textile

Introduction
Development of textiles and the textile industry
- From prehistoric times to the 19th century
  - Early textile production
    - Early fabrics
    - Textiles in the Middle Ages
    - Textile industries of France and Germany
    - Textile manufacture in England
    - Textiles in the New World
  - Effects of the Industrial Revolution
- From the 19th century to the present
  - Application of scientific methods
  - The modern textile industry
    - Modern fabrics
    - Quality control
Production of yarn
- Textile fibres
  - Raw materials
  - Factors affecting cost
- Conversion to yarn
  - Treatment of raw fibre
  - Spinning
    - Early spinning methods
    - Modern spinning
    - Reeling and throwing
  - Yarn packages
- Types of yarn
  - Classification based on number of strands
    - Single yarns
    - Ply yarns
    - Cord yarns
  - Novelty yarns
    - Textured yarns
    - Stretch yarns
    - Metallic yarns
  - Classification based on use
    - Fabric construction yarns
    - Yarns used in handwork
    - Sewing thread
  - Measurement systems
    - Indirect systems
    - Denier system
    - Tex system
Production of fabric
- Woven fabrics
  - The weaving process
  - Early development of the loom
    - Two-bar
    - Horizontal frame looms
    - Drawlooms
    - The Jacquard attachment
    - The flying shuttle
    - Power-driven looms
  - Modern looms
  - Basic weaves
    - Plain weave
    - Twill weave
    - Satin weave
  - Complex weaves
    - Multiple plain weave
    - Pile weave
    - Inlaid weave
    - Jacquard weave
    - Dobby weaves
    - Gauze or leno weave
- Knitted fabrics
  - Knitting machines
  - Weft knitting
  - Warp knitting
    - Raschel
    - Tricot
    - Special effects in warp knits
- Other interlaced fabrics
  - Net and lace making
  - Braiding or plaiting
- Noninterlaced fabrics
  - Felt
  - Bonding
  - Laminating
Textile finishing processes
- Basic methods and processes
  - Preparatory treatments
    - Burling and mending
    - Scouring
    - Bleaching
    - Mercerization
    - Drying
  - Finishes enhancing appearance
    - Napping and shearing
    - Brushing
    - Singeing
    - Beetling
    - Decating
    - Tentering, crabbing, and heat-setting
    - Calendering
    - Creping
    - Optical brightening
  - Finishes enhancing tactile qualities
    - Sizing
    - Weighting
    - Fulling
    - Softening
  - Finishes improving performance
    - Shrinkage control
    - Durable press
    - Crease resistance
    - Soil release
    - Antistatic finishes
    - Antibacterial and antifungus finishes
    - Moth-repellent treatments
    - Waterproofing and water repellence
    - Flameproof, fireproof, and fire-resistant finishes
- Dyeing and printing
  - Dyeing
    - Types of dyes
    - Application process
    - Forms in which textiles are dyed
    - Machinery and equipment
  - Printing
    - Block printing
    - Roller printing
    - Screen printing
    - Heat transfer printing
Textile consumption
- Changing uses of fabric in apparel
- Household textiles
- Industrial fabrics
  - Composition products
  - Processing fabrics
  - Direct-use fabrics
- Fabrics for protective clothing

References & Edit History Quick Facts & Related Topics

Images & Videos

S- and Z-twist yarns

diagram of single, ply, and cord yarns

examples of textured yarns

three basic motions of weaving

loom devices and their functions

Jacquard loom engraving, 1874

diagram of a modern handloom

types of weaves

Why does some clothing shrink in the wash?

How are soft and fluffy towels made?

For Students

textiles in a market

textile summary

textile: Facts & Related Content

Written and fact-checked by The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Facts

Related Facts And Data	Verviers - Facts

Photos and Videos

S- and Z-twist yarns

diagram of single, ply, and cord yarns

examples of textured yarns

three basic motions of weaving

loom devices and their functions

Jacquard loom engraving, 1874

diagram of a modern handloom

types of weaves

Javanese batik textile accented with gilding; in the Royal Tropical Institute Museum, Amsterdam.

textiles in a market

Why does some clothing shrink in the wash?

How are soft and fluffy towels made?

Electronic textile development explored

Watch a modern textile mill in Nairobi, Kenya, weave fabrics featuring intricate East African designs

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Topics

cloth floor covering yarn fibre dress sewing machine material culture industry technology construction Verviers - Facts printing furniture aerospace industry glassware pharmaceutical industry chemical industry automotive industry electronics

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Sir Richard Arkwright

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Samuel Slater

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J. P. Stevens

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Francis Cabot Lowell

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Miyazaki Yūzen

Japanese painter

Marble sarcophagus with garlands, ca. A.D. 200-225; Severan period, Roman; in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. (festoon, swag)

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