alp-Arslan, in 1072 under the tutelage of the great vizier Niẓām al-Mulk, who was the real manager of the empire until his death. Malik-Shāh had first to overcome a revolt of his uncle Qāwurd (Kavurd)

Mālikī, in Islam, one of the four Sunni schools of law, formerly the ancient school of Medina. Founded in the 8th century and based on the teachings of the imam Mālik ibn Anas, the Mālikīs stressed local Medinese community practice (ʿamal) as the lens through which to understand the legal

Nouri al-Maliki is a politician who was the prime minister of Iraq from 2006 to 2014. Maliki’s grandfather was a prominent poet and briefly (1926) a government minister. Maliki earned a B.A. (1973) in Islamic studies at Uṣūl al-Dīn College in Baghdad and an M.A. (1992) in Arabic literature at Ṣalāḥ

Nouri al-Maliki is a politician who was the prime minister of Iraq from 2006 to 2014. Maliki’s grandfather was a prominent poet and briefly (1926) a government minister. Maliki earned a B.A. (1973) in Islamic studies at Uṣūl al-Dīn College in Baghdad and an M.A. (1992) in Arabic literature at Ṣalāḥ

Nouri al-Maliki is a politician who was the prime minister of Iraq from 2006 to 2014. Maliki’s grandfather was a prominent poet and briefly (1926) a government minister. Maliki earned a B.A. (1973) in Islamic studies at Uṣūl al-Dīn College in Baghdad and an M.A. (1992) in Arabic literature at Ṣalāḥ

Nouri al-Maliki is a politician who was the prime minister of Iraq from 2006 to 2014. Maliki’s grandfather was a prominent poet and briefly (1926) a government minister. Maliki earned a B.A. (1973) in Islamic studies at Uṣūl al-Dīn College in Baghdad and an M.A. (1992) in Arabic literature at Ṣalāḥ

Mālikī, in Islam, one of the four Sunni schools of law, formerly the ancient school of Medina. Founded in the 8th century and based on the teachings of the imam Mālik ibn Anas, the Mālikīs stressed local Medinese community practice (ʿamal) as the lens through which to understand the legal

Mālikī, in Islam, one of the four Sunni schools of law, formerly the ancient school of Medina. Founded in the 8th century and based on the teachings of the imam Mālik ibn Anas, the Mālikīs stressed local Medinese community practice (ʿamal) as the lens through which to understand the legal

Mālikī, in Islam, one of the four Sunni schools of law, formerly the ancient school of Medina. Founded in the 8th century and based on the teachings of the imam Mālik ibn Anas, the Mālikīs stressed local Medinese community practice (ʿamal) as the lens through which to understand the legal

Lakshadweep: Relief, soils, and climate: …islands of the group, and Minicoy Island is the southernmost island. Almost all the inhabited islands are coral atolls. The higher eastern sides of the islands are the most suited for human habitation, while the low-lying lagoons on the western sides protect the inhabitants from the southwest monsoon. The soils…

Imam Bondjol was a Minangkabau religious leader and a key member of the Padri faction in the religious Padri War, which divided the Minangkabau people of Sumatra in the 19th century. When in about 1803 three pilgrims inspired by the ideas of the puritan Wahhābī sect returned from Mecca and launched

weaver: Cassin’s weaver (Malimbus cassini) of the lowland rain forests of central Africa builds a hanging nest of long palm-leaf strips that has a wide entrance extending down more than two feet. The red-billed weaver, or quelea (Quelea quelea), of the African savannas can sometimes become…

German literature: The 1970s and ’80s: Ingeborg Bachmann’s novel Malina (1971) splits its autobiographical persona into a sensitive, feminine self and a masculine double who is a writer; the novel contains visionary and lyrical passages. Walter Kempowski’s series of novels beginning with Tadellöser & Wolff (1971) reached a wider audience by depicting the everyday…

Theodore von Kármán: Work in the United States: …1940 von Kármán, together with Frank J. Malina, showed for the first time since the invention of the black-powder rocket in China in about the 10th century that it was possible to design a stable, long-duration, solid-propellant rocket engine. Shortly thereafter, the prototype of the famed jet-assisted takeoff (JATO) rocket…

The Living Theatre: …1947 by Julian Beck and Judith Malina. It is known for its innovative production of experimental drama, often on radical themes, and for its confrontations with tradition, authority, and sometimes audiences.