Banking & Business, GUI-INT
This general category includes a selection of more specific topics.
Banking & Business Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Guinness, former company, incorporated in 1886 as Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd., best known as the brewer of a......
Guinness Brewery, brewery at St. James’s Gate in Dublin, Ireland, where, according to legend, the Guinness brand......
Compañía Guipuzcoana, trading concern chartered by the Spanish crown in 1728, with a monopoly on trade between......
Gulf + Western, founded in 1958 by Charles Bluhdorn, became one of the most highly diversified conglomerates in......
Gulf Oil Corporation, former American petroleum company; it was acquired by Chevron Corporation in 1984. Although......
Hallam family, family of Anglo-American actors and theatrical managers associated with the beginning of professional......
Halliburton, American oil-field services, engineering, and construction company that operates worldwide. It is......
Hammer Films, British production company known for its low-budget, gothic horror feature films. In 1934 theatre......
Hanseatic League, organization founded by north German towns and German merchant communities abroad to protect......
Harris v. Quinn, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court, on June 30, 2014, held (5–4) that workers who are......
Harrods, renowned department store in London. It is located on Brompton Road, south of Hyde Park, in the borough......
Hat Act, (1732), in U.S. colonial history, British law restricting colonial manufacture and export of hats in direct......
Hawthorne research, socioeconomic experiments conducted by Elton Mayo in 1927 among employees of the Hawthorne......
Haymarket Affair, violent confrontation between police and labour protesters in Chicago on May 4, 1886, that became......
HBO, American cable television company that arguably became the leading premium cable station for its mix of movies......
health insurance, system for the financing of medical expenses by means of contributions or taxes paid into a common......
health maintenance organization (HMO), organization, either public or private, that provides comprehensive medical......
Heckscher-Ohlin theory, in economics, a theory of comparative advantage in international trade according to which......
hedge fund, a company that manages investment portfolios with the goal of generating high returns. A hedge fund......
Heinz is a division and brand of the Kraft Heinz Company, a major manufacturer of processed foods and beverages......
Hello Kitty, cartoon character whose likeness adorns hundreds of products for children and adults throughout the......
hellēnotamiai, financial officers of the Delian League (478–404 bce) and instruments of Athenian control over league......
helot, a state-owned serf of the ancient Spartans. The ethnic origin of helots is uncertain, but they were probably......
hemispheric integration, the process by which countries in the Americas liberalized their trade regimes in the......
Herman Miller, Inc., American furniture company known for innovations in design and in organizational management.......
Hershey Company is an American manufacturer of food products, chiefly chocolate and sugar-based confections. Hershey’s......
Hess Corporation was a U.S.-based petroleum company, headquartered in New York City, and known for its holiday......
Hewlett-Packard Company, American manufacturer of software and computer services and a major brand in the history......
Hi Records, American record label founded in 1957 by guitarist Ray Harris and Memphis record store owner Joe Cuoghi.......
In the early 1970s Memphis’s chain of racially mixed musics made by integrated musicians—from the output of Sun......
When Austrian immigrant brothers Jean and Julian Aberbach formed their Hill and Range publishing company in 1945,......
Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS), third largest trade-union federation in India after the All-India Trade Union Congress......
hinterland, tributary region, either rural or urban or both, that is closely linked economically with a nearby......
Histadrut, Israeli labour organization that includes workers in the cooperative and collective agricultural settlements......
Hitachi, Ltd., highly diversified Japanese manufacturing corporation that comprises more than 1,000 subsidiaries,......
HODL is a cryptocurrency slang term that refers to holding a crypto coin or token for the long term. It comes from......
Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, former German chemical concern founded in 1863 in the Höchst quarter of Frankfurt am......
holding company, a corporation that owns enough voting stock in one or more other companies to exercise control......
home equity line of credit (HELOC), a type of loan that uses a borrower’s equity in his house as collateral. In......
Homestead Strike, violent labour dispute between the Carnegie Steel Company and many of its workers that occurred......
Honda Motor Company, Ltd. is a leading Japanese manufacturer of motorcycles and a major producer of automobiles......
Honeywell International Inc., American advanced-technology company that manufactures aerospace and automotive products;......
If you travel internationally, you most likely will need to exchange your own currency for that of the country......
Tariffs are one of the most controversial and frequently debated tools in international trade. They function like......
This article was originally published on May 1, 2020. In general, the unemployment rate in the United States is......
There’s a place today where a rapidly decreasing number of people rely on cash: Sweden. It’s the developed Western......
HSBC Holdings PLC, bank holding company based in London that originated as the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation,......
Huawei is a Chinese multinational technology company headquartered in Shenzhen, China. Founded in 1987 by Ren Zhengfei,......
Hudson’s Bay Company, corporation that occupies a prominent place in both the economic and the political history......
Hughes Electronics Corporation, American provider of wireless telecommunication services and formerly a leading......
human resources management, the management of the people in working organizations. It is also frequently called......
human trafficking, form of modern-day slavery involving the illegal transport of individuals by force or deception......
HYBE Corp. is a South Korean global entertainment company established in 2005 by Bang Si-hyuk, an entrepreneur,......
Hyundai Group is a large family-run business group (chaebol) in South Korea. It was founded in 1947 as a construction......
Iberia, Spanish airline created by law on June 7, 1940, and given rights to the air transport of persons and cargo......
IBM, leading American computer manufacturer, with a major share of the market both in the United States and abroad.......
Idemitsu Kōsan Co., Ltd., Japanese petrochemical corporation founded in 1911 as Idemitsu Shōkai and reorganized......
IKEA, home furnishings retailer that was the world’s largest seller of furniture in the early 21st century, operating......
Illinois Central Railroad (IC), former U.S. railroad founded in 1851 that expanded service from Illinois to much......
Imperial Brands PLC, one of the world’s largest international tobacco companies and the leading British manufacturer......
Imperial Chemical Industries PLC (ICI), major British corporation that was founded in 1926 as Imperial Chemical......
imperial preference, historically, a commercial arrangement in which preferential rates (i.e., rates below the......
import substitution industrialization (ISI), development strategy focusing on promoting domestic production of......
In re Debs, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court, on May 27, 1895, unanimously (9–0) upheld the government’s......
InBev, former international brewing company that was founded in 2004 through the merger of the Brazilian Companhia......
income statement, In accounting, the activity-oriented financial statement issued by businesses. Covering a specified......
income tax, levy imposed on individuals (or family units) and corporations. Individual income tax is computed on......
incomes policy, collective governmental effort to control the incomes of labour and capital, usually by limiting......
indentured labor, a form of contract labor in which laborers enter into an official agreement with their employer......
indexation, in fiscal policy, a means of offsetting the effect of inflation or deflation on social security payments......
House of India, 15th-century Portuguese establishment that managed the trade in products from overseas colonies.......
Indian Airlines, former domestic and regional airline of India that merged with Air India in 2007, thereafter operating......
Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC), largest trade-union federation in India. INTUC was established in......
indiction, in ancient Rome, the fiscal year. During the inflation of the 3rd century ad the Roman government supplied......
In March 2023 Donald Trump became the first current or former U.S. president to be charged with a crime. In the......
Industrial Bank of Japan, former Japanese commercial bank that operated a general-banking and foreign-exchange......
industrial relations, the behaviour of workers in organizations in which they earn their living. Scholars of industrial......
- Introduction
- Labor, Negotiation, Conflict
- Worker Rights, Labor Laws, Collective Bargaining
- Responsibility, Community, Labor
- Workforce Diversity, Labor Laws, Unions
- Collective Bargaining, Labor Laws, Dispute Resolution
- Competition, Pressures, Labor
- Service Workers, Technical Professionals
- Labor, Unions, Negotiation
- Union, Management, Relations
- Collective Bargaining, Labor Unions, Negotiations
- Japan, Labor, Unions
- Employment Security, Collective Bargaining, Labor Laws
- Education, Training, Labor Laws
Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one......
industrial union, trade union that combines all workers, both skilled and unskilled, who are employed in a particular......
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), labour organization founded in Chicago in 1905 by representatives of 43......
ING Group NV, global financial institution of Dutch origin that provides services in banking, insurance, and asset......
inheritance tax, levy on the property accruing to each beneficiary of the estate of a deceased person. It is usually......
In corporate finance, an initial public offering (IPO) is a primary market process through which a private company......
Think you can make a killing in the stock market because you received a hot tip about a public company? Think again.......
Instagram, online social media platform and social network service for photograph and video sharing. The app was......
insurance, a system under which the insurer, for a consideration usually agreed upon in advance, promises to reimburse......
- Introduction
- Excluded Risks, Coverage, Liability
- Perils, Risk, Coverage
- Cargo, Property, Liability
- Liability, Coverage, Risk
- Aviation, Risk, Coverage
- Risk, Premiums, Coverage
- Suretyship, Risk, Coverage
- Risk, Coverage, Liability
- Risk Management, Coverage, Reinsurance
- Renewability, Risk, Coverage
- Group Annuities, Retirement, Benefits
- Risk Management, Coverage, Benefits
- Rate Making, Risk Assessment, Premiums
- Reinsurance, Risk Management, Coverage
- Risk, Coverage, Liability
- Risk Management, Underwriting, Reinsurance
- Japan, Risk, Coverage
Intel Corporation (INTC) is a leading American manufacturer of semiconductor computer circuits. It is headquartered......
Intelsat, company that provides satellite communication services. Intelsat owns more than 50 communications satellites......
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), international organization founded in 1959 by 20 governments in North and......
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Agency of the U.S. Department of the Treasury charged with administering and enforcing......
The International Alliance for Women (TIAW), nonprofit corporation founded in 1980 to empower professional women......
International Bank for Economic Cooperation (IBEC), international bank instituted by an agreement signed by Bulgaria,......
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), Main component organization of the World Bank. The......
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), the world’s principal organization of national trade......
International Investment Bank, international bank, founded in 1970 and operational in 1971, designed to provide......
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU), former industrial union in the United States and Canada that......
International Paper Company, major American manufacturer of pulp and paper products, including printing paper,......
international payment and exchange, respectively, any payment made by one country to another and the market in......
- Introduction
- Cross-Border, Remittances, FX
- Exchange Rates, Disequilibrium, Adjustment
- Incomes Policy, Exchange Rates, Global Economy
- Exchange Rates, Currencies, Trading
- Gold Standard, Currency Exchange, Global Economy
- IMF, Parity, Exchange Rates
- Forward Exchange, Currency Risk, Cross-Border Transactions
- Disequilibrium, Capital Movements
- Hedging, Exchange Rates, Currency Risk
- SDR, IMF, Currency Exchange
- OECD, Global Trade, Currency Exchange
- Floating Rates, Exchange Rates, Currency
- European Monetary System, Exchange Rates, EMS.
Bank for International Settlements (BIS), international bank established at Basel, Switzerland, in 1930, as the......
international trade, economic transactions that are made between countries. Among the items commonly traded are......
- Introduction
- Globalization, Tariffs, Protectionism
- Comparative Advantage, Trade Barriers, Globalization
- Comparative Advantage, Trade Barriers, Tariffs
- State Interference, Tariffs, Barriers
- Tariffs, Effects, Trade Agreements
- Arguments, Interference
- Tariffs, Agreements, Regulations
- National Treatment, Tariffs, Agreements
- Economic Integration, Tariffs, Quotas
- Benelux, Economic Union, Trade
- Common Agricultural Policy, Tariffs, Subsidies
- EFTA, Tariffs, Trade Agreements
- Andean Group, Andean Community, Nations
- Regional Arrangements, WTO Rules
- Developed, Developing, Countries