tuba, deep-pitched brass wind instrument with valves and wide conical bore. The word tuba originally was the name of a straight-built Roman trumpet and was the medieval Latin word for trumpet. Valved bass brass instruments for bands are mentioned as early as 1829, but little is now known about

cornu: Under the name tuba curva a version of the instrument was revived in France during the Revolution and was used by the composer André-Ernest-Modeste Grétry in his music for Voltaire’s interment in the Pantheon.

sterilization: …oldest form of surgical sterilization, tubal ligation, remains one of the most widely used. As originally performed, this consisted of tying the female’s fallopian tubes closed with silk thread. Simple ligation has a high failure rate, however, and modern procedures usually rely on stitching the tubes closed or severing a…

ectopic pregnancy: Tubal pregnancy, in which the ovum becomes implanted in one of the fallopian tubes, may be brought about by factors that interfere with the propulsion of the fertilized ovum from the fallopian tube toward the uterine cavity. Examples include inflammation of the fallopian tube, developmental…

Tofalar, Turkic-speaking people of southern Siberia who numbered about 800 in the mid-1980s. Their traditional habitat was the northern slopes of the Eastern Sayan Mountains, where they lived by nomadic hunting and reindeer breeding. Of all the peoples of Siberia, only the Tofalar failed to develop

Tuban, city, northwestern East Java (Jawa Timur) propinsi (or provinsi; province), northern Java, Indonesia. It is a fishing port on the Java Sea, about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Surabaya. Road and railway link it with Babat to the south, and it is connected by road with Rembang and Kudus to

glockenspiel: The tubaphone is a softer-toned offspring of the glockenspiel. It is used in military bands and has metal tubes rather than bars.

Mesoamerican Indian languages: The classification and status of Mesoamerican languages: Corachol-Aztecan

Tubarão, city, southeastern Santa Catarina estado (state), southern Brazil. It is the seat of Tubarão municipality, a unit of local government created in 1870. The city lies on the Tubarão River. Crops cultivated in the surrounding coastal plain include grains, beans, coffee, rice, and sugarcane.

Uto-Aztecan languages: The languages of the Southern Uto-Aztecan division are as follows:

Arabian Desert: Physiography: To the southeast, Mount Al-Ṭubayq rises higher, standing as a mass of sandstone deeply cut by numerous wadis (ephemeral watercourses). Farther southeast the plateaus of Tabūk, Taymāʾ, Ṭawīl, Al-Ḥufrah, and Al-Hūj reach to the western edge of Al-Nafūd (or Great Nafud), a large sand desert in the north.…

Ernest Tubb was an American country music singer and songwriter. His first musical influence was the yodeling of Jimmie Rodgers. He became one of the earliest exponents of honky-tonk with hits such as “I’m Walking the Floor over You” (1941). He joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1942, and he became one

Ernest Tubb was an American country music singer and songwriter. His first musical influence was the yodeling of Jimmie Rodgers. He became one of the earliest exponents of honky-tonk with hits such as “I’m Walking the Floor over You” (1941). He joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1942, and he became one

Tibet, historic region and autonomous region of China that is often called “the roof of the world.” It occupies a vast area of plateaus and mountains in Central Asia, including Mount Everest (Qomolangma [or Zhumulangma] Feng; Tibetan: Chomolungma). It is bordered by the Chinese provinces of Qinghai

Sulu Sea: …Mapun (Cagayan Sulu) island, the Tubbataha Reefs, and the volcanic Mapun island group itself. The Tubbataha Reefs were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1993 in recognition of their abundance and diversity of marine life; in 2009 the boundaries of the site were extended to triple its original size.

history of Arabia: The Tubbaʿ kings: A major break with the past was made in the 4th century ce, when the polytheistic religion of the earlier cultures was replaced by a monotheistic cult of “The Merciful (Raḥmān), Lord of heaven and earth.” There was also an increasing interest, both…

industrial glass: Tubes and rods: Tubes and rods are made in three processes: the Danner process, the downdraw process, and the Vello process. In the Danner process, a continuous stream of glass flows over a hollow, rotating mandrel that is mounted on an incline inside a surrounding…

sound: In air columns: Tubes are classified by whether both ends of the tube are open (an open tube) or whether one end is open and one end closed (a closed tube). The basic acoustic difference is that the open end of a tube allows motion of the air;…

annelid: Polychaetes: Tubes may consist of calcium carbonate, parchment, or mucus, to which sediment adheres. The anus is at the posterior tip. Tube dwellers generally have an external fecal groove along which fecal material passes forward. Eyes are occasionally present on gills, along the sides of the…

steel: Tubes: With the development of the gas industry at the beginning of the 19th century, an increased demand developed for tubes to transmit gas. In 1824 a method for pressure butt-welding of heated, curved strip was developed in Britain, and in 1832 a plant for…

subway, underground railway system used to transport large numbers of passengers within urban and suburban areas. Subways are usually built under city streets for ease of construction, but they may take shortcuts and sometimes must pass under rivers. Outlying sections of a system usually emerge

tube anemone, (genus Cerianthus), any of a group of invertebrate marine animals of the class Anthozoa (phylum Cnidaria) characterized by an elongated polyp (i.e., a hollow stalklike structure with a mouth and tentacles at the upper end); the polyp lives in a tube of slime on the ocean bottom. The

tube feeding, method of delivering nutrients directly into the stomach or small intestine through a flexible tube. Tube feeding is commonly used for patients who are comatose, are undernourished or have a severely decreased appetite, or are affected by an injury, disorder, or illness that renders

circulatory system: Echinodermata: …sac (or ampulla) and a tube foot (podium), which commonly has a flattened tip that can act as a sucker. Contraction of the sac results in a valve in the lateral canal closing as the contained fluid is forced into the podium, which elongates. On contact with the substratum, the…

mineral processing: Grinding: …be further disintegrated in a cylinder mill, which is a cylindrical container built to varying length-to-diameter ratios, mounted with the axis substantially horizontal, and partially filled with grinding bodies (e.g., flint stones, iron or steel balls) that are caused to tumble, under the influence of gravity, by revolving the container.

plant reproductive system: Angiosperms: …small generative cell and a tube cell. The generative cell may divide to form two sperm cells before the pollen grain (developing male gametophyte) is shed or while the pollen tube is growing during germination. The pollen grains of angiosperms have variously, and often elaborately, ornamented walls characteristic of the…

tubesnout, either of the two species of fishes in the family Aulorhynchidae (order Gasterosteiformes). Both species—Aulorhynchus flavidus and Aulichthys japonicus—are marine and restricted to coastal regions of the northern Pacific Ocean. Taxonomically, they are sometimes placed in the stickleback

Earth exploration: Seismic refraction methods: …surface of a borehole (tube waves). Under certain circumstances (e.g., oblique incidence on an interface), waves can change from one mode to another.

tube worm, any of a number of tube-dwelling marine worms belonging to the annelid class Polychaeta (see polychaete; feather-duster worm; tentacle worm). Other tube-dwelling worms include the horseshoe worm (phylum Phoronida) and the beardworm (phylum

stringed instrument: Zithers: …seem to derive ultimately from tube zithers made directly from lengths of bamboo. The bamboo prototypes are said to be idiochordic because their strings, part of the bamboo itself, are worked loose from the tough surface of the tube, to which they remain attached at either end. The maker then…

London Underground, underground railway system that services the London metropolitan area. The London Underground was proposed by Charles Pearson, a city solicitor, as part of a city improvement plan shortly after the opening of the Thames Tunnel in 1843. After 10 years of discussion, Parliament

annelid: …are divided into free-moving and sedentary, or tube-dwelling, forms; the earthworms (Oligochaeta); and the leeches (Hirudinea).

rocket and missile system: Antitank and guided assault: …pending the development of the TOW (for tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided) missile. Because it was designed for greater range and hitting power, TOW was mounted primarily on vehicles and, particularly, on attack helicopters. Helicopter-fired antitank missiles were first used in combat when the U.S. Army deployed several TOW-equipped UH-1 “Hueys”…

tire: Pneumatic tires: In the 1950s, however, tubeless tires reinforced by alternating plies, or layers, of cord became standard equipment on new automobiles. In that decade Michelin introduced the radial-ply tire, which is now standard for all automobiles in developed countries.

tuber, specialized storage stem of certain seed plants. Tubers are usually short and thickened and typically grow below the soil. Largely composed of starch-storing parenchyma tissue, they constitute the resting stage of various plants and enable overwintering in many species. As modified stems,

rubber: Shaping: Extruders are used to produce long continuous products such as tubing, tire treads, and wire coverings. They are also used to produce various profiles that can later be cut to length. Multiroll calenders are used to make wide sheeting. In transfer and injection molds, the…

truffle, (genus Tuber), edible subterranean fungus, prized as a food delicacy. True truffles are in the genus Tuber (order Pezizales, phylum Ascomycota) and are native mainly to temperate regions. The different species range in size from as small as a pea to the size of an orange. The

truffle: Major species: …truffle, also known as the English truffle (T. aestivum), is found principally in beech woods. It is bluish black, rounded, and covered with coarse polygonal warts; the gleba is white when immature, then yellowish, and finally brown with white branched markings.

heel: Posteriorly, a roughened area, the tuber calcanei, takes much of the weight in standing. On one side of this is a small protuberance, the lateral process, developed only in humans, related to balance in the upright position. The Achilles tendon (tendo calcaneus) attaches to the posterior border of the calcaneus.…

truffle: Major species: …in French cuisine is the Périgord (Tuber melanosporum), which is said to have first gained favour toward the end of the 15th century. It is brown or black, rounded, and covered with polygonal wartlike protrusions having a depression at their summit; the flesh (gleba) is first white, then brown or…

inflammation: Chronic inflammation: …the granulomas formed are called tubercles. Granulomas also typically arise from fungal infections, and they are present in schistosomiasis, syphilis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

pasteurization: …to be necessary to destroy Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other, more heat-resistant, non-spore-forming, disease-causing microorganisms found in milk. The treatment also destroys most of the microorganisms that cause spoilage and so prolongs the storage time of food.

tuberculin test, procedure for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection by the introduction into the skin, usually by injection on the front surface of the forearm, of a minute amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin. Tuberculin is a protein substance from the tuberculosis-causing

leprosy: Course of the disease: …form of leprosy known as tuberculoid leprosy because of the hard nodules, or tubercles, that form in the skin. The intense cellular reaction involves all of the thicknesses of the skin and the tissues under it, the sweat glands, the hair follicles, and the nerve fibres that end in the…

tuberculosis (TB), infectious disease that is caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In most forms of the disease, the bacillus spreads slowly and widely in the lungs, causing the formation of hard nodules (tubercles) or large cheeselike masses that break down the respiratory

laryngitis: Tuberculous laryngitis is a secondary infection spread from the initial site in the lungs. Tubercular nodule-like growths are formed in the larynx tissue. The bacteria die after infecting the tissue, leaving ulcers on the surface. There may be eventual destruction of the epiglottis and laryngeal…

meningitis: Other bacterial causes of meningitis: In many less-developed countries, tuberculous meningitis is common.

Pott disease, disease caused by infection of the spinal column, or vertebral column, by the tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pott disease is characterized by softening and collapse of the vertebrae, often resulting in a hunchback curvature of the spine. The condition is named

François de La Mothe Le Vayer was an independent French thinker and writer who developed a philosophy of Skepticism more radical than that of Michel de Montaigne but less absolute than that of Pierre Bayle. La Mothe Le Vayer became an avocat in the Parlement of Paris, taking over his father’s seat,

tuberose, (Polianthes tuberosa), perennial garden plant of the asparagus family (Asparagaceae), cultivated for its fragrant flowers. The tuberose is native to Mexico, and the flowers are used in the manufacture of perfumes. The tuberose has long bright green leaves clustered at the base and smaller

angiosperm: Root systems: …common being the formation of tuberous (fleshy) roots for food storage. For example, carrots and beets are tuberous roots that are modified from taproots, and cassava (manioc) is a tuberous root that is modified from an adventitious root. (Tubers, on the other hand, are modified, fleshy, underground

tuberous sclerosis, autosomal dominant disorder marked by the formation of widespread benign tumors throughout the body. This disease has a well-established molecular link, which stems from defects or mutations in either of two genes—TSC1 or TSC2—that cause uncontrolled cell growth. Eighty percent

tuberous sclerosis, autosomal dominant disorder marked by the formation of widespread benign tumors throughout the body. This disease has a well-established molecular link, which stems from defects or mutations in either of two genes—TSC1 or TSC2—that cause uncontrolled cell growth. Eighty percent

begonia: Types: Tuberous-rooted begonias include the Tuberhybrida group, grown outdoors for their large and colourful flowers from early summer to first frost, and the greenhouse begonias that bloom during the winter. The latter are subdivided into the Cheimantha group, derived from crosses between B. socotrana and B.…

Tommy Tuberville is a Republican U.S. senator from Alabama and a former high-school and college football player and coach. For some 10 months in 2023 Tuberville used his authority under the Senate’s standing rules to block hundreds of senior promotions of U.S. military officers in protest of a U.S.

Tommy Tuberville is a Republican U.S. senator from Alabama and a former high-school and college football player and coach. For some 10 months in 2023 Tuberville used his authority under the Senate’s standing rules to block hundreds of senior promotions of U.S. military officers in protest of a U.S.

Blood, Sweat & Tears: Al Kooper: …of the theatrical rock group the Tubes. After leaving the Blues Project in 1967, he set his sights on forming a band that would expand the scope of rock to include elements of jazz, blues, classical, and folk music. In putting together the group, he made clear to its prospective…

tubesnout, either of the two species of fishes in the family Aulorhynchidae (order Gasterosteiformes). Both species—Aulorhynchus flavidus and Aulichthys japonicus—are marine and restricted to coastal regions of the northern Pacific Ocean. Taxonomically, they are sometimes placed in the stickleback

tube worm, any of a number of tube-dwelling marine worms belonging to the annelid class Polychaeta (see polychaete; feather-duster worm; tentacle worm). Other tube-dwelling worms include the horseshoe worm (phylum Phoronida) and the beardworm (phylum

hover fly: The rat-tailed maggots (larvae) of the drone fly (Eristalis tenax), which live in drains and polluted waters, have a telescopic breathing tube at the rear that gives them their common name.

annelid: Annotated classification: …of genera: Nais, Tubifex (sludge worm). Class Hirudinea (leeches) Primarily freshwater, but also terrestrial and marine forms; small sucker at anterior end, large sucker at posterior end; fixed number of body segments at 34; body cavity filled with connective tissue; hermaphroditic, with fertilized eggs laid in a cocoon secreted…

procellariiform, (order Procellariiformes), any of the group of seabirds that includes the albatrosses (family Diomedeidae); shearwaters, fulmars, prions, and large petrels (Procellariidae); storm petrels (Hydrobatidae); and diving petrels (Pelecanoididae). There are approximately 117 living

procellariiform, (order Procellariiformes), any of the group of seabirds that includes the albatrosses (family Diomedeidae); shearwaters, fulmars, prions, and large petrels (Procellariidae); storm petrels (Hydrobatidae); and diving petrels (Pelecanoididae). There are approximately 117 living

Tübingen, city, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. The city lies along the Neckar River at its junction with the Ammer and Steinlach rivers, south of Stuttgart. Originating as Castra Alamannorum around the castle of the counts palatine of Tübingen (first mentioned in 1078) and

Ferdinand Christian Baur: …scholar who initiated the Protestant Tübingen school of biblical criticism and who has been called the father of modern studies in church history.

Ferdinand Christian Baur: …scholar who initiated the Protestant Tübingen school of biblical criticism and who has been called the father of modern studies in church history.

University of Tübingen, state-supported university at Tübingen, Ger. It was founded in 1477 by Count Eberhard VI (1445–96), later the first duke of Württemberg, a civic and ecclesiastic reformer who established the school after becoming absorbed in the Renaissance revival of learning during his

Ulrich: …forced him to conclude the Treaty of Tübingen, whereby, in return for their assuming liability for his debts, he granted them important rights. Subsequent breaches of the treaty by Ulrich led to his being expelled by the Swabian League in 1519; and in 1520 the Swabian League sold Württemberg to…

University of Tübingen, state-supported university at Tübingen, Ger. It was founded in 1477 by Count Eberhard VI (1445–96), later the first duke of Württemberg, a civic and ecclesiastic reformer who established the school after becoming absorbed in the Renaissance revival of learning during his

organ-pipe coral, (genus Tubipora), any of a genus of marine animals of the class Anthozoa (phylum Cnidaria). The single known species, Tubipora musica, occurs on reefs in shallow waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans and is characterized by long, parallel upright polyps, or stalks, supported by

organ-pipe coral: The single known species, Tubipora musica, occurs on reefs in shallow waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans and is characterized by long, parallel upright polyps, or stalks, supported by a skeleton of rigid tubes of calcium carbonate. The tentacles of the polyps are sometimes green, and the skeleton…

Fernand Léger: …style was aptly nicknamed “tubism.”

Harriet Tubman was an American bondwoman who escaped from slavery in the South to become a leading abolitionist before the American Civil War. She led dozens of enslaved people to freedom in the North along the route of the Underground Railroad—an elaborate secret network of safe houses organized

William V. S. Tubman was a statesman whose 27 years as Liberia’s 17th president constituted the longest tenure in that office in the history of Africa’s first republic (proclaimed in 1847). He was responsible for numerous reforms and social policies, including enactment of suffrage and property

William V. S. Tubman was a statesman whose 27 years as Liberia’s 17th president constituted the longest tenure in that office in the history of Africa’s first republic (proclaimed in 1847). He was responsible for numerous reforms and social policies, including enactment of suffrage and property

Liberia: 2011 elections: Sirleaf and Winston Tubman, who was running with Weah as his vice presidential candidate on the CDC ticket, emerged as the two top candidates, winning almost 44 percent and 33 percent of the vote, respectively. As neither candidate was able to garner more than 50 percent of…

Tubmanburg, city, western Liberia, western Africa. Located in the Bomi Hills, a former iron-mining district, it was long associated with the Liberian Mining Company (LMC; a subsidiary of Republic Steel Corporation), which closed down mining operations in the late 1970s. The firm, the first in

drug: Drugs that affect skeletal muscle: …important competitive blocking drug is tubocurarine, which is the active constituent of curare, a drug with a long history and one of the first drugs whose action was analyzed in physiological terms. Claude Bernard, a 19th-century French physiologist, showed that curare causes paralysis by blocking transmission between nerve and muscle,…

Lau Group: The village of Tubou, the main settlement of the Lau Group, is on Lakeba. Because of the Lau Group’s proximity and historical connections to Tonga, the people and their culture combine Polynesian and Melanesian characteristics to a greater extent than is found in Fiji’s more westerly groups.

Tobruk, port, northeastern Libya. It was the site of Antipyrgos, an ancient Greek agricultural colony, and thereafter a Roman fortress guarding the Cyrenaican frontier. The town later became a way station on the coastal caravan route. Because it is Libya’s only natural harbour, Tobruk was occupied

Teda, people of the eastern and central Sahara (Chad, Niger, and Libya). Their language, also called Teda (or Tedaga), is closely related to the Kanuri and Zaghawa languages, and it belongs to the Saharan group of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Teda has northern and southern groups; the term

Tubuai Islands: …miles [29 square km]), and Tubuai (18 square miles [47 square km])—as well as the tiny, uninhabited Marotiri Islands at the southern end of the chain, and Maria Atoll in the north.

Tubuai Islands, southernmost archipelago of French Polynesia in the central South Pacific Ocean. Volcanic in origin, the islands are part of a vast submerged mountain chain, probably a southeasterly extension of the Cook Islands (New Zealand). Scattered over an area some 800 miles (1,300 km) long,

Oceanic art and architecture: New Britain: …male (dukduk) and female (tubuan) masks. Both types are cone-shaped and were constructed of cane and fibre. The dukduk is taller than the tubuan and is faceless. The tubuan has circular eyes and a crescent-shaped mouth painted on a dark background. Both masks have short, bushy capes of leaves.

tubular bells, series of tuned brass (originally bronze) tubes of graded length, struck with wooden hammers to produce a sound. They first appeared in England in an 1886 performance of Arthur Sullivan’s Golden Legend in Coventry. Large tubular bells were at first used as a substitute for church

Robert Stephenson: …which led to several other tubular bridges built by Stephenson in England and other countries. (Following a fire in 1970, the Britannia Bridge underwent extensive repairs, and the tubes were replaced by concrete decks supported by steel arches.)

capacitor dielectric and piezoelectric ceramics: Disk, multilayer, and tubular capacitors: …monolithic units are still employed, tubular capacitors are often used in place of disks, because the axial wire lead configuration of tubular capacitors is preferred over the radial configuration of disk capacitors for automatic circuit-board insertion machines.

centrifuge: Tubular centrifuges: The tubular centrifuge is used primarily for the continuous separation of liquids from liquids or of very fine particles from liquids, although in some cases it is employed as a batch-type centrifuge. In general, it is used when higher centrifugal fields are required…

drum: Tubular drums assume many shapes (goblet, hourglass, barrel, etc.) and are considered shallow if the height is less than the diameter. If the drum is so shallow that the shell cannot act as a resonator for the sound (as in a tambourine), it is considered…

circulatory system: Hearts: …heart is found in the tubular heart of most arthropods, in which part of the dorsal vessel is expanded to form one or more linearly arranged chambers with muscular walls. The walls are perforated by pairs of lateral openings (ostia) that allow blood to flow into the heart from a…

keyboard instrument: Stop and key mechanisms: This system was called tubular pneumatic action. At its best, it was remarkably effective, being reliable, long-lived, reasonably silent in action, and perfectly prompt in operation. At anything but its best, it was none of these things, and its worst fault usually lay in sluggish operation. Tubular pneumatic action…

bicycle: Wheels: Tubular rims are used with tubular racing tires, which are glued to the rim.

furniture: Metal: …genre was soon imitated, and tubular steel furniture became a symbol of functionalism. Since then, thinner tubing and plaited wire, with a resiliency similar to that found in wickerwork chairs have been used. Because of its lightness, aluminum became a furniture material.

furniture: Modern: …thinking, resulting, for example, in tubular steel chairs designed by the architects Marcel Breuer, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and others. During World War II, the aircraft industry accelerated the development of laminated wood and molded plastic furniture. The dominant chair forms of this period go back to designs by…

thrips: Annotated classification: Suborder Tubulifera The 10th abdominal segment tubelike, never split, major anal setae arising from separate plates adjacent to the tube; females without ovipositor; wings without longitudinal veins or fringe; larvae with antennal segments smooth not ringed; pupae with antennal sheaths hornlike or curved around (not over)…

protozoan: Annotated classification: Tubulinea Either naked or testate amoebae. Can produce tubular subcylindrical pseudopodia. Taxa lack centrosomes and flagellated stages. Flabellinea Flat. Lack subcylindrical pseudopodia; lack centrosomes and flagellated stages. Stereomyxida Branched or reticulate networks;

Guyana: Labour: The Trade Union Congress is an association of major unions. Among them are the Guyana Mine Workers’ Union, which is composed almost exclusively of Afro-Guyanese workers, and the Guyana Agricultural and General Workers’ Union, a predominantly Indo-Guyanese association.

Trades Union Congress (TUC), national organization of British trade unions. Although it is the sole national trade union, three other related bodies also exist: the Scottish Trades Union Congress, the Wales Trade Union Council, and the Irish Congress of Trade Unions (including the Northern Ireland

Ali Wong: Career: …episodes of the animated sitcom Tuca & Bertie. Wong also lent her voice to roles in several other animated series, including Maddie in BoJack Horseman, Sylvia in American Dad!, Ali in Big Mouth, and Becca Lee in Human Resources.

Tucana, constellation in the southern sky at about 0 hour right ascension and 60° south in declination. Its brightest star is Alpha Tucanae, with a magnitude of 2.9. This constellation contains the Small Magellanic Cloud, a satellite of the Milky Way Galaxy and one of the nearest galaxies to Earth