interest: …the better known are the time-preference theory of the Austrian, or Marginalist, school of economists, according to which interest is the inducement to engage in time-consuming but more productive activities, and the liquidity-preference theory developed by J.M. Keynes, according to which interest is the inducement to sacrifice a desired degree…

Turkish literature: Modern Turkish literature: …published in book form 1961; The Time Regulation Institute), the most complex novel written in Turkish until the 1980s and ’90s, is his most important. It is the autobiography of Hayri Irdal, a poorly educated petit bourgeois born in Istanbul in the 1890s. He follows charlatans of various types until…

time reversal, in physics, mathematical operation of replacing the expression for time with its negative in formulas or equations so that they describe an event in which time runs backward or all the motions are reversed. A resultant formula or equation that remains unchanged by this operation is

Robert Wilson: The final installment, Time Rocker (1996), had more to do with Wilson’s minimalist decor and lighting and less with music (by Lou Reed) and dialogue (by Darryl Pinckney). Dubbed “art musicals,” the works offered an alternative experience to the typical Broadway production—which Wilson believed was becoming more and…

statistics: Time series and forecasting: A time series is a set of data collected at successive points in time or over successive periods of time. A sequence of monthly data on new housing starts and a sequence of weekly data on product sales are examples of…

time signature, in musical notation, sign that indicates the metre of a composition. Most time signatures consist of two vertically aligned numbers, such as , , and . In simple time, the top figure reflects the number of beats in each measure, or metrical unit; the bottom figure indicates the n

Ermanno Olmi: …tempo si è fermato (1959; Time Stood Still), an analysis of the relationship between two guards forced to spend the winter together in inactivity. The success of this film led to the formation of 22 December S.p.A., a production company cofounded by Olmi that distributed his first commercial feature film,…

Ruskin Bond: Literary works: …and Other Stories (1988) and Time Stops at Shamli and Other Stories (1989), and fiction in the form of diary entries titled Mr. Oliver’s Diary (2010). He has also written and edited supernatural stories, such as the collections A Season of Ghosts (1999) and Ghost Stories from the Raj (2002).

time-and-motion study, in the evaluation of industrial performance, analysis of the time spent in going through the different motions of a job or series of jobs. Time-and-motion studies were first instituted in offices and factories in the United States in the early 20th century. These studies came

Jackson Browne: …a collection of new songs, Time the Conqueror. The live recording Love Is Strange (2010) documents Browne’s acoustic tour of Spain with Lindley in 2006. The later studio album Standing in the Breach (2014) is a well-reviewed mix of personal and political songs. Downhill from Everywhere appeared in 2021.

Finn E. Kydland: In “Time to Build and Aggregate Fluctuations” (1982), the pair demonstrated that technology changes or supply shocks, such as oil price hikes, could be reflected in investment and relative price movements and thereby create short-term fluctuations around the long-term economic growth path.

Sandra Bullock: Rise to stardom: …the thriller The Net (1995); A Time to Kill (1996), based on the legal novel of the same name by best-selling author John Grisham; and In Love and War (1996), a drama about Ernest Hemingway’s wartime romance that inspired his novel A Farewell to Arms (1929).

John Grisham: Legal career, A Time to Kill, and The Firm: …to write his first novel, A Time to Kill (1989; film 1996), which deals with the legal, social, and moral repercussions when a Mississippi Black man is tried for the murder of two white men who raped his 10-year-old daughter. Despite good reviews for its skillfully crafted dialogue and sense…

Hou Hsiao-hsien: …semiautobiographical film Tongnian wangshi (1985; A Time to Live, a Time to Die) is the coming-of-age story of a young man raised in Taiwan under circumstances similar to Hou’s own. Hou also found his true voice in making films set against the backdrop of Taiwanese history, such as Lianlian fengchen…

Douglas Sirk: From All That Heaven Allows to Imitation of Life: A Time to Love and a Time to Die (1958), a World War II love story based on Erich Maria Remarque’s novel of the same name, followed but caused nowhere near the stir brought about by Imitation of Life (1959), the last of Sirk’s expressionist…

René Magritte: In Time Transfixed (1938), for example, a steaming locomotive is suspended from the center of a mantelpiece in a middle-class sitting room, looking as if it had just emerged from a tunnel. In Golconda (1953) bourgeois, bowler-hatted men fall like rain toward a street lined with…

science fiction: Time travel: A complement to travel through space is travel through time. A prototype of the time travel story is Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol (1843). The story features the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, who is magically able to immerse the hapless Scrooge…

Rachel McAdams: …appeared opposite Eric Bana in The Time Traveler’s Wife, a love story based on Audrey Niffenegger’s novel of the same name. She also featured in Sherlock Holmes (2009) and its sequel (2011) as Irene Adler, a loosely interpreted version of one of the few love interests to cross Holmes’s path…

time trial, (“race against the watch”), in bicycle racing, a form of competition in which individual cyclists or teams are sent out at intervals to cover a specified distance on a road course. The contestant with the fastest time for the distance wins. The individual time trial is distinctive in

In options trading, extrinsic value—also called time value—is the current market value of uncertainty in the option between now and the option’s expiration. If an option is in the money, the extrinsic value is the amount of the premium over and above its intrinsic value. If an option is currently

Warner Bros. Discovery is a major American media and entertainment company that owns and operates streaming services, film and television studios, and cable networks. Headquartered in Los Angeles, it was formed in 2022 through the merger of WarnerMedia and Discovery Inc., following AT&T’s spin-off

William Maxwell: In Time Will Darken It (1948) a long visit from relatives disrupts a family; in The Château (1961) American travelers encounter postwar French culture.

time zone, a zone on the terrestrial globe that is approximately 15° longitude wide and extends from pole to pole and within which a uniform clock time is used. Time zones are the functional basis of standard time and were introduced in the late 19th century as railways connected places that had

Fleur Adcock: … (1971), The Incident Book (1986), Time Zones (1991), and Looking Back (1997)—Adcock brought a measured, Classical detachment to bear upon the vagaries of emotional experience. The Inner Harbour (1979) is generally cited as her most artistically successful work. Her later collections included Poems, 1960–2000 (2000), Dragon Talk (2010),

Martin Amis: …work of this period is Time’s Arrow (1991), which inverts traditional narrative order to describe the life of a Nazi war criminal from death to birth. In Amis’s works, according to one critic, “morality is nudged toward bankruptcy by ‘market forces.’ ” Other novels of the first decades of his…

Stephen Jay Gould: …The Mismeasure of Man (1981), Time’s Arrow, Time’s Cycle (1987), and Wonderful Life (1989), he traced the course and significance of various controversies in the history of evolutionary biology, intelligence testing, geology, and paleontology. From 1974 Gould regularly contributed essays to the periodical Natural History, and these were collected in…

solar time: …time is known as the equation of time. This is usually expressed as a correction, never exceeding 16 minutes, that is added to or subtracted from apparent solar time to determine mean solar time. The real Sun and the imaginary “mean Sun,” from which mean solar time is measured, may…

Valentin Katayev: Katayev’s Vremya, vperyod! (1932; Time, Forward!), concerning workers’ attempts to build a huge steel plant in record time, is considered among the most readable of Soviet five-year-plan novels. Some critics have noted the influence of John Dos Passos in this work. Katayev’s children’s book Syn polka (1945; “Son of…

Michael Bolton: Songwriting and solo success: He continued the momentum with Time, Love & Tenderness (1991), a compilation of romantic ballads that soared to the top of music charts three weeks after its release, eventually sold more than nine million copies, and brought Bolton his second Grammy, for his version of the 1966 Percy Sledge classic…

church year: The major church calendars: …two concurrent cycles: (1) the Proper of Time (Temporale), or seasons and Sundays that revolve around the movable date of Easter and the fixed date of Christmas, and (2) the Proper of Saints (Sanctorale), other commemorations on fixed dates of the year. Every season and holy day is a celebration,…

sacred: Manifestations of the sacred: …festivals are a return to sacred time, that time prior to the structured existence that most people commonly experience (profane time). Sacred calendars provide the opportunity for the profane time to be rejuvenated periodically in the festivals. These occasions symbolically repeat the primordial chaos before the beginning of the world;…

time-and-motion study, in the evaluation of industrial performance, analysis of the time spent in going through the different motions of a job or series of jobs. Time-and-motion studies were first instituted in offices and factories in the United States in the early 20th century. These studies came

motion-picture technology: Principal parts: For each take the time code generator is set to zero; when the camera and film are running, the generator starts to emit numbers that represent “real-time” in hours, minutes, seconds, and frames. In one system, a light-emitting diode next to the camera aperture records the information as ordinary…

mobile telephone: Development of cellular systems: …compression in conjunction with a time-division multiple access (TDMA) method; this also permitted three new voice channels in place of one AMPS channel. Finally, in 1994 there surfaced a third approach, developed originally by Qualcomm, Inc., but also adopted as a standard by the TIA. This third approach used a…

telecommunication: Time-division multiplexing: Multiplexing also may be conducted through the interleaving of time segments from different signals onto a single transmission path—a process known as time-division multiplexing (TDM). Time-division multiplexing of multiple signals is possible only when the available data rate of the channel exceeds the…

telephone: Digital switching: …first digital systems, known as time-division switching, the digitized speech information is sliced into a sequence of time intervals, or slots. Additional voice circuit slots, corresponding to other users, are inserted into this bit stream of data, in effect achieving a “time multiplexing” of several voice circuits. Switching essentially consists…

time-lapse cinematography, motion-picture technique by which a naturally slow process, such as the blossoming of a flower or cloud-pattern development, can be seen at a greatly accelerated rate. Normal sound cinematography reproduces movement by recording and projecting it at 24 frames per second.

Warner Bros. Discovery: Time magazine becomes a publishing powerhouse: …Time started a book division, Time-Life Books, and acquired Little, Brown & Company, one of the nation’s oldest publishers. In 1974, the company started People, a weekly focused on personalities that was an outgrowth of the People section in Time.

African music: Time-line patterns: In certain areas there is yet another principle of timing, known as time-line patterns. These are struck motional patterns that make up a rhythmic ostinato with an asymmetrical inner structure (such as 5 + 7 or 7 + 9), against which the melodic…

mass spectrometry: Ion-velocity spectrometers: …allowed the construction of the time-of-flight mass spectrometer, in which a short emission of ions is released from the source and their arrival times recorded after having traversed a distance sufficiently long to sort out the different speeds.

time reversal: …operation is said to be time-reversal invariant, which implies that the same laws of physics apply equally well in both situations, that the second event is indistinguishable from the original, and that the flow of time does not have any naturally preferred direction in the case of fundamental interactions. A…

time-sharing, in data processing, method of operation in which multiple users with different programs interact nearly simultaneously with the central processing unit (CPU) of a large-scale digital computer. Because the CPU operates substantially faster than most peripheral equipment (e.g., video

industrial glass: Kinetic arguments: …factors, the glassmaker generates a time-temperature-transformation (T-T-T) diagram. In this diagram a curve is plotted showing the heat-treatment times that would be required at various temperatures in order for detectable crystallization to occur. In order for glass formation to take place, the glassmaker would ensure that the cooling rate of…

science fiction: Alternate histories and parallel universes: Stories centered on time-travel paradoxes developed as a separate school of science fiction. If a human being broke free from the conventional chains of causality, intriguing metaphysical puzzles ensued. The classic SF version of these puzzles is the challenge posed by a man who travels back in time…

cricket: Methods of dismissal: Regardless of the means of dismissal, a batsman is not given out until the fielding side has appealed to an umpire and that umpire has declared the player out. Thus, when a…

automobile: Emission controls: In several timed-injection systems, individual pumps at each intake valve are regulated (timed) by a microprocessor that monitors intake vacuum, engine temperature, ambient-air temperature, and throttle position and adjusts the time and duration of injection accordingly.

Guyana: Transportation: The country’s main airport is located about 25 miles (40 km) from Georgetown and is served by several international airlines. Domestic commercial and private aircraft use landing strips and the quieter stretches of rivers.

Michael Bolton: Later albums: In 1992 Bolton released Timeless, a collection of songs made famous by such artists as Sam Cooke, the Bee Gees, Sam & Dave, and the Beatles. His recording of “You Are My Sunshine” was included on the compilation album For Our Children: The Concert (1993). Bolton cowrote all but…

Michael W. Young: …discovered a second key gene, timeless, RNA levels of which oscillate on a 24-hour cycle, and found that the timeless protein, TIM, could bind to PER, the protein produced by period, enabling PER to enter the cell nucleus to inhibit its own transcription (synthesis of RNA from DNA). Young’s discoveries…

eternity, timelessness, or the state of that which is held to have neither beginning nor end. Eternity and the related concept of infinity have long been associated with strong emotional overtones, serving to astonish, weary, or confound those who attempt to grasp them. In religious and

Richard Donner: The 1990s and beyond: …Donner helmed the science-fiction adventure Timeline, which was based on a Michael Crichton best seller about a time machine. He then made 16 Blocks (2006), a scaled-back crime drama featuring Bruce Willis as a burned-out detective who has to transport a witness (an effective Mos Def) a mere 16 blocks…

The Panama Canal, which was completed in 1914, connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and significantly shortens some shipping routes by allowing vessels to bypass South America. This infographic provides a timeline and map of the Panama Canal along with a number of interesting facts. Spotlight,

The Internet, which was introduced on January 1, 1983, gained prominence in the 1990s and eventually became an integral part of everyday life in the 2000s. Companies and individuals flocked to the new technology to promote their work and to establish digital identities. Social media websites such

Annelies Marie Frank, better known as Anne Frank, was a German Jewish girl who hid in a building with her family for two years during the German occupation of the Netherlands. Her diary, written during those years, became a classic of war

This infographic presents a timeline of climate change. A detailed description of this infographic appears below. Climate change happens across a range of time scales from hours to eons. However, since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution in 1750, human beings and their activities have emerged as

The African continent has been inhabited since the dawn of humanity and has been home to many societies and civilizations over the millennia. Throughout Africa’s later history, multiple powers beyond the continent have laid claim to its territory, but the most significant group to assert claims in

The Open Door policy was influential in China’s relations with the rest of the world. Companion, China, unequal treaties, Open Door policy, trade, Boxer Rebellion, Opium Wars, Mao

As the 1930s dawned, the global population surpassed 2 billion, and more than 4 million of the United States’ nearly 123 million residents were unemployed, a number that would triple by 1933. The Great Depression’s widespread hardship forced the U.S. government to assume new responsibilities,

The 1940s was a decade of upheaval and transformation, shaped by global war, scientific breakthroughs, and shifting political power. The period opened with rising tensions in Europe and culminated in the early years of the Cold War. World War II dominated the first half of the decade, driving

The decade after the “Swinging Sixties” was marked by unrest and upheaval. Although the Vietnam War effectively ended with the Fall of Saigon, other conflicts arose, including the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The United States faced political turmoil as President Richard Nixon resigned amid the

The 1980s have been called “the decade of decadence,” and one of the era’s most notable movie characters, Wall Street’s Gordon Gekko, famously declared that “greed is…good.” But the decade was about more than just excess. It was a period marked by defining events that continue to resonate. The

The last decade of the 20th century was defined by a number of transformative events. The emergence of Google and Amazon fueled the growing popularity of the Internet and forever changed everyday life. On the political front, the decades-long Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union,

In a discussion of potential names for the 2000s, American author and journalist Walter Isaacson suggested the “Decade of Disruptions,” a reference to a series of particularly turbulent events. On September 11, 2001, terrorists attacked the United States, sparking lengthy wars in Afghanistan and

The civil rights movement came to national prominence in the United States during the mid-1950s and continued to challenge racial segregation and discrimination through the 1960s. Many organizations, notably the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), headed by Martin Luther King, Jr., the

In 1775, 13 British colonies in North America began an eight-year insurrection that changed the course of history. What caused the American Revolution? And what happened during the conflict? From controversial taxes to the battlefield and beyond, we explore the road to revolution and the creation

Apollo was a project conducted by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the 1960s and 1970s that landed the first humans on the Moon. Spotlight, Apollo, John F. Kennedy, NASA, space program, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Jim Lovell, Moon, Apollo 13 On May 25, 1961, U.S.

The Battle of Stalingrad marked a turning point in World War II. This timeline identifies the key events during that war’s greatest battle. list, Stalingrad, timeline, battle, Soviet Union, Germany, World War II, EuropeLess than two weeks before World War II begins, Germany and the Soviet Union

The evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and other Allied troops from the French seaport of Dunkirk (Dunkerque) to England. Operation Dynamo used hundreds of naval vessels and civilian boats in the evacuation. Spotlight, World War II, Dunkirk, British Expeditionary Force, Operation

Disputes over trade, drug smuggling, and diplomacy led to the First Opium War. Here’s a timeline of notable events in this conflict between China and Britain. list, Opium Wars, First Opium War, China, Qing dynasty, Great Britain, opium, tea, East India Company, addiction, Treaty of Nanjing, Treaty

Even before the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, they had made no secret of their antisemitism. As early as 1919 Adolf Hitler had written, “Antisemitism stemming from purely emotive reasons will always find its expression in the form of pogroms. But antisemitism based on reason must lead to

After a century-long struggle for freedom, India and Pakistan won independence from British colonial rule at midnight on August 14–15, 1947. This freedom, however, was bittersweet: while it paved the way for two newly independent countries to forge their own paths, it also brought with it the pain

After a century-long struggle for freedom, India and Pakistan won independence from British colonial rule at midnight on August 14–15, 1947. This moment marked a major turning point in world history, signaling the decline of Western colonialism. From the early revolt of 1857 to Gandhi’s nonviolent

The Manhattan Project had its origins in 1939, when U.S. scientists urged President Franklin D. Roosevelt to establish a program to study the potential military use of fission; $6,000 was appropriated for the task. By 1942 the project was code-named Manhattan, for the site of Columbia University,

Napoleon Bonaparte rose from the ranks of the French Revolutionary army to become first consul (1799–1804) and emperor of the French (1804–1814/15). His empire spanned nearly the entire width of Europe, and his military exploits have made him one of the most celebrated personages in the history of

Britain and France fought the Second Opium War against China to gain greater commercial access to China. This timeline lists the key events during this conflict. list, Second Opium War, Arrow War, Great Britain, China, France, Russia, United States, opium, Tianjin, Tientsin, Canton, Guangzhou,

Note: All times listed are Eastern Daylight Time. list, September 11 attacks, World Trade Center, Pentagon, American Airlines flight 11, United Airlines flight 175, United Airlines flight 93, American Airlines flight 77, terrorism, Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda, hijacking, United States history, New

On July 30, 1945, just days after delivering components of the atomic bombs that were later dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, the USS Indianapolis was sunk by a Japanese submarine. Of the nearly 1,200 crewmen on board, some 900 initially survived. Their ordeal, however, was just starting.

This infographic presents a timeline of space-related achievements by the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. between 1957 and 1969. A description of the timeline is below the graphic. Spotlight, space race, Sputnik, Apollo program, Moon, Laika, Yuri Gagarin, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, NASA, Soyuz,

The Spanish Civil War began as an attempted military coup in 1936 and evolved into a bloody proxy war that killed hundreds of thousands of people by the time it ended in 1939. This timeline lists the war’s important events. list, Spanish Civil War, Francisco Franco, Condor Legion, International

The Spanish Inquisition was created in 1478. Its purpose was ostensibly to fight heresy in Spain, but its main accomplishment was to consolidate the authority of the Spanish monarchy through violence and terror. This timeline provides key events during its existence. list, Spanish Inquisition,

Learn more about the doomed ocean liner’s sinking. Companion, Titanic, ocean liner, sinking, White Star Line, iceberg, Captain Edward J. Smith, J. Bruce

The right to vote is a hallmark of democratic governments. The strength of a democracy can be measured by its free and fair elections that give equal voice to all eligible citizens. Since the founding of the United States in 1776, the federal and state governments have wrestled with the question of

Since early antisuffragists’ warnings of “petticoat governments,” women have faced sexism and other challenges when it comes to leading. In fact, fewer than one-third of the world’s countries have ever had a female leader. Who are these trailblazers? In the timeline below, discover some of the

Sparked by a political assassination in 1914, World War I inflicted historically unprecedented devastation on Europe. This timeline details the war’s key events. list, World War I, Adolf Hitler, Erich Ludendorff, Woodrow Wilson, Franz Ferdinand, Marne, Ypres, Gallipoli Campaign, Verdun, trench

The deadliest conflict in human history lasted almost exactly six years, beginning with Germany’s invasion of Poland and concluding on the deck of the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. Between 40 million and 50 million people died as a result of World War II, and the balance of global power shifted

Founded in 1903 by visionary industrialist Henry Ford, Ford Motor Company introduced the first affordable car, the Model T, in 1908, and the moving assembly line six years later. Ford’s mass production methods rapidly led to the direct and indirect creation of jobs, first topping 100,000 in 1923

Like many iconic American companies, Mattel sprang from modest roots. Begun in a garage in 1945 by a husband and wife and their friend, the company—then known as Mattel Creations—had yet to embrace toy making as a way to success. That changed in 1947 with the introduction of a toy ukulele that was

Marvel Comics, American media and entertainment company that was widely regarded as one of the “big two” publishers in the comic industry. Its parent company, Marvel Entertainment, is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Disney Company. Its headquarters are in New York City. The precursor to Marvel

clock, mechanical or electrical device other than a watch for displaying time. A clock is a machine in which a device that performs regular movements in equal intervals of time is linked to a counting mechanism that records the number of movements. All clocks, of whatever form—whether 12-hour

watch, portable timepiece that has a movement driven either by spring or by electricity and that is designed to be worn or carried in the pocket. The first watches appeared shortly after 1500, early examples being made by Peter Henlein, a locksmith in Nürnberg, Ger. The escapement used in the early

Kurt Vonnegut: Later works of fiction: …professor turned prison warden; and Timequake (1997), a loosely structured meditation on free will.

Times Literary Supplement (TLS), weekly literary journal founded in 1902 as a supplement to The Sunday Times of London, long famous for its coverage of all aspects of literature and widely considered the finest literary review in the English language. TLS sets the tone and standards for excellence

Los Angeles Times: …within a public corporation, the Times-Mirror Company (the hyphen was later dropped from the name), in 1884. The paper prospered, soon becoming an important political power in California and a major voice in the southern part of the state. Although its news coverage reflected its political bias, the Times won…

Stanley Morison: …remembered for his design of Times New Roman, later called the most successful new typeface of the first half of the 20th century.

Philipp Otto Runge: …his cycle of drawings titled Times of Day in 1803, a series of four allegorical works that represent morning, midday, evening, and night as well as the four seasons and the life cycle—birth, maturity, decline, death. The cycle was published in a limited edition of 25 sets in 1805 (and…

Harvey Milk: Legacy: …Milk, including the 1984 documentary The Times of Harvey Milk, which earned an Academy Award; an opera, Harvey Milk (1995); and Milk (2008), a cinematic depiction of his political career that starred Sean Penn. In 2009 Milk was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

The Times of India, English-language morning daily newspaper published in Mumbai, Ahmadabad, and Delhi. It is one of India’s most influential papers, and its voice has frequently coincided with that of the national government. Originally called The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce, the paper

The Times, daily newspaper published in London, one of Britain’s oldest and most influential newspapers. It is generally accounted, with The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph, one of Britain’s “big three” and has long been recognized as one of the world’s greatest newspapers. Founded by John Walter

Times Square, square in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, formed by the intersection of Seventh Avenue, 42nd Street, and Broadway. Times Square is also the centre of the Theatre District, which is bounded roughly by Sixth and Eighth avenues to the east and west, respectively, and by 40th and 53rd

Bob Dylan: The king of folk music: …song of his next album, The Times They Are A-Changin’ (1964), provided an instant anthem.