In November 2022 a Dutch court found three men guilty of murder in the downing of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17: Igor Girkin, a former colonel with the Russian Federal Security Service; Sergey Dubinskiy, a former member of Russia’s GRU; and Leonid Kharchenko, a Ukrainian who headed a Russian-backed separatist unit. The three men, who were tried in absentia, were sentenced to life in prison. The Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization and the European Court of Human Rights ruled separately that Russia was directly responsible for the destruction of MH17.