exercise: Physical conditioning refers to the development of physical fitness through the adaptation of the body and its various systems to an exercise program.

Michelangelo: …and arranged for his assistant Ascanio Condivi to write a brief separate book (1553); probably based on the artist’s own spoken comments, this account shows him as he wished to appear. After Michelangelo’s death, Vasari in a second edition (1568) offered a rebuttal. While scholars have often preferred the authority…

condom, contraceptive and prophylactic device consisting of a sheath that fits over the penis or inside the vagina and that is intended to prevent the entry of semen into the vagina and to protect against the exchange of sexually transmitted diseases acquired through various means of sexual

condominium, in modern property law, the individual ownership of one dwelling unit within a multidwelling building, with an undivided ownership interest in the land and other components of the building shared in common with other owners of dwelling units in the building. The condominium as a type

ʿAbd Allāh: …Egyptians and Sudanese resented the Condominium Agreement of January 1899, by which the Sudan became almost a British protectorate, and ʿAbd Allāh hoped to rally support. But on Nov. 24, 1899, a British force engaged the Mahdist remnants, and ʿAbd Allāh died in the fighting.

Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, the joint British and Egyptian government that ruled the eastern Sudan from 1899 to 1955. It was established by the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreements of January 19 and July 10, 1899, and, with some later modifications, lasted until the formation of the sovereign,

Edward U. Condon: …saucers, from which grew the Condon report, The Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects (1969).

Bud Freeman: …the company of ex-Chicagoans, especially Eddie Condon, in whose band Freeman recorded a noted solo, “The Eel” (1933). By then he had developed a fluent, romantic style featuring sinuous legato melodies. His tenor saxophone sound was especially distinctive—full and smooth, with a rough edge and a large vibrato—and he played…

Edward U. Condon was an American physicist for whom the Franck-Condon principle was named and who applied quantum mechanics to an understanding of the atom and its nucleus. During World War II Condon made valuable contributions to the development of both atomic energy and radar. In 1943 he helped

Edward U. Condon was an American physicist for whom the Franck-Condon principle was named and who applied quantum mechanics to an understanding of the atom and its nucleus. During World War II Condon made valuable contributions to the development of both atomic energy and radar. In 1943 he helped

William Hurt: Humans, Trial, Goliath, and Condor.

condor, either of two large New World vultures—the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) and the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus)—that are two of the largest flying birds. Wingspans up to 3.2 metres (10.5 feet) have been reported for male Andean condors, and adult California condors typically

Advanced options traders know that some strategies are designed for a directional view, meaning you think a stock (or stock index, commodity, or other asset) is headed higher or lower. Other strategies, such as straddles and strangles, target volatility and magnitude. Building on those, there are

Condor Legion, a unit of the German air force, or Luftwaffe, detailed by Hermann Göring for special duty with General Francisco Franco’s Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). It was sent to Franco on the condition that it stay under German command. The Legion consisted of four

Shirley Ann Grau: Among Grau’s later novels are The Condor Passes (1971), Evidence of Love (1977), and Roadwalkers (1994). Her other short-story collections include The Wind Shifting West (1973), Nine Women (1985), and Selected Stories (2003).

Antônio de Castro Alves: …a dominant figure among the Condoreira (Condor) school of poets, likened, for their dedication to lofty causes and for their preference for elevated style, to the highest flying birds in the Americas. His romantic image was heightened by his sense of being foredoomed by a wound incurred in a hunting…

Ecuador: Relief: …the central peaks; and the Cordillera del Cóndor to the south, which borders the Zamora valley. Beyond this eastern cordillera, to the east, is the Amazon basin, extending below 900 feet (300 metres).

Andes Mountains: Physiography of the Central Andes: …18° S, the peaks of El Cóndor, Sierra Nevada, Llullaillaco, Galán, and Antofalla all exceed 19,000 feet. The two main ranges and several volcanic secondary chains enclose depressions called salars because of the deposits of salts they contain; in northwestern Argentina, the Sierra de Calalaste encompasses

Francisco Morales Bermúdez: …later accused of participating in Operation Condor, in which several South American military governments coordinated their efforts to systematically eliminate left-wing opponents in the 1970s and ’80s. Italy began investigating the disappearance of a number of its citizens and unsuccessfully sought his extradition. In 2017 Morales was convicted in absentia…

Túpac Amaru II was a Peruvian Indian revolutionary, a descendant of the last Inca ruler, Túpac Amaru, with whom he was identified when he led the Peruvian peasants in an unsuccessful rebellion against Spanish rule. Túpac Amaru II was a cacique (hereditary chief) in the Tinta region of southern

Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet was a French philosopher of the Enlightenment and advocate of educational reform and women’s rights. He was one of the major Revolutionary formulators of the ideas of progress, or the indefinite perfectibility of humankind. He was

Antônio de Castro Alves: …a dominant figure among the Condoreira (Condor) school of poets, likened, for their dedication to lofty causes and for their preference for elevated style, to the highest flying birds in the Americas. His romantic image was heightened by his sense of being foredoomed by a wound incurred in a hunting…

tap dance: Vaudeville: Three young dancers from Philadelphia—the Condos Brothers (Frank, Nick, and Steve)—became legendary among dancers for their exceptionally fast, rhythmic footwork; few tap dancers ever achieved Nick’s mastery of a difficult move he is credited with inventing known as the five-tap wing. Of the eccentric and legomania dancers, Buddy Ebsen, Henry…

condottiere, leader of a band of mercenaries engaged to fight in numerous wars among the Italian states from the mid-14th to the 16th century. The name was derived from the condotta, or “contract,” by which the condottieri put themselves in the service of a city or of a lord. The first mercenary

The Condottiere, one of the most striking portraits by Italian painter Antonello da Messina, created in 1475 and now hanging in the Louvre, Paris. Originally one of several paintings by Messina titled Portrait of a Man, this portrait later came to be called The Condottiere. The identity of the

condottiere, leader of a band of mercenaries engaged to fight in numerous wars among the Italian states from the mid-14th to the 16th century. The name was derived from the condotta, or “contract,” by which the condottieri put themselves in the service of a city or of a lord. The first mercenary

Belgium: Relief, drainage, and soils: …of the area is the Condroz, a plateau more than 1,100 feet (335 metres) in elevation comprising a succession of valleys hollowed out of the limestone between sandstone crests. Its northern boundary is the Sambre-Meuse valley, which traverses Belgium from south-southwest to northeast.

mental disorder: Conduct disorders: These are the most common psychiatric disorders in older children and adolescents, accounting for nearly two-thirds of disorders in those of age 10 or 11. Abnormal conduct more serious than ordinary childlike mischief persistently occurs; lying, disobedience, aggression, truancy, delinquency, and deterioration of…

conduct disorder (CD), behavior disorder characterized by a pattern of aggression toward others, a lack of concern for others, and a disregard for rules, laws, and social norms. Conduct disorder is most often diagnosed in preadolescents and adolescents ages 10 to 19, and it affects roughly 2 to 4

Ralph Waldo Emerson: Mature life and works: The Conduct of Life (1860), Emerson’s most mature work, reveals a developed humanism together with a full awareness of human limitations. It may be considered as partly confession. Emerson’s collected Poems (1846) were supplemented by others in May-Day (1867), and the two volumes established his…

Jonathan Swift: Career as satirist, political journalist, and churchman: This, The Conduct of the Allies, appeared on November 27, 1711, some weeks before the motion in favour of a peace was finally carried in Parliament. Swift was rewarded for his services in April 1713 with his appointment as dean of St. Patrick’s Cathedral in Dublin.

history of Europe: War: …in the random nature of operations and the way in which armies, disciplined only on the battlefield, lived off the land. Casualties in battle were not the prime factor. In the warfare of the 17th and 18th centuries, mortal sickness in the armies exceeded death in action in the proportion…

chemical analysis: Conductometry: …of the resistance is the conductance (G = 1/R). As the conductance of a solution increases, its ability to conduct an electric current increases.

bryophyte: Nutrition: …few bryophytes possess elaborate internal conducting systems (see below Form and function) that transfer water or manufactured nutrients through the gametophore, but most conduction is over the gametophore surface. In most mosses, water and nutrient transfer from the gametophore to the developing sporangium takes place along the seta and also…

angiosperm: Vascular tissue: Water and nutrients flow through conductive tissues (xylem and phloem) in plants just as the bloodstream distributes nutrients throughout the bodies of animals. This internal circulation, usually called transport, is present in all vascular plants, even the most…

nervous system: Conduction: The sequence of sodium activation–sodium inactivation–potassium activation creates a nerve impulse that is brief in duration, lasting only a few milliseconds, and that travels down the nerve fibre like a wave, the membrane depolarizing in front of the current and repolarizing behind. Because nerve…

thermal conduction, transfer of energy (heat) arising from temperature differences between adjacent parts of a body. Thermal conductivity is attributed to the exchange of energy between adjacent molecules and electrons in the conducting medium. The rate of heat flow in a rod of material is

William Stewart Halsted: By self-experimentation he developed (1885) conduction, or block, anesthesia (the production of insensibility of a part by interrupting the conduction of a sensory nerve leading to that region of the body), brought about by injecting cocaine into nerve trunks. He fell into a drug addiction that required two years to…

band theory: …is normally empty, called the conduction band. Just as electrons at one energy level in an individual atom may transfer to another empty energy level, so electrons in the solid may transfer from one energy level in a given band to another in the same band or in another band,…

electric current, any movement of electric charge carriers, such as subatomic charged particles (e.g., electrons having negative charge, protons having positive charge), ions (atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons), or holes (electron deficiencies that may be thought of as positive

human ear: Tuning-fork tests: …is heard longer by bone conduction than by air conduction, a conductive type of deafness is present. In the Schwabach test the presence of a sensorineural impairment is indicated when the individual being tested cannot hear the bone-conducted sound as long as the examiner with normal hearing can. The individual…

crystal: Conduction electrons: Electrons carry the basic unit of charge e, equal to 1.6022 × 10−19 coulomb. They have a small mass and move rapidly. Most electrons in solids are bound to the atoms in local orbits, but a small fraction of the electrons are available…

nervous system: Conduction: The fastest conduction velocity occurs in the largest diameter nerve fibres. This phenomenon has formed the basis for classifying mammalian nerve fibres into groups in order of decreasing diameter and decreasing conduction velocity. Another factor is the temperature of the nerve fibre. Conduction velocity increases at high…

electricity: Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors: In a conductor, the valence band is partially filled, and since there are numerous empty levels, the electrons are free to move under the influence of an electric field; thus, in a metal the valence band is also the conduction band. In an insulator, electrons completely fill…

thermal conduction, transfer of energy (heat) arising from temperature differences between adjacent parts of a body. Thermal conductivity is attributed to the exchange of energy between adjacent molecules and electrons in the conducting medium. The rate of heat flow in a rod of material is

conductive ceramics, advanced industrial materials that, owing to modifications in their structure, serve as electrical conductors. In addition to the well-known physical properties of ceramic materials—hardness, compressive strength, brittleness—there is the property of electric resistivity. Most

human ear: Tuning-fork tests: …is heard longer by bone conduction than by air conduction, a conductive type of deafness is present. In the Schwabach test the presence of a sensorineural impairment is indicated when the individual being tested cannot hear the bone-conducted sound as long as the examiner with normal hearing can. The individual…

conductivity, term applied to a variety of physical phenomena. In heat, conductivity is the quantity of heat passing per second through a slab of unit cross-sectional area when the temperature gradient between the two faces is unity. Electrical conductivity is the current or the quantity of

undersea exploration: Water sampling for temperature and salinity: … (STD) and the more recent Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) systems have greatly improved on-site hydrographic sampling methods. They have enabled oceanographers to learn much about small-scale temperature and salinity distributions.

chemical analysis: Conductometry: Conductometric titration curves are prepared by plotting the conductance as a function of the volume of added titrant. The curves consist of linear regions prior to and after the end point. The two linear portions are extrapolated to their point of intersection at the end…

chemical analysis: Conductometry: This is the method in which the capability of the analyte to conduct an electrical current is monitored. From Ohm’s law (E = IR) it is apparent that the electric current (I) is inversely proportional to the resistance (R), where E represents potential difference.…

electricity: Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors: …or semiconductors according to their electric conductivity. The classifications can be understood in atomic terms. Electrons in an atom can have only certain well-defined energies, and, depending on their energies, the electrons are said to occupy particular energy levels. In a typical atom with many electrons, the lower energy levels…

conductor, in music, a person who conducts an orchestra, chorus, opera company, ballet, or other musical group in the performance and interpretation of ensemble works. At the most fundamental level, a conductor must stress the musical pulse so that all the performers can follow the same metrical

fracking: Horizontal drilling: …inches) in diameter, called the conductor casing, that is cemented into place. From there the borehole is drilled straight down, passing through numerous rock layers that may include contaminable freshwater aquifers used for private wells or municipal water supply. This portion of the borehole is lined with a cemented steel…

conductus, in medieval music, a metrical Latin song of ceremonial character for one, two, or three voices. The word first appeared in mid-12th-century manuscripts with reference to processional pieces. In the 13th century the conductus was one of three genres that dominated French polyphonic music.

conduit, channel or pipe for conveying water or other fluid or for carrying out certain other purposes, such as protecting electric cables. In water-supply systems the term is usually reserved for covered or closed sections of aqueduct, especially those that transport water under pressure. Large

tunnels and underground excavations: …cut-and-cover tunnels (more correctly called conduits) are built by excavating from the surface, constructing the structure, and then covering with backfill. Tunnels underwater are now commonly built by the use of an immersed tube: long, prefabricated tube sections are floated to the site, sunk in a prepared trench, and covered…

cave: …in the subsurface forms continuous conduits that serve as integrated drains for the rapid movement of underground water. The outlets for the water-carrying conduits often are springs of majestic size. Caves are fragments of such conduit systems, and some of them provide access to active streams. These caves may be…

Eugenius IV was the pope from 1431 to 1447. Formerly an Augustinian monk, he was a cardinal when unanimously elected to succeed Martin V. His pontificate was dominated by his struggle with the Council (1431–37) of Basel, which assembled to effect church reform. When Eugenius sought to dissolve the

joint: Bicondylar joint: The condylar joint is better called bicondylar, for in it two distinct surfaces on one bone articulate with corresponding distinct surfaces on another bone. The two male surfaces are on one and the same bone and are of the same type (ovoid or…

Condylarthra, extinct group of mammals that includes the ancestral forms of later, more-advanced ungulates (hoofed placental mammals). The name Condylarthra was once applied to a formal taxonomic order, but it is now used informally to refer to ungulates of Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene

Condylarthra, extinct group of mammals that includes the ancestral forms of later, more-advanced ungulates (hoofed placental mammals). The name Condylarthra was once applied to a formal taxonomic order, but it is now used informally to refer to ungulates of Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene

wart: Genital warts, or condylomata acuminata, are wartlike growths in the pubic area that are accompanied by itching and discharge.

wart: Genital warts, or condylomata acuminata, are wartlike growths in the pubic area that are accompanied by itching and discharge.

10 Animals With Evolutionary Traits Plucked Straight Out of a Nightmare: Star-Nosed Mole: We’ll finish this unnerving list with what might be the most underrated nightmare-dwelling animal alive. The star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) can be found in wet low areas, typically in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. Its main claim to fame is its…

cone, in mathematics, the surface traced by a moving straight line (the generatrix) that always passes through a fixed point (the vertex). The path, to be definite, is directed by some closed plane curve (the directrix), along which the line always glides. In a right circular cone, the directrix is

Venus: Volcanic features: Enormous numbers of small volcanic cones are distributed throughout the plains. Particularly unusual in appearance are so-called pancake domes, which are typically a few tens of kilometres in diameter and about 1 km (0.6 mile) high and are remarkably circular in shape. Flat-topped and steep-sided, they appear to have…

cone, in botany, mass of scales or bracts, usually ovate in shape, containing the reproductive organs of certain nonflowering plants. The cone, a distinguishing feature of pines and other conifers, is also found on all gymnosperms, on some club mosses, and on

cone, light-sensitive cell (photoreceptor) with a conical projection in the retina of the vertebrate eye, associated with colour vision and perception of fine detail. Shorter and far fewer than the eye’s rods (the other type of retinal light-sensitive cell), cones are less sensitive to low

Old Faithful: …is an example of a cone geyser. Cone geysers are visible on Earth’s surface as mounds of porous deposits of siliceous sinter (geyserite). Cone geysers typically produce steady eruptions lasting several seconds or minutes. The duration of Old Faithful’s eruptions ranges from 1.5 to 5.5 minutes. Billowing steam and 3,700…

cave: Cone and tower karst: This variety of karst landscape occurs mainly in tropical areas. Thick limestones are divided into blocks by a grid of joints and fractures. Solution produces deep rugged gorges along the joints and fractures, dividing the mass of limestone into isolated blocks.…

colour blindness: Types of colour blindness: …of functional cone photopigments) and cone monochromacy (when two of the three cone types are nonfunctional).

cone shell, any of several marine snails of the subclass Prosobranchia (class Gastropoda) constituting the genus Conus and the family Conidae (about 500 species). The shell is typically straight-sided, with a tapering body whorl, low spire, and narrow aperture (the opening into the shell’s first

Cone sisters, American art collectors who assembled an exceptional collection of art. Through their judicious purchase of works of art by artists living in Paris, as well as lesser-known artists in the United States, Claribel Cone (b. Nov. 14, 1864, Jonesboro, Tenn., U.S.—d. Sept. 20, 1929,

diesel engine: Fuel-injection technology: …in the form of a cone spray, with the vapour radiating from the nozzle, rather than in a stream or jet. Very little could be done to diffuse the fuel more thoroughly. Improved mixing had to be accomplished by imparting additional motion to the air, most commonly by induction-produced air…

Cone sisters: Claribel attended the Woman’s Medical College of Baltimore, graduated in 1890, and interned at the Blockley Hospital for the Insane in Philadelphia. After she returned to Baltimore, she took some advanced training at the new Johns Hopkins University Medical School. From 1894 to 1903 she…

Cone sisters: In the 1890s Claribel and Etta together developed an informal salon where musicians, artists, intellectuals, and professional people enjoyed Claribel’s unconventionality and taste in antiques and Etta’s cuisine. Etta, shy and retiring, had pronounced taste in art and, perhaps through contact with Leo and Gertrude Stein, became interested in the…

Fairfax M. Cone was a founder and chairman of Foote, Cone & Belding, and one of the preeminent American advertising executives of the 20th century. Cone’s father was a prospector and mining engineer, and his mother was a schoolteacher. He studied English at the University of California, working as

Fairfax M. Cone was a founder and chairman of Foote, Cone & Belding, and one of the preeminent American advertising executives of the 20th century. Cone’s father was a prospector and mining engineer, and his mother was a schoolteacher. He studied English at the University of California, working as

Fairfax M. Cone was a founder and chairman of Foote, Cone & Belding, and one of the preeminent American advertising executives of the 20th century. Cone’s father was a prospector and mining engineer, and his mother was a schoolteacher. He studied English at the University of California, working as

Venus: Volcanic features: Enormous numbers of small volcanic cones are distributed throughout the plains. Particularly unusual in appearance are so-called pancake domes, which are typically a few tens of kilometres in diameter and about 1 km (0.6 mile) high and are remarkably circular in shape. Flat-topped and steep-sided, they appear to have…

cone-headed grasshopper, (subfamily Conocephalinae), subfamily of katydids characterized by their cone-shaped heads. Typically green- or brown-colored, the insects have long antennae and a slender body about 4 cm (1.6 inches) long. Some may use their strong jaws to bite, if handled. Despite their

heteropteran: Harmful aspects: …the American tropics, occurs through cone nose bugs (Reduviidae), so-called because of the shape of their head. The insect receives trypanosomes when it feeds on the blood of an infected person. The trypanosome passes part of its life cycle in the insect and again becomes infective to humans. Instead of…

coneflower, any of three genera of weedy plants in the family Asteraceae, all native to North America. Some species in each genus have reflexed ray flowers. Purple-flowered perennials of the genus Echinacea, especially E. angustifolia and E. purpurea, often are cultivated as border plants. They

Conegliano, town, Veneto regione, northeastern Italy, near the Piave River, just north of the city of Treviso. It is dominated by a castle with a museum and a cathedral (1352), which has a bell tower (1497) and a fine altarpiece (1493) by the painter Cima da Conegliano, a native of the town. There

Lorenzo Da Ponte was an Italian poet and librettist best known for his collaboration with Mozart. Jewish by birth, Da Ponte was baptized in 1763 and later became a priest; freethinking (expressing doubts about religious doctrine) and his pursuit of an adulterous relationship, however, eventually

proturan, any of a group of about 800 species of minute (0.5 to 2 mm [0.02 to 0.08 inch]), pale, wingless, blind, primitive insects that live in damp humus and soil and feed on decaying organic matter. Proturans, also known as telsontails, include some of the most primitive hexapods (i.e., animals

Dan Aykroyd: Later roles: , in the title role; Coneheads (1993), with Curtin and fellow original SNL cast member Laraine Newman; and Tommy Boy (1995), featuring SNL’s Chris Farley and David Spade. Also in 1995 Aykroyd was in Michael Moore’s Canadian Bacon, starring John Candy and

Johnstown, city, Cambria county, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Conemaugh River and Stony Creek, 76 miles (122 km) east of Pittsburgh. Johnstown is the centre of a metropolitan area comprising more than 60 townships and boroughs. The area was the site of a Shawnee

Conemaugh Series, geochronological division of the Pennsylvanian Period in the United States, which is approximately equivalent to the Late Carboniferous Period (about 318 million to 300 million years ago). It was named for exposures studied along the Conemaugh River in Pennsylvania, and it also

skunk: Some hog-nosed skunks (genus Conepatus) of North America can be larger than striped skunks, but those of Chile and Argentina, such as Humboldt’s hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii), are smaller. Adult Humboldt’s hog-nosed skunks reach 50 to 60 cm (19.7 to 23.6 inches) in length and weigh…

Susquehannock, Iroquoian-speaking North American Indian tribe that traditionally lived in palisaded towns along the Susquehanna River in what are now New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. Little is known of Susquehannock political organization, but they are thought to have been subdivided into

Conestoga wagon, horse-drawn freight wagon that originated during the 18th century in the Conestoga Creek region of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, U.S. Ideally suited for hauling freight over bad roads, the Conestoga wagon had a capacity of up to six tons, a floor curved up at each end to prevent

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.: Background: and Conestoga Wood Specialties Corporation v. Burwell, respectively, following the confirmation of Sylvia Burwell as secretary of health and human services in June 2014. The former case arose in 2012 when David and Barbara Green, their children, and the for-profit corporations they owned—Hobby Lobby, Inc. (an…

pika, (genus Ochotona), small short-legged and virtually tailless egg-shaped mammal found in the mountains of western North America and much of Asia. Despite their small size, body shape, and round ears, pikas are not rodents but the smallest representatives of the lagomorphs, a group otherwise

hyrax, (order Hyracoidea), any of six species of small hoofed mammals (ungulates) native to Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Hyraxes and pikas are sometimes called conies or rock rabbits, but the terms are misleading, as hyraxes are neither lagomorphs nor exclusively rock dwellers. The term

Paul Cadmus: …of Cadmus’s other paintings—such as Coney Island (1934), displayed at New York City’s Whitney Museum of American Art in 1935 and interpreted by Brooklyn, N.Y., realtors as an insult to their neighbourhood—and Cadmus’s contract for a post office mural project was cancelled because of the sardonicism of the scenes he…

Walter Lang: Films of the 1940s: …self-help-school operator (Don Ameche), and Coney Island (1943) was another colourful period musical starring Grable. Set during Prohibition, Greenwich Village (1944) offered Ameche as a classical composer whose music is stolen by a nightclub owner (William Bendix) for his latest show.

Coney Island, amusement and residential area in the southern part of the borough of Brooklyn, New York, U.S., fronting the Atlantic Ocean. Formerly an island, it was known to Dutch settlers as Konijn Eiland (“Rabbit Island”), which was presumably Anglicized as Coney Island. It became part of Long