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Key People

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Arnaud-Michel d’Abbadie
French geographer
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Antoine-Thomson d’Abbadie
French geographer
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Eduard Brückner
Austrian geographer and climatologist
Alexander von Humboldt
Alexander von Humboldt
German explorer and naturalist
Six astronomers, after Gerard Hoet (1692)
Hipparchus
Greek astronomer
Al-Bīrūnī, Afghan commemorative stamp, 1973.
al-Bīrūnī
Persian scholar and scientist
Strabo
Strabo
Greek geographer and historian
How did Ptolemy explain retrograde motion?
Ptolemy
Egyptian astronomer, mathematician, and geographer
Title page of Richard Hakluyt's The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation
Richard Hakluyt
British geographer
Powell, John Wesley
John Wesley Powell
American explorer, geologist, and ethnologist
Halford Mackinder
Halford Mackinder
British political geographer
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Muḥammad al-Idrīsī
Arab geographer
Karl Ernst, Ritter von Baer
Karl Ernst von Baer
Prussian-Estonian embryologist
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al-Masʿūdī
Arab historian
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Leopold, Baron von Buch
German geologist
German scholar Carl Ritter
Carl Ritter
German geographer
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Li Zhizao
Chinese mathematician and astronomer
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Alfred Hettner
German geographer
Friedrich Ratzel
Friedrich Ratzel
German geographer
Heinrich Barth
Heinrich Barth
German geographer and explorer