Law, Crime & Punishment, TEN-UNI
This general category includes a selection of more specific topics.
Law, Crime & Punishment Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Dinanath Gopal Tendulkar first published his eight-volume biography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Mahatma, in......
Tennis Court Oath, (June 20, 1789), dramatic act of defiance by representatives of the nonprivileged classes of......
Tenth Amendment, amendment (1791) to the Constitution of the United States, part of the Bill of Rights, providing......
Tenure of Office Act, (March 2, 1867), in the post-Civil War period of U.S. history, law forbidding the president......
territorial waters, in international law, that area of the sea immediately adjacent to the shores of a state and......
terrorism, the calculated use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring......
Terrorism Confinement Center (CECOT), maximum-security mega-prison located in Tecoluca, El Salvador. Officially......
Terry v. Ohio, U.S. Supreme Court decision, issued on June 10, 1968, which held that police encounters known as......
test act, in England, Scotland, and Ireland, any law that made a person’s eligibility for public office depend......
Texas v. Johnson, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (5–4) on June 21, 1989, that the burning of......
Texas v. White, (1869), U.S. Supreme Court case in which it was held that the United States is “an indestructible......
On September 17, 1787, the United States Constitution—the oldest written constitution still in effect today—was......
Fifty years ago, on August 11, 1965, a heated encounter between a white California Highway Patrol officer and an......
The exiled communist theorist and revolutionary Leon Trotsky was attacked by a Soviet agent in Coyoacán, Mexico,......
In 1822 and 1823 hundreds of people departed England and Scotland on voyages to the promising new country of Poyais.......
When we think about pirates, there is a nearly universal image that comes to mind, which has been perpetuated throughout......
One of history’s darkest chapters, the Holocaust was the systematic killing of six million Jewish men, women, and......
The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a court of last resort that was created to investigate and prosecute......
In 1432 the Flemish painter Jan van Eyck—with help from his brother Hubert—completed his masterpiece, Adoration......
In the long history of the relationship between Native Americans and the European settlers and their descendents......
The history of the United States would not be the same without George Washington. During the American Revolution......
The “Summer of Love” in the United States took place alongside rising racial tensions in many of the country’s......
The trove of documents was astonishing. A deed was the first to emerge—a dull legal agreement made nearly 200 years......
In the 1st century BCE the Mediterranean Sea had a crime problem. Specifically, it had a pirate problem. The rugged......
In 2014 a shocking news story emerged from western Ireland. Human remains, appearing to be those of infants and......
theft, in law, a general term covering a variety of specific types of stealing, including the crimes of larceny,......
Riots are in the news more than anyone would like to admit, and they have been since before there ever was a United......
In psychological terms, crowds are aggregations of individuals whose self-awareness and independence of action......
Thesavalamai, traditional law of the Tamil country of northern Sri Lanka, codified under Dutch colonial rule in......
thing, in medieval Scandinavia, the local, provincial, and, in Iceland, national assemblies of freemen that formed......
Third Amendment, amendment (1791) to the Constitution of the United States, part of the Bill of Rights, that prohibits......
Thirteenth Amendment, amendment (1865) to the Constitution of the United States that formally abolished slavery.......
Thomson Corporation, Canadian publishing and information services company. Its specialty reporting covers the fields......
Three-fifths compromise, compromise agreement between delegates from the Northern and the Southern states at the......
thug, member of a well-organized confederacy of professional assassins who traveled in gangs throughout India for......
timar, in the Ottoman Empire, grant of lands or revenues by the sultan to an individual in compensation for his......
Napoleon Bonaparte rose from the ranks of the French Revolutionary army to become first consul (1799–1804) and......
Note: All times listed are Eastern Daylight Time. list, September 11 attacks, World Trade Center, Pentagon, American......
Timothy W. v. Rochester, New Hampshire, School District, case in which the U.S. First Circuit Court of Appeals......
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, case in which on February 24, 1969, the U.S. Supreme......
Title IX, clause of the 1972 Federal Education Amendments, signed into law on June 23, 1972, which stated that......
“To be a wise guy was to own the world.” That is, according to Henry Hill, noted Mafia associate, FBI informant—and......
Tokyo subway attack of 1995, coordinated multiple-point terrorist attack in Tokyo on March 20, 1995, in which the......
Toleration Act, (May 24, 1689), act of Parliament granting freedom of worship to Nonconformists (i.e., dissenting......
Edict of Toleration, (Oct. 19, 1781), law promulgated by the Holy Roman emperor Joseph II granting limited freedom......
Tolpuddle Martyrs, six English farm labourers who were sentenced (March 1834) to seven years’ transportation to......
tombo, (Portuguese: “register of grants”), register of landholdings in Ceylon, compiled in the early 17th century......
tong war, any of several feuds carried on in U.S. cities (e.g., San Francisco and Los Angeles) between gangs of......
tort, in common law, civil law, and the vast majority of legal systems that derive from them, any instance of harmful......
torture, the infliction of severe physical or mental pain or suffering for a purpose, such as extracting information,......
Townshend Acts, (June 15–July 2, 1767), in colonial U.S. history, series of four acts passed by the British Parliament......
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), a law passed by the Congress of the United States in 1976 that authorizes......
Trade Disputes Act, (1906), British legislation that provided trade unions with immunity from liability for damages......
Trail of Tears, in U.S. history, the forced relocation during the 1830s of Eastern Woodlands Indians of the Southeast......
transaction cost, economic losses that can result from arranging market relationships on a contractual basis. In......
transitional justice, national institutions or practices that identify and address injustices committed under a......
transnational threats, security threats that do not originate in and are not confined to a single country. Terrorism,......
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), executive agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for programs......
treadwheel, penal appliance introduced in 1818 by the British engineer Sir William Cubitt (1785–1861) as a means......
treason, the crime of betraying a nation or a sovereign by acts considered dangerous to security. In English law,......
treasure trove, in law, coin, bullion, gold, or silver articles, found hidden in the earth, for which no owner......
treaty port, any of the ports that Asian countries, especially China and Japan, opened to foreign trade and residence......
trespass, in law, the unauthorized entry upon land. Initially, trespass was wrongful conduct directly causing injury......
trial, In law, a judicial examination of issues of fact or law for the purpose of determining the rights of the......
trojan, a type of malicious computer software (malware) disguised within legitimate or beneficial programs or files.......
Council of Troubles, (1567–74), special court in the Low Countries organized by the Spanish governor, the Duke......
trover, a form of lawsuit in common-law countries (e.g., England, Commonwealth countries, and the United States)......
Trump v. Anderson, a legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 4, 2024, unanimously overturned a December......
trust, in Anglo-American law, a relationship between persons in which one has the power to manage property and......
trustee, in Anglo-American law, a person in whom title to property held in trust is vested and who performs the......
The Tulsa race massacre of 1921 was one of the most severe incidents of racial violence in U.S. history. It occurred......
Tupamaro, Uruguayan leftist urban guerrilla organization founded in about 1963. The group was named for Túpac Amaru......
Twelfth Amendment, amendment (1804) to the Constitution of the United States repealing and revising presidential......
Law of the Twelve Tables, the earliest written legislation of ancient Roman law, traditionally dated 451–450 bc.......
Twentieth Amendment, amendment (1933) to the Constitution of the United States indicating the beginning and ending......
Twenty-fifth Amendment, amendment (1967) to the Constitution of the United States that set forth succession rules......
Twenty-first Amendment, amendment (1933) to the Constitution of the United States that officially repealed federal......
Twenty-fourth Amendment, amendment (1964) to the Constitution of the United States that prohibited the federal......
Twenty-second Amendment, amendment (1951) to the Constitution of the United States effectively limiting to two......
Twenty-seventh Amendment, amendment (1992) to the Constitution of the United States that required any change to......
Twenty-sixth Amendment, amendment (1971) to the Constitution of the United States that extended voting rights (suffrage)......
Twenty-third Amendment, amendment (1961) to the Constitution of the United States that permitted citizens of Washington,......
Tydings-McDuffie Act, (1934), the U.S. statute that provided for Philippine independence, to take effect on July......
tyrannicide, in ancient Greece and Rome, the killer or would-be killer of a tyrant. The term may also refer to......
Since California’s legalization of medical marijuana in 1996, there has been a growing movement in the United States......
U.S. Secret Service, federal law-enforcement agency within the United States Department of Homeland Security tasked......
In 2014 Ukraine faced the greatest threat to its national security since the collapse of the Soviet Union, of which......
Ukraine scandal, U.S. political scandal that arose in the summer of 2019 from an attempt by Pres. Donald J. Trump......
Ulster Defence Association (UDA), loyalist organization founded in Northern Ireland in 1971 to coordinate the efforts......
Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), Protestant paramilitary organization founded in Northern Ireland in 1966. Its name......
Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), was the paramilitary wing of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1961 until 1993.......
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act, U.S. legislation enacted in October 1913 that lowered average tariff rates from about......
Uniform Marital Property Act (UMPA), U.S. law enacted in 1983 that defined the ownership of property by married......
Unigenitus, bull issued by Pope Clement XI on Sept. 8, 1713, condemning the doctrines of Jansenism, a dissident......
Act of Union, (Jan. 1, 1801), legislative agreement uniting Great Britain (England and Scotland) and Ireland under......
United Airlines flight 175, domestic passenger flight that was hijacked on the morning of September 11, 2001, as......
United Airlines flight 93, domestic passenger flight that was hijacked on September 11, 2001, as part of a coordinated......
United States Coast Guard (USCG), branch of the U.S. armed forces that is charged with the enforcement of maritime......
United States Court of Appeals, any of 13 intermediate appellate courts within the United States federal judicial......
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, court created by the Congress of the United States in 1950......