Religious Beliefs, LOG-MIN
Our religious beliefs can affect our lifestyle, our perceptions, and our way of relating to fellow human beings. Is there a higher power (or powers) that governs the universe and judges all of us? Does committing a mortal sin mean the death of a soul, or is there a chance for forgiveness? The answers to such questions differ widely across different religions.
Religious Beliefs Encyclopedia Articles By Title
logia, (Greek: “sayings,” “words,” or “discourses”), hypothetical collection, either written or oral, of the sayings......
logos, in ancient Greek philosophy and early Christian theology, the divine reason implicit in the cosmos, ordering......
loka, in the cosmography of Hinduism, the universe or any particular division of it. The most common division of......
long, in Chinese mythology, a type of majestic beast that dwells in rivers, lakes, and oceans and roams the skies.......
Lord’s Prayer, Christian prayer that, according to tradition, was taught by Jesus to his disciples. It appears......
lud, among the Votyaks and Zyryans, a sacred grove where sacrifices were performed. The lud, surrounded by a high......
Lugnasad, Celtic religious festival celebrated August 1 as the feast of the marriage of the god Lugus; this was......
lunar deity, any god or goddess related to or associated with the moon and its cycles. See moon...
Lunar New Year, festival typically celebrated in China and other Asian countries that begins with the first new......
Lupercalia, ancient Roman festival that was conducted annually on February 15 under the superintendence of a corporation......
lustration, (from Latin lustratio, “purification by sacrifice”), any of various processes in ancient Greece and......
Lutheranism, branch of Christianity that traces its interpretation of the Christian religion to the teachings of......
lwa, the primary spirits of Vodou. They are akin to the orishas of Yoruba religion and of similar Afro-Caribbean......
lélek, in Finno-Ugric religion, the vital principle of the human body. Despite its literal meaning, the term does......
Līgo feast, in Baltic religion, the major celebration honouring the sun goddess, Saule...
maa-alused, in Estonian folk religion, mysterious elflike small folk living under the earth. Corresponding to these......
maarib, (“who brings on twilight”), Jewish evening prayers recited after sunset; the name derives from one of the......
Macedonianism, a 4th-century Christian heresy that denied the full personhood and divinity of the Holy Spirit.......
Macumba, Afro-Brazilian religion that is characterized by a marked syncretism of traditional African religions,......
madrasah, institution of higher education in the Islamic sciences (ʿulūm; singular, ʿilm). In Arabic-speaking countries,......
maenad, female follower of the Greek god of wine, Dionysus. The word maenad comes from the Greek maenades, meaning......
maggid, any of the many itinerant Jewish preachers who flourished especially in Poland and Russia during the 17th......
magic, a concept used to describe a mode of rationality or way of thinking that looks to invisible forces to influence......
magic square, square matrix often divided into cells, filled with numbers or letters in particular arrangements......
magician, one who practices magic, sometimes considered the same as a sorcerer or witch. Conjurers are also sometimes......
magus, member of an ancient Persian clan specializing in cultic activities. The name is the Latinized form of magoi......
Maha Shivaratri, the most important sectarian festival of the year for devotees of the Hindu god Shiva. The 14th......
mahamudra, in Vajrayana (Tantric) Buddhism, the final goal, the union of all apparent dualities. Mudra, in addition......
mahasiddha, in the Tantric, or esoteric, traditions of India and Tibet, a person who, by the practice of meditative......
mahdī, in Islamic eschatology, a messianic deliverer who will fill earth with justice and equity, restore true......
mahzor, originally a Jewish prayer book arranged according to liturgical chronology and used throughout the entire......
mahāpuruṣa, in Hindu, Jaina, and Buddhist belief, an individual of extraordinary destiny, distinguished by certain......
maitrī, (Sanskrit), in Buddhism, the perfect virtue of sympathy. See...
major figures in Roman mythology, the significant characters—including gods and goddesses as well as heroes and......
Makar Sankranti, Hindu festival in January celebrating the entrance of the Sun into the astrological sign of makara......
maktab, (Arabic: “school”), Muslim elementary school. Until the 20th century, boys were instructed in Qurʾān recitation,......
mammon, biblical term for riches, often used to describe the debasing influence of material wealth. The term was......
mana, among Melanesian and Polynesian peoples, a supernatural force or power that may be ascribed to persons, spirits,......
mandala, in Hindu and Buddhist Tantrism, a symbolic diagram used in the performance of sacred rites and as an instrument......
mandorla, (Italian: “almond”), in religious art, almond-shaped aureole of light surrounding the entire figure of......
mandyas, long, full, purple or blue cloak worn as a processional garment by bishops and some other dignitaries......
mangal-kavya, a type of eulogistic verse in honour of a popular god or goddess in Bengal (India). The poems are......
maniple, a liturgical vestment of limited use in Roman Catholicism consisting of a narrow silk band worn over the......
manitou, among Algonquian-speaking peoples of North America, the spiritual power inherent in the world generally.......
manticore, a legendary animal having the head of a man (often with horns), the body of a lion, and the tail of......
mantra, in Asian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, a sacred utterance (syllable, word, or verse) that is considered......
Manu-smriti, traditionally the most authoritative of the books of the Hindu code (Dharma-shastra) in India. Manu-smriti......
mappō, in Japanese Buddhism, the age of the degeneration of the Buddha’s law, which some believe to be the current......
maqām, (Arabic: “place of residence”), a spiritual stage that periodically marks the long path followed by Muslim......
marabout, originally, in North Africa, member of a Muslim religious community living in a ribāṭ, a fortified monastery,......
Mardi Gras, festive day celebrated in France on Shrove Tuesday (the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday), which marks......
marga, in Indian religions, a path toward, or way of reaching, salvation. The epic Bhagavadgita (or Gita) describes......
Marian apparitions are supernatural events in which the Virgin Mary (the mother of Jesus) is alleged to have appeared......
Mariology, in Christian, especially Roman Catholic, theology, the study of doctrines concerning Mary, the mother......
Marrano, in Spanish history, a Jew who converted to the Christian faith to escape persecution but who continued......
martyr, one who voluntarily suffers death rather than deny their religion by words or deeds; such action is afforded......
mass, the central act of worship of the Roman Catholic Church, which culminates in celebration of the sacrament......
matha, in Hinduism, any monastic establishment of world renouncers or sannyasis. The first mathas were founded......
Matronalia, in Roman religion, ancient festival of Juno, the birth goddess, celebrated annually by Roman matrons......
matsuri, (Japanese: “festival”), in general, any of a wide variety of civil and religious ceremonies in Japan;......
matzeva, a stone pillar erected on elevated ground beside a sacrificial altar. It was considered sacred to the......
Maundy Thursday, the Thursday before Easter, observed in commemoration of Jesus Christ’s institution of the Eucharist......
mawlid, in Islam, the birthday of a holy figure, especially the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad (Mawlid al-Nabī).......
maya, a fundamental concept in Hindu philosophy, notably in the Advaita (Nondualist) school of Vedanta. Maya originally......
Maya calendar, dating system of the ancient Maya civilization and the basis for all other calendars used by Mesoamerican......
Mazdakism, dualistic religion that rose to prominence in the late 5th century in Iran from obscure origins. According......
maʿamadot, (Hebrew: “stands,” or “posts”), 24 groups of Jewish laymen that witnessed, by turns of one week each,......
maʿrifa, in Islam, the mystical knowledge of God or the “higher realities” that is the ultimate goal of followers......
medicine man, member of an indigenous society who is knowledgeable about the magical and chemical potencies of......
medicine society, in popular literature, any of various complex healing societies and rituals of many American......
meditation, private devotion or mental exercise encompassing various techniques of concentration, contemplation,......
medium, in occultism, a person reputedly able to make contact with the world of spirits, especially while in a......
megachurch, any Protestant church with a large congregation, typically defined as drawing at least 2,000 attendees......
megalith, huge, often undressed stone used in various types of Neolithic (New Stone Age) and Early Bronze Age monuments.......
Melchizedek priesthood, in the Mormon church (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), the higher of the two......
menat, in Egyptian religion, a necklace composed of many rows of beads and an amulet, usually hung at the back......
mendicant, member of any of several Roman Catholic religious orders who assumes a vow of poverty and supports himself......
menhir, megalithic monument erected singly or in formations. See...
menorah, multibranched candelabra, used in the religious rituals of Judaism, that has been an important symbol......
mer, among the Cheremis and Udmurts (also called Votyaks), a district where people would gather periodically to......
Merkava, the throne, or “chariot,” of God as described by the prophet Ezekiel (Ezekiel 1); it became an object......
mermaid, a fabled marine creature with the head and upper body of a human being and the tail of a fish. Similar......
On December 25 most of the world’s two billion Christians will observe Christmas, the festival commemorating the......
Mesopotamian mythology, the myths, epics, hymns, lamentations, penitential psalms, incantations, wisdom literature,......
Mesopotamian religion, beliefs and practices of the Sumerians and Akkadians, and their successors, the Babylonians......
messiah, (from Hebrew mashiaḥ, “anointed”), in Judaism, the expected king of the Davidic line (e.g. a descendant......
Methodism, 18th-century movement founded by John Wesley that sought to reform the Church of England from within.......
metropolitan, in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Anglican churches, the head of an ecclesiastical province.......
mezuzah, small folded or rolled parchment inscribed by a qualified calligraphist with scriptural verses (Deuteronomy......
Mi-Sinai tune, in the music of the Ashkenazic (Yiddish-vernacular) Jews, any of a group of melodically fixed chants......
Michaelmas, Christian feast of St. Michael the Archangel, celebrated in the Western churches on September 29. Given......
Middle Eastern religion, any of the religious beliefs, attitudes, and practices developed in the ancient Middle......
Middle Way, in Buddhism, complement of general and specific ethical practices and philosophical views that are......
middot, (Hebrew: “measure,” or “norms”), in Jewish hermeneutics or biblical interpretation, methods or principles......
Midsummer, a holiday celebrating the traditional midpoint of the harvest season and the summer solstice (June 20......
mikvah, (“collection [of water]”), in Judaism, a pool of natural water in which one bathes for the restoration......
Milesians, in Irish mythical history, name for the people who drove the race of gods, the Tuatha Dé Danann, below......
millennialism, the belief, expressed in the book of Revelation to John, the last book of the New Testament, that......
millet, (Turkish: “religious community,” or “people”), according to the Qurʾān, the religion professed by Abraham......
mingqi, funerary furniture or objects placed in Chinese tombs to provide the deceased with the same material environment......