The Modern World, TIT-WAR
This general category includes a selection of more specific topics.
The Modern World Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Josip Broz Tito was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman. He was secretary-general (later president) of the Communist......
Bombing of Tokyo, (March 9–10, 1945), firebombing raid (codenamed “Operation Meetinghouse”) by the United States......
Ton Duc Thang was a Communist leader who succeeded Ho Chi Minh as president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam......
Battle of Tora Bora, (December 3–17, 2001), a U.S.-led coalition attack on the cave complex of the White Mountains......
treaty, a binding formal agreement, contract, or other written instrument that establishes obligations between......
Treblinka, major Nazi German concentration camp and extermination camp, located near the village of Treblinka,......
Hugh Montague Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard was a British officer and air marshal who helped lay the foundations......
Andries Treurnicht was a South African politician. A preacher in the Dutch Reformed Church (1946–60), he later......
Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton was a British historian and scholar noted for his works on aspects of......
Treaty of Trianon, (1920), treaty concluding World War I and signed by representatives of Hungary on one side and......
Tripartite Pact, agreement concluded by Germany, Italy, and Japan on September 27, 1940, one year after the start......
Leon Trotsky was a communist theorist and agitator, a leader in Russia’s October Revolution in 1917, and later......
Truman Doctrine, pronouncement by U.S. Pres. Harry S. Truman declaring immediate economic and military aid to the......
Harry S. Truman was the 33rd president of the United States (1945–53), who led his country through the final stages......
Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South Africa (TRC), courtlike body established by the new South African government......
Tsar Bomba, Soviet thermonuclear bomb that was detonated in a test over Novaya Zemlya island in the Arctic Ocean......
Barbara Tuchman was an author who was one of the foremost American popular historians in the second half of the......
Mikhail Tukhachevsky was a Soviet military chief responsible for the modernization of the Red Army prior to World......
Tunisia, country of North Africa. Tunisia’s accessible Mediterranean Sea coastline and strategic location have......
- Introduction
- Arabic, French, Berber
- Oil, Phosphates, Tourism
- Constitution, Politics, Society
- Culture, Cuisine, Traditions
- Ancient, Roman, Arab
- French Protectorate, Colonialism, Independence
- Domestic Development, Reforms, Economy
- Jasmine Revolution, Arab Spring, Democracy
- Unity, Government, Revolution
Grigory Ivanovich Tunkin was a Soviet legal scholar and diplomat who played a major role in formulating Soviet......
Alan Turing was a British mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematics, cryptanalysis,......
Turkey, also called Türkiye, country that occupies a unique geographic position, lying partly in Asia and partly......
- Introduction
- The central massif
- Urbanization, Migration, Diversity
- Population, Migration, Ageing
- Constitution, Government, Politics
- Culture, Cuisine, Religion
- Marriage, Family, Customs
- Ottoman Empire, Geography, Culture
- Republic, Mustafa Kemal, 1923
- Kemalist, Policies, Reforms
- Military Coup, 1960, Politics
- Politics, 70s-90s, Reforms
- Kurdish Conflict, Ethnicity, Borders
- AKP, 21st Century, Politics
- Erdogan, AKP, Resistance
- NATO, EU, Middle East
- Russia, Regional Affairs, Erdogan
Turkmenistan, landlocked country of Central Asia. It is the second largest state in Central Asia, after Kazakhstan,......
Tuskegee Airmen, black servicemen of the U.S. Army Air Forces who trained at Tuskegee Army Air Field in Alabama......
Desmond Tutu was a South African Anglican cleric who in 1984 received the Nobel Prize for Peace for his role in......
Phạm Tuân is a Vietnamese pilot and cosmonaut, the first Vietnamese citizen in space. Tuân joined the Vietnam People’s......
Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, (Feb. 14–25, 1956), event notable as the first stage......
Nathan F. Twining was a U.S. Air Force officer who played a large part in directing the air war against Japan during......
During World War II, Allied forces employed a variety of landing craft—relatively small naval vessels used primarily......
Typhoon, British fighter and ground-attack aircraft used in the latter half of World War II. Conceived as a replacement......
Tōjō Hideki was a soldier and statesman who was the prime minister of Japan (1941–44) during most of the Pacific......
U-2 Incident, (1960), confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union that began with the shooting......
U-boat, (“undersea boat”), a German submarine. The destruction of enemy shipping by German U-boats was a spectacular......
ARCHIVED TOPIC: This topic was archived on Dec. 31, 2011 and will no longer be updated. On March 20, 2003, a U.S.-led......
Ugaki Kazushige was a Japanese soldier-statesman, who in the years before World War II headed the so-called Control......
Ukraine, country located in eastern Europe, the second largest on the continent after Russia. The capital is Kyiv,......
- Introduction
- Soils, Climate, Agriculture
- Forests, Steppes, Fauna
- Ethnicity, Religion, Language
- Russian, Ukrainian, Yiddish
- Agriculture, Industry, Trade
- Resources, Power, Economy
- Economy, Banking, Currency
- Politics, Constitution, Autonomy
- Politics, Independence, Reforms
- Health, Welfare, Reforms
- Culture, Traditions, Cuisine
- Art, Music, Theater
- Folk, Choral, Instrumental
- Cultural Institutions
- Soviet Union, Independence, Revolution
- Lithuanian, Polish, Rule
- Cossacks, Steppe, Black Sea
- Autonomous Hetman, Sloboda Ukraine
- Imperial Rule, Cossacks, Hetmanate
- Habsburg Monarchy, Western Ukraine, Galicia
- Bukovina, Carpathians, Culture
- WWI, Independence, Revolution
- Interwar, Soviet Union, Independence
- Holodomor, Famine, 1932-33
- Polish Rule, Galicia, Habsburgs
- Transcarpathia, Czechoslovakia, History
- Nazi Occupation, Soviet, Genocide
- Soviet Union, Postwar, Independence
- Shelest Rule, Soviet Union, Independence
- Soviet Rule, Independence, Revolution
- Independence, Sovereignty, Reforms
- Parliamentary Democracy
- Culture, History, Politics
- Economic Struggles, Reforms, Crisis
- Kuchma, Reforms, Independence
- Orange Revolution, Yushchenko, Presidency
- Maidan, Protest, Revolution
- Crimea, Eastern Ukraine, Conflict
- Poroshenko, Administration, Reforms
- Russian Invasion, Crimea, Conflict
Ultra, Allied intelligence project that tapped the very highest level of encrypted communications of the German......
Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), was the paramilitary wing of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1961 until 1993.......
Uncle Sam, popular symbol for the United States, usually associated with a cartoon figure having long white hair......
unemployment, the condition of one who is capable of working, actively seeking work, but unable to find any work.......
national flag consisting of a red field with a crossed gold hammer and sickle in the upper hoist corner and beneath......
United Arab Emirates, federation of seven emirates along the eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Abu Dhabi,......
United Front, in modern Chinese history, either of two coalitions between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and......
United Kingdom, island country located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe. The United Kingdom comprises......
- Introduction
- Highlands, Islands, Geography
- Lowlands, England, Wales
- Flora, Fauna, Ecosystems
- Christianity, Islam, Judaism
- Urbanization, Cities, Towns
- Economy, Trade, Manufacturing
- Trade, Manufacturing, Services
- Local Gov, Devolved Regions, Councils
- Health, Welfare, Care
- Universities, Colleges, Education
- Sports, Recreation, Culture
- Ancient History, Celts, Romans
- Roman Britain, Celts, Anglo-Saxons
- Roman Society, Culture, History
- Anglo-Saxon, England, History
- Heptarchy, Kingdoms, Unification
- Scandinavian Invasions, Britain, Anglo-Saxons
- Church, Monastic, Revival
- Normans, 1066-1154, Monarchy
- Monarchy, Succession, William I
- Early Plantagenets, Monarchy, Sovereignty
- John, 1199-1216, Monarchy
- Henry III, 1216-72, Monarchy
- Edward I, Magna Carta, Parliament
- Industrialization, Immigration, Devolution
- Edward III, Monarchy, Reformation
- Richard II, Monarchy, Parliament
- Lancaster, York, History
- Wars of Roses, Dynastic Conflict, Plantagenets
- 15th Century, England, Politics
- Dynastic, Threats, Wars
- Henry VIII, Tudor, Reformation
- Reformation, Henry VIII, Church of England
- Edward VI (1547–53)
- Elizabethan, Society, Monarchy
- Spanish Armada, Elizabeth I, Reformation
- Stuart Monarchy, Commonwealth, Civil War
- Monarchy, Union, Parliament
- Charles I, Civil War, Restoration
- The Long Parliament
- Commonwealth, Protectorate, Monarchy
- Monarchy, Revolution, Union
- Revolution, 1688, Glorious
- Anne, Union, Sovereignty
- 18th-century Britain, 1714–1815
- Walpole, Politics, Reforms
- Industrialization, Reforms, Monarchy
- Britain from 1754 to 1783
- William Pitt, Prime Minister, Reforms
- The Napoleonic Wars
- Early and mid-Victorian Britain
- Gladstone, Disraeli, Politics
- Cultural change
- Late Victorian Britain
- The return of the Liberals
- Industrialization, WWI, WWII
- Baldwin, Abdication, Crisis
- Post-WWII, Brexit, Monarchy
- Thatcher, Politics, Economy
- Blair, Politics, Devolution
- Conservative, Liberal, Coalition
- The “Brexit” referendum
- Society, state, and economy
- Family, Gender, Society
- Monarchs, Royalty, History
United Nations (UN), international organization established on October 24, 1945. The United Nations (UN) was the......
- Introduction
- International, Peacekeeping, Security
- Organs, Security Council, General Assembly
- Global Issues, Reforms, Solutions
- Subsidiary Organs
- Peacekeeping, Diplomacy, Development
- Peacekeeping, Peacemaking, Peacebuilding
- Arms Control, Disarmament, Peace
- Economic Welfare, Cooperation, Global Issues
- Social Welfare, Cooperation, Global Issues
- Human Rights, Global Peace, International Law
- Climate Change, Pollution, Sustainability
- Global Peace, Security, Cooperation
- Secretaries General
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), administrative body (1943–47) for an extensive......
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), subsidiary agency created......
United States, country in North America, a federal republic of 50 states. Besides the 48 conterminous states that......
- Introduction
- Appalachians, Geology, Ecology
- The Western Cordillera
- Climate, Regions, Seasons
- The Dry West
- Settlement Patterns
- Automobile, Congestion, Pollution
- Urbanization, Diversity, Culture
- Regions, Culture, Geography
- Southern Culture, History, Economy
- Culture Areas, Migration, Diversity
- Diversity, Immigration, Culture
- Indigenous Tribes, Culture, History
- Economy, Diversity, Power
- Railroads, Highways, Airports
- Executive Branch, Government, Constitution
- Federalism, Local Laws, Elections
- Political parties
- Diversity, Culture, Society
- Postmodernism, Visual Arts, Culture
- Film Industry, Hollywood, Movies
- Popular music
- Colonization, Revolution, Constitution
- New England, Colonies, Puritans
- Imperial organization
- Cultural, Religious, Development
- Native Resistance, Assimilation, Sovereignty
- Constitutional Differences, Sovereignty, Federalism
- Revolution, Colonies, War
- Founding Fathers, Constitution, Democracy
- Constitution, Framers, Ratification
- Revivalism, Sects, Denominations
- Jeffersonian Republicans, Democracy, Federalism
- Expansion, Industrialization, Reforms
- Industrialization, Manufacturing, Economy
- Jacksonian Democracy, Political Reforms, Expansion
- Reform, Politics, Economy
- Abolitionism, Slavery, Emancipation
- Civil War, Secession, Reconstruction
- Popular Sovereignty, Democracy, Federalism
- Secession, Civil War, Politics
- Civil War, Battles, Union
- Reconstruction, New South, Industrialization
- Civil Rights, Legislation, Equality
- Jim Crow, Segregation, Discrimination
- Industrialization, Economy, Growth
- Haymarket Riot, Labor Unrest, Anarchism
- Garfield, Arthur, Presidents
- Sherman Antitrust, Competition, Monopoly
- Populism, Farmers, Reforms
- Expansion, Democracy, Diversity
- Reforms, Immigration, Industrialization
- Progressive Movement, Roosevelt, Reforms
- World Power, Expansion, Industrialization
- WWI, Allies, Neutrality
- Great Depression, WWII, New Deal
- Great Depression, Economic Crisis, 1930s
- New Deal, Supreme Court, Reforms
- WWII, Allies, Axis
- 1944 Election, FDR, Truman
- Red Scare, McCarthyism, Cold War
- Cold War, Economy, Politics
- Kennedy, Johnson, Cold War
- Civil Rights, Equality, Activism
- Watergate, Vietnam War, Stagflation
- Gerald Ford, Presidency, Domestic Policy
- Economic Growth, Immigration, Politics
- Democracy, Economy, Culture
- Obama, Presidency, Reforms
- Midterm Elections, 2010, Politics
- Occupy Wall St, Iraq Withdrawal, Economic Recovery
- The Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
- Ferguson, Freddie Gray, Charleston
- Trump Presidency, Policies, America
- The travel ban
- The indictment of Paul Manafort, the guilty pleas of Michael Flynn and George Papadopoulos, and indictments of Russian intelligence officers
- Presidents, Elections, History
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, museum and memorial to the Holocaust, located in Washington, D.C., U.S.......
United States presidential election of 1932, American presidential election held on November 8, 1932, in which......
UNSCOM (United Nations Special Commission), United Nations inspection agency established in April 1991 in the wake......
Uruguay, country located on the southeastern coast of South America. The second smallest country on the continent,......
USS Arizona, U.S. battleship that sank during the Japanese attack on the naval base at Pearl Harbor, Oahu island,......
USS Indianapolis, U.S. Navy heavy cruiser that was sunk by a Japanese submarine on July 30, 1945, shortly after......
Ustaša, Croatian fascist movement that nominally ruled the Independent State of Croatia during World War II. In......
Dmitry Fedorovich Ustinov was a Soviet military and political figure who was minister of defense from 1976 to 1984.......
Utah Beach, the westernmost beach of the five landing areas of the Normandy Invasion of World War II. It was assaulted......
Uzbekistan, landlocked country in Central Asia. It lies mainly between two major rivers, the Syr Darya (ancient......
V-2 rocket, German ballistic missile of World War II, the forerunner of modern space rockets and long-range missiles.......
James Alward Van Fleet was a U.S. military officer who was a division and corps commander during crucial World......
Cyrus Vance was an American lawyer and public official who was secretary of state from 1977 to 1980 during the......
Venezuela, country located at the northern end of South America. It occupies a roughly triangular area that is......
- Introduction
- Rivers, Lakes, Coastline
- Immigration, Ethnicity, Diversity
- Oil, Agriculture, Manufacturing
- Services, Infrastructure, Economy
- Education, Literacy, Schools
- Sports, Recreation, Culture
- Independence, Revolution, Bolívar
- Andes, Geography, Climate
- Hugo Chavez, Politics, Economy
- The presidency of Nicolás Maduro
Eleuthérios Venizélos was the prime minister of Greece (1910–15, 1917–20, 1924, 1928–32, 1933), the most prominent......
Battle of Verdun, (February 21–December 18, 1916), World War I engagement in which the French repulsed a major......
Treaty of Versailles, peace document signed at the end of World War I by the Allied and associated powers and by......
Hendrik Verwoerd was a South African professor, editor, and statesman who, as prime minister (1958–66), rigorously......
Vichy France, (July 1940–September 1944), France under the regime of Marshal Philippe Pétain from the Nazi German......
Victoria was the queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1837–1901) and empress of India (1876–1901).......
Victorian architecture, building style of the Gothic Revival that marks the movement from a sentimental phase to......
Victorian era, in British history, the period between approximately 1820 and 1914, corresponding roughly but not......
Viet Cong (VC), the guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam......
Vietnam, country occupying the eastern portion of mainland Southeast Asia. Tribal Viets inhabiting the Red River......
- Introduction
- Monsoon, Tropical, Humid
- Ethnic Groups
- Rice, Aquaculture, Forestry
- Politics, Economy, Society
- Health, Welfare, Poverty
- Sports, Recreation, Culture
- Chinese Rule, Dynasties, History
- Tran Dynasty, Expansion, Confucianism
- French Colonization, Indochina, Unification
- Colonialism, Resistance, Unification
- WWII, Independence, Conflict
- French Colonialism, War, Divided Nation
- Economic Reforms, Conflict, Growth
Vietnam Veterans Memorial, national monument in Washington, D.C., honoring members of the U.S. armed forces who......
Vietnam War, (1954–75), a protracted conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies......
- Introduction
- French Rule, Division, Conflict
- Diem Regime, Viet Cong, Conflict
- Conflict, US Involvement, Outcome
- Conflict, US Involvement, Aftermath
- Gulf of Tonkin, US-Vietnam, Conflict
- US Involvement, Conflict, Outcome
- Guerilla Tactics, Air Power, Casualties
- Tet Offensive, Homefront Impact, US Defeat
- De-escalation, Negotiation, Vietnamization
- Negotiation, Withdrawal, Conflict
- Fall, Saigon, US Withdrawal
On January 27, 1973, the Paris Peace Accords were signed, officially bringing to an end the American war in Vietnam.......
The Vietnam War was one of the most complex and controversial conflicts of the 20th century. Here’s a timeline......
Battle of Vittorio Veneto, decisive Italian victory and the final offensive launched on the Italian Front during......
Andrey Andreyevich Vlasov was an anti-Stalinist military commander who, captured by the Germans early in World......
Vo Chi Cong was a strongly anti-French Communist revolutionary who was among the earliest fighters for Vietnam’s......
Vo Nguyen Giap was a Vietnamese military and political leader whose perfection of guerrilla as well as conventional......
Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov was a military and political leader of the Soviet Union who served as head of state......
Rudolf Vrba was a Slovak Jewish biochemist, one of five Jewish prisoners to ever escape Auschwitz, the most lethal......
Vught, small German Nazi concentration camp near the town of Vught, 2 miles (3 km) south of the city of Hertogenbosch,......
Andrey Vyshinsky was a Soviet statesman, diplomat, and lawyer who was the chief prosecutor during the Great Purge......
Wagner Act, the most important piece of labour legislation enacted in the United States in the 20th century. Its......
Jonathan M. Wainwright was a U.S. Army general who won distinction as the hero of Bataan and Corregidor in the......
Battle of Wake Island, (December 8–23, 1941), during World War II, battle for Wake Island, an atoll consisting......
Waldheim affair, controversy concerning the military record of former Austrian diplomat and statesman Kurt Waldheim......
Walton H. Walker was an American army officer, commander of the U.S. Eighth Army during the difficult opening months......
Jim Wallis is an American Evangelical pastor and social activist who was the founder and editor in chief of Sojourners......
Wang Ching-wei was an associate of the revolutionary Nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen, rival of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang......
Wannsee Conference, meeting of Nazi officials on January 20, 1942, in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee to plan the......
war, in the popular sense, a conflict between political groups involving hostilities of considerable duration and......
War of Attrition, inconclusive war (1969–70) chiefly between Egypt and Israel. The conflict, launched by Egypt,......
War Refugee Board (WRB), United States agency established January 22, 1944, to attempt to rescue victims of the......
War Resisters’ International (WRI), an international secular pacifist organization with headquarters in London......
Warsaw Ghetto, 840-acre (340-hectare) area of Warsaw that consisted of the city’s old Jewish quarter. During the......
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, resistance by Polish Jews under Nazi occupation in 1943 to the deportations from Warsaw......
Warsaw Pact, (May 14, 1955–July 1, 1991) treaty establishing a mutual-defense organization (Warsaw Treaty Organization)......
Warsaw Uprising, (August-October 1944), insurrection in Warsaw during World War II by which Poles unsuccessfully......