The office of prime minister of Japan was established in the 1880s during the Meiji Restoration. Originally chosen and appointed by the emperor (with the recommendation of advisers), since the constitution of 1947 the prime minister has been designated by the Diet (Kokkai) before being formally

New Zealand has a parliamentary form of government based on the British model. The head of government is the prime minister, generally the leader of the governing political party in Parliament. The titles premier and first minister were variously applied to each of the principal ministers until

This is a chronologically ordered list of prime ministers of Norway, dating from the 1905 dissolution of its union with

The office of prime minister was inaugurated alongside Pakistan’s independence in 1947. It was abolished for several years under the country’s second constitution, which instituted a presidential system of government. The office was restored in December 1971, at the tail end of the war between West

Procyonids (family Procyonidae) are any of a group of tree-climbing mammals closely related to bears. This is a list of procyonids ordered alphabetically by common name. (See also

In order to “communicate” with a computer, software developers write code using various programming languages. Such code enables a computer to follow users’ instructions and to complete tasks. There are object-oriented programming languages, procedural languages, declarative languages, and

This is a list of prominent families, grouped by the professions and activities for which they were known and ordered alphabetically by place of origin or residence. (See also list of

Canada is the second largest country in the world in area (after Russia), measuring more than 3.8 million square miles (nearly 10 million square kilometers). It consists of 10 provinces and 3 territories that vary greatly in size. The combination of vast area and discontinuous settlement has led to

Psychology is a scientific discipline that studies psychological and biological processes and behaviour in humans and other animals. This is an alphabetically ordered list of psychologists arranged by place of origin or residence. (See also applied psychology; behaviourism; biological psychology;

This is a list of queens and queen consorts organized alphabetically by kingdom and chronologically by years of rule. See also

This is a list of notable rabbis, ordered alphabetically by country or place of residence. (See also

Racial violence is woven throughout the fabric of the history of the United States. In the centuries following the initial colonization of North America, racial and ethnic minorities—especially African American and Indigenous people—have repeatedly been targeted by white people, often as part of

This is an alphabetically ordered list of notable racehorses. (See also horse

Which religion is the largest? Which religion is the smallest? Our planet’s population of about 8 billion people follows myriad religions in widely varying numbers. The following tables draw from information available at the World Religion Database at Boston University and is based on data for the

This is a list of selected rivers, ordered alphabetically by continent or region and by

Rodents are mammals characterized by upper and lower pairs of ever-growing rootless incisor teeth. Rodents are the largest group of mammals, constituting almost half of the class Mammalia’s approximately 4,660 species. This is a list of selected rodents, arranged alphabetically by suborder and

This is a chronologically ordered list of Roman emperors. See also Roman Empire and ancient Rome. • How much do you know about the Roman Empire? • Who are the “Five Good Emperors” of ancient Rome? • Who is sometimes called the first true empress of

The sport of running involves footraces over a variety of distances and courses and is among the most popular sports of nearly all times and places. Modern competitive running ranges from sprints (dashes), with an emphasis on continuous high speed, to grueling long-distance and marathon races,

The following is a list of saints recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and/or Oriental Orthodox churches, organized alphabetically by country or nation of origin or

This is a list of satellites, ordered alphabetically according to the country that launched them. Note that some satellite launches were the result of collaborative efforts and are thus listed under multiple countries. (See also satellite communication; satellite

This is a list of science-fiction writers, ordered alphabetically by

This is a list of sculptors organized alphabetically by nationality. (See also

Serial killers, or serial murderers, are criminals who have committed at least two homicides over a period of time. This is a list of notable serial killers, ordered alphabetically by country of origin or

A chondrichthian (class Chondrichthyes) is any member of the diverse group of cartilaginous fishes that includes the sharks, skates, rays, chimaeras, and their relatives. The class is one of the two great groups of living fishes, the other being the osteichthians, or bony fishes. This is a list of

This is an alphabetically ordered list of sheep (genus Ovis). (See also artiodactyl; bovid;

This is a list of singers ordered alphabetically by place of origin or residence. (See also blues; cabaret; country music; folk music; hip-hop; jazz; opera; popular music; rock and roll; rhythm and

This list provides all the genera that make up the Felinae—a subfamily of the cat family, Felidae. All species in each genus are included. Informally referred to as the small cats, they are distinguished from the big cats (subfamily Pantherinae; see list of big cats) by their ossified hyoid bones,

There are nearly 3,000 species of snakes distributed nearly worldwide. The following is a list of some of the major genera and species of snake, organized alphabetically by family. Sometimes listed as a subfamily of the boa family (Boidae). Sometimes listed as a subfamily of the boa family

This is a list of soccer (football) players ordered alphabetically by country of origin or residence. (See also Major League Soccer and World

This is an alphabetically ordered list of social movements organized by country. A social movement is defined as a loosely organized but sustained campaign in support of a social

This is a list of songwriters organized alphabetically by country of birth or residence. See also

This is a chronologically ordered list of monarchs of Spain, including the medieval kingdoms of Asturias, Leon, Castile, Galicia, and

Spiders (order Araneae) are a group of arachnids that includes more than 50,000 species known to science. All spiders are predators, feeding almost entirely on other arthropods, especially insects. Some spiders are active hunters that chase and overpower their prey, while others weave silk snares,

This is a list of notable spies ordered alphabetically by country of origin or residence. (See also espionage;

Sports are defined as physical contests pursued for the goals and challenges they entail. This is an alphabetically ordered list of sports, grouped by manner of play (individual or team). Sports that may be played with either opposing individuals or opposing teams are listed twice. Sports that

The signature opening crawl of every Star Wars film begins with “A long time ago,” as if introducing a folktale or legend told around a campfire. George Lucas was the first to tell a Star Wars story, but its archetypes are timeless. The first installment, Star Wars (1977), follows an orphaned farm

A star is any massive self-luminous celestial body of gas that shines by radiation derived from its internal energy sources. Of the tens of billions of trillions of stars composing the observable universe, only a very small percentage are visible to the naked eye. Many stars occur in pairs,

This is a list of the cities that are state capitals in the United States, ordered alphabetically by state. The list also provides the most recent U.S. census population for each city as well as an estimated population. (This list does not include the capital of the United States, Washington, D.C.)

Mexico is divided into 32 federal entities, which include 31 states and the capital, Mexico City. Each of Mexico’s states has unique geographical and cultural characteristics. The northern region includes several states that are characterized by their proximity to the United States border and their

Since the first atomic bomb was produced in 1945, only a handful of states have obtained nuclear weapons. Nuclear proliferation was an early concern of the Cold War, and the fear of nuclear war led to the conclusion of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968. At that time, only five or

list of Studio Ghibli feature films, Studio Ghibli is a Japanese animated film studio that was founded by directors Miyazaki Hayao and Takahata Isao in 1985. It is known for the high quality of its filmmaking and its artistry. Its feature films have won both critical and popular praise and

This is an alphabetically ordered list of woman, universal, and manhood suffragists organized by nationality. See also American Woman Suffrage Association; National American Woman Suffrage Association; National Woman’s Party; National Woman Suffrage Association; Nineteenth Amendment; Seneca Falls

When sports fans look back and remember the Olympics of years gone by, it is not only their favorite sports that they remember but also the dynamic, talented, and inspiring athletes that made the Games worth watching. Below are select past and future Summer Olympic Games competitors and the

Superheroes have their antecedents in the semidivine heroes of myth and legend. Protagonists who exhibit feats of incredible strength, fighting prowess, and cunning are commonplace in both scripture and early secular literature. Comic strips of the early 20th century provided the perfect visual

The Supreme Court of the United States is the final court of appeal and final expositor of the Constitution of the United States. The justices are appointed by the president of the United States and must be confirmed by the U.S. Senate. The chief justice of the United States is also appointed by

The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is an entertainment-industry juggernaut. Starting with its first film release, Iron Man (2008), the MCU has succeeded in weaving many superheroes and villains from Marvel comic books into a single shared world. Most of its films have been commercially successful,

This is an alphabetically ordered list of television shows. (See also situation comedy; soap opera; talk show; television; television in the United

The following is a list of textiles, fibres, and fabrics ordered

Hurricanes are the costliest of all weather and climate disasters in the United States, according to the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). They form in the North Atlantic and eastern North Pacific oceans,

Although air travel is the safest mode of transportation, when a large passenger plane does crash or meet with some other catastrophe, the death toll is often in the hundreds. When counting only fatalities of those on the airplane, the deadliest disaster occurred on March 27, 1977, when two Boeing

The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees citizens the rights to free speech and peaceful assembly—freedoms that have empowered generations of Americans to take to the streets to speak out against injustice, demand change, and advocate for civil rights. The following graphic and table

Since 1790, when the first U.S. census was conducted, New York City has held the title as the most-populated city in the United States. In that initial census, New York City had 33,131 people. Today it is home to more than 8,335,000. That is more than double the second largest city, Los Angeles,

Very few couples are able to say “money is no object” when planning their wedding. For the ultra-wealthy, however, lavish weddings are often a sign of status and prestige. Here are 12 weddings that took extravagance to new heights. Said Gutseriev’s father, oil and media mogul Mikhail Gutseriev,

This list provides the populations for all the countries of the world and for all but the smallest political dependencies and territories. It is ordered alphabetically by the names of the countries, dependencies, and territories. The populations are estimates calculated by Encyclopædia Britannica’s

How small is small? For some of the world’s countries, the answer is very, very small, even teeny tiny. Vatican City holds the title as the world’s smallest country, with an area of just 0.17 square mile (0.44 square km). As a point of comparison, the largest country in the world, Russia, is almost

Intense winds and heavy rain are the hallmarks of hurricanes—powerful and destructive storms that form primarily over the North Atlantic Ocean and rank among the most costly and deadly natural disasters in the United States. Less recognized is the role that low atmospheric pressure plays in

While Jesus had many followers, the Twelve Apostles were his closest disciples, and they left an indelible mark on the early Christian church. Personally chosen by Christ himself, nearly all of the Twelve were Jewish (St. Luke may have been a Gentile) and had various livelihoods: several were

With more than 9 billion passengers traveling by plane every year, it’s not surprising that airports are busy. How busy? In 2024 more than 108 million passengers passed through Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International in Georgia, making it the busiest airport in the world. Next on the list is Dubai

With more than 72 million inhabitants, Guangzhou, China, is far and away the world’s largest city. But, what defines a city? When you are comparing developments with tens of millions of people located in countries across the globe, a unified definition is tricky—one needs to consider a variety of

There are nearly 200 countries in the world, but when it comes to which is the largest, there is no competition. With a total area of 6,592,850 square miles (17,075,400 square km), Russia is the world’s largest country. A distant second is Canada, with 3,855,103 square miles (9,984,670 square km).

This is an alphabetically ordered list of theatres organized by country. See also theatre (art); theatre (building); theatrical production; Western

Tick-borne diseases are illnesses transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of an infected tick. Ticks can carry a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. In recent years, the incidence of tick-borne diseases has risen in association with climate change: as

A treaty is a binding formal agreement, contract, or other written instrument that establishes obligations between two or more subjects of international law (primarily states and international organizations). This is a list of treaties, organized chronologically by the years that they were

A tropical cyclone, also called a typhoon or hurricane, is an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain. This is a chronologically ordered list of some significant tropical cyclones. See also List of

The suborder Heteroptera comprises the so-called true bugs of the order Hemiptera. This is an alphabetically ordered list of true

The following is a list of tunnels, ordered alphabetically by

Turtles (order Testudines), including tortoises, are reptiles with bodies encased in bony shells. This is a list of turtles, ordered alphabetically and grouped by

In July 2025 the U.S. government introduced a new tariff schedule on imported goods. Rates start at a baseline of 10% and rise as high as 50%, depending on existing trade relationships. The policy reflects a shift toward more targeted and reciprocal trade measures, with some partners, including

The vast majority of adult citizens in the United States have the right to vote in local, state, and federal elections. Some of these elections are based on a plurality system—a candidate need only poll more votes than any other single opponent to win. The vote to elect the president of the United

The job of president of the United States is one of the most challenging in the world and can take a heavy toll on the physical and mental well-being of those who call the White House home. Many presidents have experienced sudden health crises or chronic ailments while in office. Some of their

Most birds are known for their colorful feathers, their unique vocalizations, and the roles they play in various ecosystems. Some bird species have been adopted by various states and territories within the United States to serve as symbols that represent a state’s unique heritage or as icons that

As of 2023, the United States was the world’s third most-populated country, with more than 335,000,000 people. The U.S. state with the largest population is California, which has some 39,000,000 residents. Second is Texas, with more than 30,000,000. Several states have less than 1,000,000 people,

This is a list of the states of the United States of America and the dates on which they achieved statehood, ordered by date of admission to the union. This list excludes U.S. territories, as they have not been admitted as states, although they are constituents of the United States. This list also

On an autumn day in 1797, Samuel Taylor Coleridge began writing the poem “Kubla Khan,” which he claimed to have conceived during an opium-induced reverie. It was never to be finished—a visit from a “person on business from Porlock” (commonly shortened to “person from Porlock”; Porlock is a coastal

The United States is rare among democracies in that the role of president is not primarily ceremonial, as it is in most parliamentary governments, but is instead the most powerful role in U.S. government, and the quadrennial U.S. presidential elections are of great importance to both the country

Vaccines are among the most effective tools available in modern medicine, offering protection against a wide range of diseases that once caused significant illness, disability, and death. By stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens, vaccines not only protect

Valleys are elongate depressions of Earth’s surface. Valleys are most commonly drained by rivers and may occur in a relatively flat plain or between ranges of hills or mountains. Those valleys produced by tectonic action are called rift valleys. Very narrow, deep valleys of similar appearance are

The term vegetable usually refers to the fresh edible portions of certain herbaceous plants; these portions include the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruit, or seeds. These plant parts are either eaten fresh or prepared in a number of ways, usually as a savory, rather than sweet, dish. The

Viverrids (family Viverridae) are any of 35 species of small Old World mammals, including civets, genets, and linsangs. Viverrids are among the most poorly known carnivores. This is an alphabetically ordered list of selected

This is a list of wars ordered chronologically by the year that hostilities were initiated. (See also war; law of war; military technology; collective

This is a list of waterfalls, ordered alphabetically by continent or region and by

This is a list of weapons organized alphabetically by

This is a list of weights and measures, arranged by type of unit. The measurement system in which it is used is also given as well as metric and U.S. Customary

Microsoft’s Windows operating system (OS) is ubiquitous today, but how has it evolved over the years? Windows has faced stiff competition from IBM, Apple, the Linux Foundation, and other organizations that have sought to popularize their systems. However, Windows has persevered, and as of 2024 it

Athletes competing in the Winter Olympics have wowed audiences with their amazing feats on ice and snow since the first full-fledged edition of the Winter Games, held in 1924 in Chamonix, France. Below are select past and future Winter Olympic Games competitors and their countries of representation

This is an alphabetically ordered list of women artists born before the 20th century.(See also painting; sculpture;

The following is an alphabetically ordered list of women who made significant contributions to

This is an alphabetically ordered list of World Heritage sites—sites that have “outstanding universal value”—as designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Where possible, site names are linked to relevant Britannica content. In some cases spelling

This is a list of zoos, also called zoological parks or zoological gardens, ordered alphabetically by country. (See also

price index: Adjusting for biases: …they may be based on list prices rather than actual transactions prices. List prices probably are changed less frequently than the actual prices at which goods are sold; they may represent only an initial base of negotiation, a seller’s asking price rather than an actual price. One study has shown…

LISP, a computer programming language developed about 1960 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). LISP was founded on the mathematical theory of recursive functions (in which a function appears in its own definition). A LISP program is a function applied to data,

LISP, a computer programming language developed about 1960 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). LISP was founded on the mathematical theory of recursive functions (in which a function appears in its own definition). A LISP program is a function applied to data,

list system, a method of voting for several electoral candidates, usually members of the same political party, with one mark of the ballot. It is used to elect the parliaments of many western European countries, including Switzerland, Italy, the Benelux countries, and Germany. Electors vote for one

Benjamin List is a German chemist who was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on asymmetric organocatalysis. He shared the prize with British chemist David MacMillan. List received a degree in chemistry from the Free University of Berlin in 1993 and a doctorate in the same

Friedrich List was a German-U.S. economist who believed tariffs on imported goods would stimulate domestic development. List also supported the free exchange of domestic goods, and he gained prominence as founder and secretary of an association of middle and southern German industrialists who

Friedrich List was a German-U.S. economist who believed tariffs on imported goods would stimulate domestic development. List also supported the free exchange of domestic goods, and he gained prominence as founder and secretary of an association of middle and southern German industrialists who

swastika: …a poet and nationalist ideologist Guido von List had suggested the swastika as a symbol for all anti-Semitic organizations; and when the National Socialist Party was formed in 1919–20, it adopted it. On September 15, 1935, the black swastika on a white circle with a red background became the national…

John A. List is an American economist who made novel contributions to the fields of experimental and behavioral economics. He helped to popularize the use of field experiments as viable tools for analyzing a broad set of economic questions. In 2011 he was elected a fellow of the American Academy of

John A. List is an American economist who made novel contributions to the fields of experimental and behavioral economics. He helped to popularize the use of field experiments as viable tools for analyzing a broad set of economic questions. In 2011 he was elected a fellow of the American Academy of

Battle of Stalingrad: …Group A (under Field Marshal Wilhelm List) and Army Group B (under Bock). Within days, Bock was replaced at the head of Army Group B by Field Marshal Maximilian von Weichs. The division of forces placed tremendous pressure on an already-strained logistical support system. It also caused a gap between…