Susan Wojcicki was an American tech industry executive who was CEO (2014–23) of the video-sharing Web site YouTube. She previously was the senior vice president in charge of marketing at YouTube’s parent company, Google Inc. Wojcicki’s father was a physics professor at Stanford University, and her

Susan Wojcicki was an American tech industry executive who was CEO (2014–23) of the video-sharing Web site YouTube. She previously was the senior vice president in charge of marketing at YouTube’s parent company, Google Inc. Wojcicki’s father was a physics professor at Stanford University, and her

Stanisław Wojciechowski was one of the leaders in the struggle for Polish independence from Russia in the years before World War I. He later served as the second president of the Polish Republic (1922–26). While a student at the University of Warsaw, Wojciechowski worked for the Polish Socialist

Poland: Local government: …the regional level, are the województwa (provinces), which were consolidated and reduced in number from 49 to 16 in 1999. At the next level are some 300 powiaty (counties or districts), followed by about 2,500 gminy (towns and rural communes). The last are the fundamental territorial units within Poland. The…

Dolnośląskie, województwo (province), southwestern Poland. It was established in 1999 when the provinces of Poland were consolidated from 49 into 16. It is bordered by the provinces of Lubuskie and Wielkopolskie to the north, Opolskie to the east, the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the

Kujawsko-Pomorskie, województwo (province), north-central Poland. It is bordered by the provinces of Warmińsko-Mazurskie to the northeast, Pomorskie to the north, Mazowieckie to the east, Łódzkie to the south, and Wielkopolskie to the southwest. Created in 1999 as one of 16 reorganized provinces,

Lubelskie, województwo (province), eastern Poland. It is bordered by the provinces of Mazowieckie to the northwest, Podlaskie to the north, Podkarpackie to the south, and Świętokrzyskie to the west as well as by the countries of Belarus and Ukraine to the east. It was created in 1999 when Poland’s

Małopolskie, województwo (province), southern Poland. It is bounded by the provinces of Świętokrzyskie to the north, Podkarpackie to the east, and Śląskie to the west. The country of Slovakia is located along its southern border. Created in 1999 as one of 16 new provinces, it comprises the former

Warmińsko-Mazurskie, województwo (province), northern Poland. It is bordered by Russia to the north, by the provinces of Podlaskie to the east, Mazowieckie to the south, Kujawsko-Pomorskie to the southwest, and Pomorskie to the west, and by the Baltic Sea to the northwest. It was created as one of

Zachodniopomorskie, województwo (province), northwestern Poland. Created in 1999 as part of Poland’s provincial reorganization, it comprises the former (1975–98) provinces of Szczecin and Koszalin, as well as portions of the former provinces of Gorzów, Piła, and Słupsk. It is bordered to the north

Wacław Potocki: …not published until 1850, as Wojna chocimska. The epic describes the defense in 1621 of the city of Chocim by 65,000 Poles and Cossacks against a Turkish army estimated at 400,000. Historically accurate, though it idealizes the Polish heroes, Wojna chocimska reveals Potocki’s gift for poetic condensation.

Samuel Twardowski: …many historical events, as in Wojna domowa z Kozaki i Tatary (1681; “A Civil War with the Cossacks and Tatars”), an account of the Zaporozhian Cossacks’ revolt, under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, against Polish domination in the mid-17th century. Twardowski also wrote Baroque pastoral romances such as Nadobna Paskwalina…

Wojtek the Bear, Syrian brown bear adopted by soldiers in the Polish army during World War II. The bear, who was initially given the rank of private, eventually rose to the rank of corporal and served mainly as a morale booster for the soldiers. In 1942 the 22nd Artillery Supply Company of the II

St. John Paul II ; beatified May 1, 2011; canonized April 27, 2014; feast day October 22) was the pope, the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church, from 1978 to 2005. He was the first non-Italian pope in 455 years and the first from a Slavic country. His pontificate of more than 26

wok, thin-walled cooking pan, shaped like a shallow bowl with handles, widely used in Chinese-style cooking. The wok has a round bottom that concentrates heat, cooking food quickly with relatively little oil. Food when cooked may be moved up the sloping side of the wok to stay warm without cooking

neologism: In the 2010s the word woke euphemistically came into use to describe an idea that was considered politically progressive; as the political environment in the United States became increasingly polarized, the word was repurposed as a pejorative synonym for liberal or left-leaning.

Wokha, town, central Nagaland state, northeastern India. It lies at the foot of the Wokha Hills, 50 miles (80 km) north of Kohima. Wokha is a trade and agricultural centre for the surrounding Naga Hills, in which grains (mainly rice) and fruits are grown on previously forested slopes. There are

Woking, borough (district), administrative and historic county of Surrey, southeastern England. Woking lies about 25 miles (40 km) southwest of London. It developed as a residential town in an attractive setting of heathlands and pinewoods after the establishment of a railway connection with London

Wokingham, town and unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Berkshire, southern England. It lies 33 miles (53 km) west of London. The town of Wokingham, which lay in Windsor Royal Forest, was granted a market in 1219, and Elizabeth I granted its charter in 1583. Brick works were once

Nicholas Sparks: …Olympic runner Billy Mills on Wokini: A Lakota Journey to Happiness and Self-Understanding. The book, which was inspired by a Native American legend, was published in 1990. Determined to become a professional writer, Sparks spent several months working on The Notebook, his first published novel, which hit The New York…

Niger: Settlement patterns: …banco (hardened mud), although the Wogo people live in tents of delicate matting.

wakō, any of the groups of marauders who raided the Korean and Chinese coasts between the 13th and 16th centuries. They were often in the pay of various Japanese feudal leaders and were frequently involved in Japan’s civil wars during the early part of this period. In the 14th century Japanese

Wisława Szymborska: Her third volume, Wołanie do Yeti (1957; “Calling Out to Yeti”), marked a clear shift to a more personal style of poetry and expressed her dissatisfaction with communism (Stalinism in particular). Subsequent volumes, such as Sól (1962; “Salt”), Sto pociech (1967; “No End of Fun”), and Wszelki wypadek…

Aedes: Role in disease transmission: …a strain of the bacterium Wolbachia pipientis, which impeded the males’ ability to reproduce and transmit disease.

Peter Pindar was an English writer of a running commentary in satirical verse on society, politics, and personalities, from 1778 to 1817. After studying medicine at Aberdeen, Scotland, Wolcot went to Jamaica as physician to the governor in 1767. He was ordained in 1769 but then forsook the church.

history of photography: Development of the daguerreotype: …City in March 1840, when Alexander Wolcott opened a “Daguerrean Parlor” for tiny portraits, using a camera with a mirror substituted for the lens. During this same period, József Petzval and Friedrich Voigtländer, both of Vienna, worked on better lens and camera design. Petzval produced an achromatic portrait lens that…

Oliver Wolcott was an American public official who signed the Declaration of Independence (1776) and helped negotiate a settlement with the Iroquois (1784). Descended from an old Connecticut family long active in public affairs, he was the son of Roger Wolcott, who was the colonial governor in

Oliver Wolcott: His son, Oliver Wolcott (1760–1833), continued the family tradition of public service as U.S. secretary of the Treasury (1795–1800) and governor of Connecticut (1817–27).

Torrington, city, coextensive with the town (township) of Torrington, Litchfield county, northwestern Connecticut, U.S., on the Naugatuck River. The town was named in 1732 for Great Torrington, England, but the area was not settled until 1737. The town was incorporated in 1740. The village went by

automata theory: Control and single-series prediction: …of a Swedish mathematician named Herman Wold, whose work was predicated on the assumption that, if X1, X2, X3, · · ·, are successive values of a series identified with discrete points in time t = 1, t = 2, t = 3, · · ·, then the successive values…

Girma Wolde-Giorgis was an Ethiopian political leader who served as president of Ethiopia (2001–13). Girma graduated from the Genet Military School in Holeta, Ethiopia, as a sublieutenant in 1944. As a trainee in the Ethiopian air force (1946–47), he studied air-traffic management and control in

Girma Wolde-Giorgis was an Ethiopian political leader who served as president of Ethiopia (2001–13). Girma graduated from the Genet Military School in Holeta, Ethiopia, as a sublieutenant in 1944. As a trainee in the Ethiopian air force (1946–47), he studied air-traffic management and control in

East Riding of Yorkshire: …at Flamborough Head, the Yorkshire Wolds rise inland to an elevation of nearly 800 feet (240 metres), sweeping in a crescent west and south to the Humber at Brough. The Wolds gradually descend to the low plain of Holderness in the southeast and to the alluvial plain of the Rivers…

Groningen: …regions of Westerwolde and the Woldstreek. Intensive cultivation creates a large residue of straw, used in local strawboard factories. The southwest of the province (southern Westerkwartier) has mainly sandy soil that supports mixed farming and cattle raising. Horse breeding and equestrian sports are a favourite activity among the wealthy in…

Equatorial Guinea: Continental Equatorial Guinea: …Niefang-Mikomeseng range north of the Mbini River is somewhat lower. All these ranges form segments of the Cristal Mountains in Gabon.

Lupus, constellation in the southern sky at about 15 hours right ascension and 40° south in declination. Its brightest star is Alpha Lupi, with a magnitude of 2.3. For the ancient Greeks and Romans this constellation represented either a wolf or a fox impaled on a pole held by the nearby

wolf tone, phenomenon of resonance typically heard in bowed stringed instruments, particularly the cello, in which the vibrational frequency of a string being played and the fundamental vibrational frequency of the body of the instrument are very similar. The two vibrational frequencies interact to

Jim Harrison: Harrison’s first novel, Wolf (1971; film 1994), concerns the efforts of a disaffected man to view a wolf in the wilderness, an experience that he believes will cause his luck to change. A Good Day to Die (1973) treats the issue of the environment more cynically. Quandaries of…

Mike Nichols: Middle years: Silkwood, Working Girl, and The Birdcage: …much better with his much-hyped Wolf (1994), from the novel by Jim Harrison about a rather meek book editor who, once bitten, is fated to turn into a werewolf. Nicholson and Michelle Pfeiffer made an appealing romantic combo, and the early scenes keenly satirized New York’s publishing world. However, Wolf…

wolf, any of two species of wild doglike carnivores. The gray, or timber, wolf (Canis lupus) is the better known. It is the largest nondomestic member of the dog family (Canidae) and inhabits vast areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The Ethiopian, or Abyssinian, wolf (C. simensis) inhabits the

lupine: Major species: White lupine, or wolf bean (L. albus), is cultivated for forage and as a cover crop to increase soil nitrogen.

Wolf Creek Crater, huge meteorite crater 65 miles (105 km) south of Halls Creek, Western Australia. The crater is on the edge of a little-explored desert and was first sighted from an airplane in 1937. It is 2,799 feet (853 m) in diameter and 151 feet (46 m) deep, with a rim standing 60–100 feet

Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell: In 1916 he organized the Wolf Cubs in Great Britain (known as Cub Scouts in the United States) for boys under the age of 11. At the first international Boy Scout Jamboree (London, 1920), he was acclaimed chief scout of the world.

Anne Rice: Religious works and later books: …Gift Chronicles, which began with The Wolf Gift (2012) and The Wolves of Midwinter (2013), represented a return to her Gothic roots. The novels follow a young werewolf as he becomes accustomed to his newly acquired supernatural abilities and metes out vigilante justice in contemporary northern California.

Behind the Scenes: 12 Historical Figures in Wolf Hall: ” Now behold Wolf Hall, the PBS adaptation of Hilary Mantel’s prizewinning examinations of the selfsame era, Wolf Hall (2009) and Bring Up the Bodies (2012). Mantel’s stories are told from the perspective of Thomas Cromwell, one of the era’s major players. The adaptation is restrained, nuanced, and…

Thomas Cromwell: Legacy and depiction in popular culture: …century with the release of Wolf Hall (2009), Hilary Mantel’s voluminous fictional narrative depicting Cromwell’s rise. The novel was lauded for its impressive scope and complex portrayal of its subject. Full of verbal jousting, rich historical detail from tapestries to heretic burnings, and human insight, Wolf Hall was described as…

wolf herring, (Chirocentrus dorab), species of fish belonging to the family Chirocentridae (order Clupeiformes). It is exclusively marine in habitat, occurring in the Indian Ocean and in the western Pacific to Japan and eastern Australia. In contrast to other herrings, which feed on plankton, wolf

The Wolf Man, American horror film, released in 1941, that made Lon Chaney, Jr., son of legendary silent film star Lon Chaney, a Hollywood celebrity in his own right. The film, one of the many popular monster movies of the 1930s and ’40s produced by Universal Pictures, greatly influenced popular

wolf tone, phenomenon of resonance typically heard in bowed stringed instruments, particularly the cello, in which the vibrational frequency of a string being played and the fundamental vibrational frequency of the body of the instrument are very similar. The two vibrational frequencies interact to

Rudolf Wolf: …groups, which are known as Wolf’s sunspot numbers.

Martin Scorsese: Films of the 2010s: Shutter Island, Hugo, and The Wolf of Wall Street: …New York City haunts with The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), a cautionary tale based on the memoir by Jordan Belfort (DiCaprio), a stock trader who fell afoul of the law but not before showering himself and his associates in tremendous wealth. The film divided critics, who saw it as…

John Banville: Benjamin Black books and mystery series: …and the historical crime novels Wolf on a String (2017) and The Secret Guests (2019). The latter introduced the Irish detective St. John Strafford, a Protestant character serving on a mostly Roman Catholic police force. The character led a new crime series, beginning with the novel Snow (2020), published under…

convoy: …of marshalling U-boats into “wolf packs” of 8 or even 20 submarines that would intercept convoys and attack them at night en masse. The effectiveness of the convoy system during the Battle of the Atlantic can be seen in the fact that of the approximately 2,700 Allied and neutral…

Sarah Michelle Gellar: …appeared in the supernatural drama Wolf Pack (2023– ), about teen werewolves.

wolf snake, any of a number of nonvenomous members of the family Colubridae, named for large teeth in both jaws. Asian wolf snakes are placed in the genera Cercaspis (one species; Sri Lanka) and Lycodon (about 26 species; Southeast Asia), whereas African wolf snakes are placed in the genus

English literature: The literature of World War I and the interwar period: And in Wolf Solent (1929) and A Glastonbury Romance (1932), John Cowper Powys developed an eccentric and highly erotic mysticism.

wolf spider, (family Lycosidae), large family of more than 2,300 species and 135 genera of spiders named for their wolflike habit of chasing and pouncing upon prey. The group is widespread, with about 240 species occurring in North America and about 50 in Europe. Interestingly, numerous species

wolf tone, phenomenon of resonance typically heard in bowed stringed instruments, particularly the cello, in which the vibrational frequency of a string being played and the fundamental vibrational frequency of the body of the instrument are very similar. The two vibrational frequencies interact to

exclusionary rule: Supreme Court held in Wolf v. Colorado (1949) that “security of one’s privacy against arbitrary intrusion by the police—which is at the core of the Fourth Amendment—is basic to a free society.” However, that decision did not extend to state courts. During the next decade, approximately half of the…

Rudolf Wolf: …groups, which are known as Wolf’s sunspot numbers.

Wolf-Rayet star: …1867 by the French astronomers Charles-Joseph-Étienne Wolf and Georges-Antoine-Pons Rayet.

Christa Wolf was a German novelist, essayist, and screenwriter most often associated with East Germany. Wolf was reared in a middle-class, pro-Nazi family. With the defeat of Germany in 1945, she moved with her family to East Germany. She studied at the Universities of Jena and Leipzig (1949–53),

Christian, baron von Wolff was a philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who worked in many subjects but who is best known as the German spokesman of the Enlightenment. Wolff was educated at the universities of Breslau, Jena, and Leipzig and was a pupil of the philosopher and mathematician

Friedrich August Wolf was a German classical scholar who is considered the founder of modern philology but is best known for his Prolegomena ad Homerum (1795), which created the “Homer question” in its modern form. Extremely precocious, Wolf learned Greek, Latin, and French as a child. He was

Hugo Wolf was a composer who brought the 19th-century German lied, or art song, to its highest point of development. Wolf studied at the Vienna Conservatory (1875–77) but had a moody and irascible temperament and was expelled from the conservatory following his outspoken criticism of his masters.

Hugo Wolf was a composer who brought the 19th-century German lied, or art song, to its highest point of development. Wolf studied at the Vienna Conservatory (1875–77) but had a moody and irascible temperament and was expelled from the conservatory following his outspoken criticism of his masters.

Rudolf Wolf was a Swiss astronomer and astronomical historian. Wolf studied at the universities of Zürich, Vienna, and Berlin and in 1839 went to the University of Bern as a teacher of mathematics and physics; he became professor of astronomy there in 1844. In 1855 he accepted a professorship of

Max Wolf was a German astronomer who applied photography to the search for asteroids and discovered 228 of them. Wolf showed an early interest in astronomy; he was only 21 years old when he discovered a comet, now named for him. In 1890 he was appointed Privatdozent (unsalaried lecturer) at the

Max Wolf was a German astronomer who applied photography to the search for asteroids and discovered 228 of them. Wolf showed an early interest in astronomy; he was only 21 years old when he discovered a comet, now named for him. In 1890 he was appointed Privatdozent (unsalaried lecturer) at the

Naomi Wolf is a celebrated feminist writer whose groundbreaking work in the 1990s, including The Beauty Myth, gained her popular acclaim and occasional critical scrutiny. In 2019 serious questions about her scholarship led to the cancellation of the publication of one of her books. She has since

Rudolf Wolf was a Swiss astronomer and astronomical historian. Wolf studied at the universities of Zürich, Vienna, and Berlin and in 1839 went to the University of Bern as a teacher of mathematics and physics; he became professor of astronomy there in 1844. In 1855 he accepted a professorship of

wolffish: …the North Atlantic; and the wolf-eel (Anarhichthys ocellatus), a black-spotted form found in the eastern Pacific.

Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari was an Italian operatic composer who followed both the comic and the realistic traditions. The son of a German father and an Italian mother, Wolf-Ferrari studied music in Munich and then returned to Venice, where he became director of the Liceo Benedetto Marcello in 1902. He

Wolf-Rayet star, any of a class of extremely hot, white stars having peculiar spectra thought to indicate either great turbulence within the star or a steady, voluminous ejection of material. A typical Wolf-Rayet star is several times the diameter of the Sun and thousands of times more luminous.

snowberry: Wolfberry (S. occidentalis), about 1.5 m tall, bears white berries. Indian currant, or coralberry (S. orbiculatus), more than 2 m tall, bears purplish berries. Creeping snowberry is a plant of the genus Gaultheria (family Ericaceae).

Permian Period: Later work: …consisting of four series—namely, the Wolfcampian, Leonardian, Guadalupian, and Ochoan—on the basis of the succession in West Texas and New Mexico.

Wolfdietrich, Germanic hero who appears in the Middle High German poems of Ortnit and Wolfdietrich in Das Heldenbuch (see Heldenbuch, Das) as the son of Hugdietrich, emperor of Constantinople. Repudiated by his father, who mistakenly believes him illegitimate, he is brought up by the emperor’s

Charles Wolfe was an Irish poet and clergyman, whose “Burial of Sir John Moore” (1817), commemorating the commander of the British forces at the Battle of Corunna (La Coruña, Spain) during the Peninsular War, is one of the best-known funeral elegies in English. Wolfe attended Trinity College,

Elsie de Wolfe was an American interior decorator, hostess, and actress, best known for her innovative and anti-Victorian interiors. De Wolfe was educated privately in New York and in Edinburgh, Scotland, where she lived with maternal relatives. Through that connection she was presented at Queen

African American literature: The turn of the 21st century: In the 1980s and ’90s, George Wolfe won substantial acclaim both as a playwright, whose The Colored Museum (produced 1986) lampooned stereotypes and myths of Black culture, and as the director of Angels in America, a Tony Award-winning drama by white playwright Tony Kushner.

James Wolfe was the commander of the British army at the capture of Quebec from the French in 1759, a victory that led to British supremacy in Canada. The elder son of Lieutenant General Edward Wolfe, he was commissioned in the Royal Marines in 1741 but transferred almost immediately to the 12th

history of publishing: England: …abortive revolt was led by John Wolfe, who maintained his right to print whatever he pleased. Wolfe was twice imprisoned, but he was finally bought off by admission to the Stationers’ Company. In 1584 to still the discontent, some of the rich patentees surrendered a number of copies to the…

Nathan Wolfe is an American virologist and epidemiologist who conducted groundbreaking studies on the transmission of infectious viruses. His research focused primarily on the transmission of viruses closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) between nonhuman primates and bushmeat

Nero Wolfe, fictional American private detective, the eccentric protagonist of 46 mystery stories by Rex Stout. Wolfe was introduced in Fer-de-Lance (1934). A man of expansive appetites and sophisticated tastes, Wolfe is corpulent and moody. Detesting mechanized vehicles and disdaining most humans,

Raphael Holinshed: …employed as a translator by Reginald Wolfe, who was preparing a universal history. After Wolfe’s death in 1573 the scope of the work was abridged, and it appeared, with many illustrations, as the Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande, 2 vol. (dated 1577).

Thomas Wolfe was an American writer best known for his first book, Look Homeward, Angel (1929), and his other autobiographical novels. His father, William Oliver Wolfe, the Oliver Gant of his novels, was a stonecutter, while his mother, Julia Elizabeth Westall Wolfe, the Eliza of the early novels,

Thomas Wolfe was an American writer best known for his first book, Look Homeward, Angel (1929), and his other autobiographical novels. His father, William Oliver Wolfe, the Oliver Gant of his novels, was a stonecutter, while his mother, Julia Elizabeth Westall Wolfe, the Eliza of the early novels,

Tom Wolfe was an American novelist, journalist, and social commentator who was a leading critic of contemporary life and a proponent of New Journalism (the application of fiction-writing techniques to journalism). After studying at Washington and Lee University (B.A., 1951), Wolfe, a talented

Tom Wolfe was an American novelist, journalist, and social commentator who was a leading critic of contemporary life and a proponent of New Journalism (the application of fiction-writing techniques to journalism). After studying at Washington and Lee University (B.A., 1951), Wolfe, a talented

Christology: Enlightenment Christology: …Christ Vindicated (1739) and the Wolfenbütteler Fragmente (“Wolfenbüttel Fragments”) of Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694–1768), which triggered an enormous controversy when it was published posthumously in the 1770s. Its rejection of all the supernatural elements of the Jesus stories was consistent with attempts by other writers, such as the German philologist…

Wolfenden Report, a study containing recommendations for laws governing sexual behaviour, published in 1957 by the Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution in Great Britain. It was named for Sir John Wolfenden, the chairman of the committee. Using the findings of psychoanalysis and social

James Wolfensohn was an Australian-born American banker who served as president of the World Bank (1995–2005), where he tried to shift the institution’s focus toward humanitarian efforts. Wolfensohn served in the Royal Australian Air Force, and he was a member of the 1956 Australian Olympic fencing

James Wolfensohn was an Australian-born American banker who served as president of the World Bank (1995–2005), where he tried to shift the institution’s focus toward humanitarian efforts. Wolfensohn served in the Royal Australian Air Force, and he was a member of the 1956 Australian Olympic fencing

John Carmack: In May 1992, id released Wolfenstein 3-D, a hit that popularized the emerging genre of the first-person shooter. Players navigated a three-dimensional environment of rooms and hallways from a first-person perspective, wielding a weapon that appeared at the bottom of the screen. Game play consisted of finding one’s way through…

Wolff Telegraphic Bureau (WTB), German news agency founded in 1849 by physician Bernhard Wolff. Formed shortly after the Havas and Reuters news agencies, WTB served as the primary German news agency and was one of only a handful of international news services for about 75 years. Wolff became

bone: Physiological and mechanical controls: …century, have been formulated as Wolff’s law: “Every change in the function of a bone is followed by certain definite changes in its internal architecture and its external conformation.” Of the many theories proposed to explain how mechanical forces communicate with the cells responsible for bone formation and resorption, the…

Wolff Telegraphic Bureau: …founded in 1849 by physician Bernhard Wolff. Formed shortly after the Havas and Reuters news agencies, WTB served as the primary German news agency and was one of only a handful of international news services for about 75 years.

Betje Wolff was a Dutch writer and collaborator with Aagje Deken on the first Dutch novel, De historie van mejuffrouw Sara Burgerhart, 2 vol. (1782; “The History of Miss Sara Burgerhart”). Wolff, the daughter of a prosperous family, ran away with a naval officer at age 17, only to return home in a

zoology: Embryology, or developmental studies: …in 1759 the German physician Caspar Friedrick Wolff firmly introduced into biology the interpretation that undifferentiated materials gradually become specialized, in an orderly way, into adult structures. Although this epigenetic process is now accepted as characterizing the general nature of development in both plants and animals, many questions remain to…

Christian, baron von Wolff was a philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who worked in many subjects but who is best known as the German spokesman of the Enlightenment. Wolff was educated at the universities of Breslau, Jena, and Leipzig and was a pupil of the philosopher and mathematician