Thailand

Introduction & Quick Facts
Land
- Relief
- Drainage
- Soils
- Climate
- Plant and animal life
People
- Ethnic groups
  - Thai
  - Mon-Khmer
  - Chinese
  - Malays, upland peoples, and new immigrants
- Languages
  - Tai
  - Mon-Khmer
  - Austronesian
  - Sino-Tibetan and other languages
- Religion
- Settlement patterns
  - Regions
    - North
    - Northeast (Isan)
    - Centre
    - Southern peninsula
    - West
    - Eastern seaboard
  - Rural settlement
  - Urban settlement
- Demographic trends
Economy
- Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
- Resources and power
- Manufacturing
- Finance
- Trade
- Services
- Labour and taxation
- Transportation and telecommunications
Government and society
- Constitutional framework
- Local government
- Justice
- Political process
- Security
- Health and welfare
- Housing
- Education
Cultural life
- Daily life and social customs
  - Changing rural and urban lifestyles
  - Cuisine
- The arts
  - Literature
  - Drama and film
  - Music and dance
  - Visual arts
  - Crafts
- Cultural institutions
- Sports and recreation
- Media and publishing
History
- Early Tai culture
- Mon-Khmer civilizations
- Sukhothai and Lan Na
- The Ayutthayan period, 1351–1767
- The Thon Buri and Early Bangkok periods
  - Thon Buri
  - The early Chakri kings and a resurgent Siam
  - Mongkut and the opening of Siam to the West
  - Chulalongkorn and the foundations of modern Thailand
- The last absolute monarchs of Siam
- The 1932 coup and the creation of a constitutional order
- The Phibunsongkhram dictatorship and World War II
- The postwar crisis and the return of Phibunsongkhram
- Military dictatorship, economic growth, and the reemergence of the monarchy
- The 1973 revolution and its aftermath
- Partial democracy and the search for a new political order
- Attempts to institute populist democracy
  - Thaksin Shinawatra
  - Yellow shirts and red shirts
- Economic and foreign-policy developments

References & Edit History Facts & Stats

Images, Videos & Interactives

From hunter to protector in Thailand's Khao Sok National Park

For Students

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Thailand summary

Thailand: Facts & Stats

Written and fact-checked by The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: Dec 22, 2025

News •

Thailand and Cambodia to resume ceasefire talks after deadly border clashes • Dec. 22, 2025, 11:18 PM ET (AP)

Thailand conference launches international initiative to fight online scams • Dec. 19, 2025, 4:56 AM ET (AP)

Pulitzer Prize-winning correspondent Peter Arnett, who reported on Vietnam and Gulf wars, has died • Dec. 18, 2025, 3:31 PM ET (AP)

Thailand carries out more airstrikes on Cambodia as deadly border conflict flares • Dec. 18, 2025, 10:07 AM ET (AP)

Thailand says Cambodian rocket fire has caused its first civilian death in new border fighting • Dec. 14, 2025, 5:02 AM ET (AP)

Facts

Also Known As	Ratcha Anachak Thai • Siam • Kingdom of Thailand
Head Of Government	Prime Minister: Anutin Charnvirakul
Capital	Bangkok
Population	(2025 est.) 66,220,000
Currency Exchange Rate	1 USD equals 31.904 Thai baht
Head Of State	King Vajiralongkorn
Form Of Government	constitutional monarchy with a 220-member interim legislature¹
Official Language	Thai
Official Religion	none
Official Name	Ratcha Anachak Thai (Kingdom of Thailand)
Total Area (Sq Km)	513,140
Total Area (Sq Mi)	198,124
Monetary Unit	baht (THB)
Population Rank	(2025) 23
Population Projection 2030	65,578,000
Density: Persons Per Sq Mi	(2025) 334.2
Density: Persons Per Sq Km	(2025) 129
Urban-Rural Population	Urban: (2024) 54.3% • Rural: (2024) 45.7%
Life Expectancy At Birth	Male: (2022) 73.6 years • Female: (2022) 80.7 years
Literacy: Percentage Of Population Age 15 And Over Literate	Male: (2022) 86% • Female: (2022) 91%
Gni (U.S.$ ’000,000)	(2023) 515,977
Gni Per Capita (U.S.$)	(2023) 7,200
¹Appointed July 31, 2014, by the ruling council of military leaders.

Photos and Videos

black-collared starling

Ayutthaya, Thailand: Wat Phra Si Sanphet

From hunter to protector in Thailand's Khao Sok National Park

Celebrating Loy Krathong: Thailand's festival of lights

Trek through the Khao Sok National Park in southern Thailand

Celebrating Songkran, Thailand's Water Festival

Experience the vibrant street markets, African elephants, and historic Buddhist temples of Thailand

National anthem of Thailand

Royal anthem of Thailand

See All Videos, Images, Audio and Interactives →

Topics

Chakkri Dynasty history of Southeast Asia League of Nations nation-state ASEAN Thailand-Cambodia Conflict Asian financial crisis Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN Regional Forum Bowring Treaty United States India United Kingdom China Canada Russia Germany Australia Japan France

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