Qurʾān summary

Muḥammad ʿAbduh was a religious scholar, jurist, and liberal reformer, who led the late 19th-century movement in Egypt and other Muslim countries to revitalize Islamic teachings and institutions in the modern world. As muftī (Islamic legal counsellor) for Egypt, he effected reforms in Islamic law,

Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan was a Muslim educator, jurist, and author, founder of the Anglo-Mohammedan Oriental College at Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, and the principal motivating force behind the revival of Indian Islam in the late 19th century. His works, in Urdu, included Essays on the Life of

Al-Ṭabarī was a Muslim scholar, author of enormous compendiums of early Islamic history and Qurʾānic exegesis, who made a distinct contribution to the consolidation of Sunni thought during the 9th century. He condensed the vast wealth of exegetical and historical erudition of the preceding

Muslim Brotherhood, religiopolitical organization founded in 1928 at Ismailia, Egypt, by Hassan al-Banna. Islamist in orientation, it advocates a return to the Qurʾān and the Hadith as guidelines for a healthy and thriving Islamic society in the modern era. The Brotherhood spread rapidly throughout