Numerous nomadic tribes have historically inhabited Central Asia, each with unique origins, cultures, and impacts on the region. Among these are the Xiongnu, a powerful tribal league who threatened China’s northern frontier for centuries. The Scythians, known for their horsemanship and rich culture, established a powerful empire in Crimea. The Huns expanded their empire into central Europe in the 4th century ce. The Yuezhi migrated westward, ending Greek rule in Bactria and contributing to the spread of Buddhism. The Turkic peoples, including the Seljuqs and Oğuz Turks, also migrated into the region, establishing significant empires and influencing the relations between rulers and the ruled. The Mongols, known for their nomadic traditions and military prowess, originated in Mongolia and expanded across vast territories. The Kazakhs, emerging in the 15th century from a mix of Turkic and Mongol tribes, traditionally practiced pastoral nomadism. These groups, among others, shaped Central Asia’s history through migration, warfare, and cultural exchange.