The Mongol Empire significantly impacted Central Asia through widespread transformations. Mongol campaigns led to the destruction of polities such as that of the Khwārezm-Shāh dynasty, but also stimulated the exchange of goods and ideas across Eurasia. Mongol rule facilitated trade and contact between East Asia and Europe during the 13th and 14th centuries, enabling the transmission of material culture in both directions.
The Mongols, originally shamanic tribes from the steppes of Central Asia, formed a confederation under Genghis Khan and expanded into China, Russia, and Islamic territories. Their initial incursions were destructive, but their long-term impact fostered social and political creativity. The Mongol Empire brought significant in-migration and promoted assimilation and cultural exchange.