Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008

Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008, multiple terrorist attacks carried out by 10 militants associated with the Pakistan-based Islamic fundamentalist group Lashkar-e-Taiba between November 26 and 29, 2008, in Mumbai (Bombay), Maharashtra, India. The attackers targeted crowded and high-profile locations such as hospitals, hotels, a railway station, and a Jewish outreach center, killing 166 people and injuring about 300. Nine of the 10 attackers were killed by Indian special forces, and one attacker, Ajmal Amir Kasab, was captured alive; he was sentenced to death in 2010 and executed in 2012. (See List of Major Terror Attacks in Delhi and Mumbai.)

Events of November 26–29

The attacks were carried out by 10 gunmen who were believed to be connected to Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based terrorist organization. Armed with assault rifles, pistols, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), and hand grenades, the terrorists targeted civilians at numerous sites in the southern part of Mumbai, including the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) railway station, the popular Leopold Café, two hospitals, and a theater. While most of the attacks ended within a few hours after they began at about 9:30 pm local time on November 26, the attacks continued at three locations where hostages were taken: the Nariman House, where a Jewish outreach center was located, and the luxury hotels Oberoi Trident and Taj Mahal Palace & Tower.

By the time the standoff ended at the Nariman House on the evening of November 28, six hostages as well as two gunmen had been killed. At the two hotels dozens of guests and staff were either trapped by gunfire or held hostage. Indian security forces ended the siege at the Oberoi Trident about midday on November 28 and at the Taj Mahal Palace on the morning of the following day. In all, at least 175 people—including 9 of the 10 militants, 20 security force personnel, and 26 foreign nationals—were killed, and more than 300 people were injured. Kasab, the only militant who survived, was arrested.

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Timeline of attacks

The execution of the attacks showed a high degree of planning. Reports indicate that the 10 attackers received assistance from individuals based in Pakistan and possibly some support from individuals within India. They divided themselves into four teams, one with four members and three with two members each. (All times are in Indian Standard Time.)

• November 21: Ten Lashkar-e-Taiba militants set sail from Karachi, Pakistan, to Mumbai.
• November 23: The militants forcefully board an Indian boat, Kuber, killing all crew except the captain, who is compelled to steer the boat toward Mumbai.

• Evening: About 4 miles (7 km) from the Mumbai coast, the militants kill the captain and head to the city in inflatable dinghies.
• 8:00–9:00 pm: The militants split into teams and disembark at Badhwar Park and Sassoon Docks in southern Mumbai.
• 9:20–10:30 pm: The initial wave of attacks occur. The militants target the CST railway station, a Jewish outreach center in Nariman House, the Leopold Café in Colaba, and the Oberoi Trident hotel complex at Nariman Point, all in southern Mumbai. Two attackers enter the lobby of the Taj Mahal Palace hotel, located near the Gateway of India, and open fire on guests and staff.
• 10:30–11:30 pm: The attacks intensify. Militants Ajmal Amir Kasab and Abu Ismail Khan open fire at the Cama and Albless Hospital near the CST. Gunfire and explosions, possibly from IEDs, in several parts of southern Mumbai are reported. Several Mumbai police officers are killed in the ensuing encounter with Kasab and Khan.

• 12:00–1:00 am: The police capture Kasab, and Khan is killed in the fighting. Sections of the Taj Mahal Palace catch fire. The hotel’s central dome is damaged. Police surround the building while awaiting the Indian Army and special forces.
• 1:00–3:00 am: Indian Army soldiers arrive at the Taj Mahal Palace hotel. Firefighters begin operations to contain the blaze. Police cordon off the Oberoi Trident complex.
• 6:00–11:30 am: National Security Guard (NSG) commandos arrive and begin operations at the Taj Mahal Palace and Oberoi Trident. Many hostages are evacuated from both hotels.
• 4:00–11:30 pm: Heavy fighting continues at the Taj and Oberoi Trident as the NSG commandos engage with the militants. Intermittent explosions at both hotels are reported. Rescue operations at Nariman House begin.

• 7:00–8:00 am: NSG commandos descend onto the roof of Nariman House from a helicopter. The assault intensifies.
• 11:00 am–3:00 pm: The Oberoi Trident siege ends. Remaining hostages are rescued and two militants killed.
• 4:00–10:00 pm: The standoff at Nariman House ends, and the surviving hostages are rescued.

• 6:00–9:00 am: NSG commandos secure the Taj Mahal Palace hotel. The last militants are killed and remaining hostages freed.

The attackers

Amid speculation regarding the identity of the terrorists, an unknown group calling itself Mujahideen Hyderabad Deccan claimed responsibility for the attacks in an email; however, the email was later traced to a computer in Pakistan, and it became obvious that no such group existed. The way the terrorists had reportedly singled out Western foreigners at both of the luxury hotels and at the Nariman House led some to believe that the Islamic militant group al-Qaeda was possibly involved, but this appeared not to be the case after the lone arrested terrorist, Kasab, provided substantial information regarding the planning and execution of the attacks. Kasab, a native of Pakistan’s Punjab province, told investigators that the 10 terrorists underwent prolonged guerrilla-warfare training in the camps of Lashkar-e-Taiba. He further revealed that the team of terrorists had spent time at the headquarters of a second and related organization, Jamaat-ud-Dawa, in the city of Muridke before traveling from Punjab to the port city of Karachi and setting out for Mumbai by sea.

After first traveling aboard a Pakistani-flagged cargo ship, the gunmen hijacked an Indian fishing boat and killed its crew; then, once they were near the Mumbai coast, they used inflatable dinghies to reach Badhwar Park and the Sassoon Docks, near the city’s Gateway of India monument. At that point the terrorists split into small teams and set out for their respective targets. Kasab—who was charged with various crimes, including murder and waging war—later retracted his confession. In April 2009 his trial began, but it experienced several delays, including a stoppage as officials verified that Kasab was older than age 18 and thus could not be tried in a juvenile court. Although he pleaded guilty in July, the trial continued, and in December he recanted, proclaiming his innocence. In May 2010 Kasab was found guilty and sentenced to death; he was executed two years later. In June 2012 Delhi police arrested Sayed Zabiuddin Ansari (or Syed Zabiuddin), who was suspected of being one of those who trained the terrorists and guided them during the attacks. In addition, David C. Headley, a Pakistani American, pleaded guilty in 2011 to helping the terrorists plan the attacks, and in January 2013 he was sentenced in a U.S. federal court to 35 years in prison.

Connections to Pakistan

With evidence pointing to the attacks’ having originated within Pakistan’s territory, India on November 28, 2008, requested the presence of Lieut. Gen. Ahmed Shuja Pasha, director general of Pakistan’s intelligence agency, as its investigation process got underway. Pakistan at first agreed to this request but subsequently backpedaled, offering to send to India a representative for the director general instead of Pasha himself. The immediate impact of the attacks was felt on the ongoing peace process between the two countries. Alleging inaction by Pakistani authorities on terrorist elements, Pranab Mukherjee, India’s external affairs minister, stated, “If they don’t act, then it will not be business as usual.” India later canceled its cricket team’s tour of Pakistan that had been scheduled for January–February 2009.

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India’s attempt at pressuring Pakistan to crack down on terrorists within its borders was strongly supported by the international community. U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and British Prime Minister Gordon Brown toured both India and Pakistan following the attacks in Mumbai. In a flurry of diplomatic activity that was essentially viewed as an exercise in “conflict prevention,” U.S. officials and others urged Pakistan’s civilian government to take action against those suspected of involvement in the attacks. There were concerns that tensions might escalate between the two nuclear-armed neighbors. India, however, refrained from amassing troops at the Pakistan border as it had following the December 13, 2001, attack on the Indian Parliament, which had also been carried out by Pakistan-based militants. Instead, India focused on building international public support through various diplomatic channels and through the media. India made a plea to the UN Security Council for sanctions against Jamaat-ud-Dawa, contending that the group was a front organization for Lashkar-e-Taiba, which had been banned by Pakistan in 2002. Acceding to India’s request, the Security Council imposed sanctions on Jamaat-ud-Dawa on December 11, 2008, and formally declared the group a terrorist organization.

Pakistan claimed to have arrested Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, a senior leader of Lashkar-e-Taiba and the suspected mastermind of the Mumbai attacks, on December 8, 2008. Pakistani security forces carried out raids on Jamaat-ud-Dawa offices across the country. This crackdown, however, lasted only a few days, after which the security cordons that had been placed around Jamaat-ud-Dawa offices were relaxed. Pakistani Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani stated that the activities of Jamaat-ud-Dawa should not be blocked, since “thousands of people are benefiting” from what he described as the group’s “welfare activities.” Pakistan further maintained that India did not provide it with sufficient evidence against a number of suspected terrorists and that any action against these suspects was possible only after such evidence had been provided “through diplomatic channels instead of the media.” Pakistan refused India’s demand that it extradite 20 people for their alleged involvement in several terrorist attacks on Indian territory. During his 2011 trial, however, Headley gave detailed testimony about the involvement of both Lashkar-e-Taiba and the Pakistani intelligence agency in the Mumbai attacks.

Reaction in India

The terrorist attacks in Mumbai exposed loopholes in the security system that India had in place to deal with this “new brand” of terrorism—urban warfare characterized by symbolic attacks, multiple targets, and high casualties. Subsequent reports indicated that several intelligence warnings by Indian as well as U.S. sources had preceded the attacks but that authorities, citing the lack of “actionable intelligence,” had ignored them. Moreover, there was an inordinate delay in the deployment of India’s elite NSG, whose commandos reached the besieged hotels some 10 hours after the first shootings took place on November 26. The lack of coordination between authorities in the Indian capital of New Delhi and officials in Maharashtra state also weakened the immediate crisis response. India’s interior minister, Shivraj Patil, who was widely criticized in the aftermath of the attacks, tendered his resignation on November 30, 2008, declaring that he took “moral responsibility” for the assault.

The November attacks prompted the Indian government to introduce important new institutions as well as legal mechanisms to fight terrorism. On December 17, 2008, the Indian Parliament consented to the creation of the National Investigation Agency, a federal counterterrorism group whose functions would be similar to many of those of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Parliament also approved amendments to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act that incorporated stringent mechanisms to contain and investigate terrorism. Although myriad comparisons were made between the September 11, 2001, attacks in the United States and those that occurred in Mumbai, the latter outbreak of terrorism was of a much more-limited scale, in terms of both casualties and financial implications. The Mumbai attacks did, however, evoke a similarly strong national and international outcry against such violence and renewed calls to increase efforts to deal with the menace of terrorism.

International reactions

• United States: U.S. Pres. George W. Bush called the attackers “brutal and violent” and vowed to aid India with investigations. The United States also dispatched an FBI Rapid Deployment Team to Mumbai to assist with investigations.
• United Kingdom: Calling the attacks “outrageous,” British Prime Minister Gordon Brown pledged to help the Indian government.
• Russia: Russian Pres. Dmitry Medvedev said:

  We are shocked and angry. We unequivocally condemn the horrible terrorist attacks in Mumbai. Inhumane terrorist attacks on hospitals, hotels and other public places aimed at killing civilians and hostage-taking are harmful to the whole civilised society.

• Israel: Several Israeli citizens died in the attack on Nariman House. Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni condemned the attacks and called for greater global cooperation against terrorism. Israel offered India military assistance during the siege, which was rejected by the Indian government.
• United Nations: The UN Security Council issued a statement on November 28 condemning the attacks. It read:

  The members of the Security Council reiterated that all acts of terrorism are criminal and unjustifiable, regardless of their motivation, and reaffirmed the need to combat by all means, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts.