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Figure 1: Two techniques of representing an object. (A) Perspective drawing, suggesting that the object is cubical. (B) Orthographic top and front views, revealing that the object is not cubical. Figure 2: Orthographic projections of a three-dimensional object onto vertical and horizontal planes. (A) Object located in the first of four quadrants defined by intersecting planes. (B) Result of rotating the horizontal plane into coincidence with the vertical plane. (C) The same object located in the third quadrant. (D) Result of rotating the horizontal plane as in (B), showing exchanged positions of top and front views. Figure 3: Selection of points to be projected in preparing orthographic views (see text). Figure 4: Three objects with identical top and front views. (Top row) Pictorial drawings. (Bottom row) Top, front, and side views, showing how the side views resolve the ambiguity. Figure 5: Use of dashed lines to represent edges hidden in views of a complicated object. Figure 6: Descriptive geometry, principle I (see text). Figure 7: Identification of the hidden edge in third-angle projections of a tetrahedron (see text). Figure 8: Descriptive geometry, principle II (see text). Figure 9: Use of auxiliary view to show true size and shape of an inclined surface (ABCD), which is not correctly represented in the front, top, or side view (see text). computer-aided design
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Also Known As draughting • engineering graphics • engineering drawing

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Figure 1: Two techniques of representing an object. (A) Perspective drawing, suggesting that the object is cubical. (B) Orthographic top and front views, revealing that the object is not cubical.
Figure 2: Orthographic projections of a three-dimensional object onto vertical and horizontal planes. (A) Object located in the first of four quadrants defined by intersecting planes. (B) Result of rotating the horizontal plane into coincidence with the vertical plane. (C) The same object located in the third quadrant. (D) Result of rotating the horizontal plane as in (B), showing exchanged positions of top and front views.
Figure 3: Selection of points to be projected in preparing orthographic views (see text).
Figure 4: Three objects with identical top and front views. (Top row) Pictorial drawings. (Bottom row) Top, front, and side views, showing how the side views resolve the ambiguity.
Figure 5: Use of dashed lines to represent edges hidden in views of a complicated object.
Figure 6: Descriptive geometry, principle I (see text).
Figure 7: Identification of the hidden edge in third-angle projections of a tetrahedron (see text).
Figure 8: Descriptive geometry, principle II (see text).
Figure 9: Use of auxiliary view to show true size and shape of an inclined surface (ABCD), which is not correctly represented in the front, top, or side view (see text).
computer-aided design
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