Pink: Pink’s sixth studio album, The Truth About Love (2012), included the hit singles “Blow Me (One Last Kiss)” and “Try.” Also on that album was “Just Give Me a Reason,” which Pink recorded with Nate Ruess from the group Fun. Pink subsequently collaborated with singer and songwriter Dallas Green…

Sir Arnold Bax: His ballet, The Truth About the Russian Dancers, on a scenario by the playwright J.M. Barrie, was produced by Serge Diaghilev in 1920. Between 1921 and 1939 he wrote seven symphonies dedicated to the musicians he admired, among them John Ireland and Jean Sibelius. He also wrote…

Ann Patchett: Later novels and other works: …full-length volume of nonfiction writing, Truth and Beauty, a memoir recounting her friendship with the writer Lucy Grealy, who died of a drug overdose in 2002. Patchett returned to fiction with her next book, Run (2007), which explores the relationship between an ambitious father and his two sons. Issues of…

Alison Lurie: Truth and Consequences (2005), which follows two couples courting divorce, revisits Lurie’s invented Corinth University.

Hans-Georg Gadamer: …work, Wahrheit und Methode (1960; Truth and Method), is considered by some to be the major 20th-century philosophical statement on hermeneutical theory. His other works include Kleine Schriften, 4 vol. (1967–77; Philosophical Hermeneutics, selected essays from vol. 1–3); Dialogue and Dialectic (1980), comprising eight essays on Plato; and Reason in…

Leymah Gbowee: …as a commissioner on Liberia’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2004–05). In 2006 she was one of the founders of the Women Peace and Security Network–Africa (WIPSEN-Africa), an organization active in several western African countries that encouraged the involvement of women in peace, security, and governance issues. She was named executive…

Manuel Zelaya: In July the Honduras Truth and Reconciliation Commission established by the Organization of American States to investigate the circumstances of Zelaya’s ouster determined that his removal from power was indeed an illegal coup and not a constitutional succession, as some had argued. At the same time, the commission found…

Solomon Islands: Solomon Islands Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Meanwhile, a Truth and Reconciliation Commission, tasked with investigating the causes and events of the Tensions (1998–2003) and helping the country to heal from the conflict, had been created and began work in 2009. Hearings were held in 2010…

Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South Africa (TRC), courtlike body established by the new South African government in 1995 to help heal the country and bring about a reconciliation of its people by uncovering the truth about human rights violations that had occurred during the period of

Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South Africa (TRC), courtlike body established by the new South African government in 1995 to help heal the country and bring about a reconciliation of its people by uncovering the truth about human rights violations that had occurred during the period of

Leymah Gbowee: …as a commissioner on Liberia’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2004–05). In 2006 she was one of the founders of the Women Peace and Security Network–Africa (WIPSEN-Africa), an organization active in several western African countries that encouraged the involvement of women in peace, security, and governance issues. She was named executive…

Tomas Tranströmer: …later works include Sanningsbarriären (1978; The Truth Barrier), Det vilda torget (1983; The Wild Marketplace), and För levande och döda (1989; For the Living and the Dead).

cinéma vérité, French film movement of the 1960s that showed people in everyday situations with authentic dialogue and naturalness of action. Rather than following the usual technique of shooting sound and pictures together, the filmmaker first tapes actual conversations, interviews, and opinions.

truth commission, an official body established to investigate a series of human rights violations, war crimes, or other serious abuses that took place over many years. Truth commissions aim to identify the causes and consequences of abuses, which may have been committed by repressive regimes or by

semantics: Truth-conditional semantics: Confronted with the skepticism of Quine, his student Donald Davidson made a significant effort in the 1960s and ’70s to resuscitate meaning. Davidson attempted to account for meaning not in terms of behaviour but on the basis of truth, which by then had…

William Penn: Quaker leadership and political activism: …his first publication, the pamphlet Truth Exalted (1668), he upheld Quaker doctrines while attacking in turn those of the Roman Catholics, the Anglicans, and the Dissenting churches. It was followed by The Sandy Foundation Shaken (1668), in which he boldly questioned the Trinity and other Protestant doctrines. Though Penn subsequently…

formal logic: Basic features of PC: …an operator is called a truth function of the operator’s argument(s). The truth functionality of the PC operators is clearly brought out by summarizing the above account of them in truth table for most common operators

consumer credit: In the United States the Truth in Lending Act (part of the Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968) requires lenders to state finance charges in ways that allow borrowers to compare the terms being offered by the lending companies.

anarchism: English anarchist thought: In his pamphlet of 1649, Truth Lifting Up Its Head Above Scandals, Winstanley laid down what later became basic principles among anarchists: that power corrupts; that property is incompatible with freedom; that authority and property are between them the begetters of crime; and that only in a society without rulers,…

Hugo Grotius: Early life: …theological and politico-theological works, including De Veritate Religionis Christianae (1627; The Truth of the Christian Religion), the book that in his lifetime probably enjoyed the highest popularity among his works.

Spanish literature: The Generation of 1927: Truth of Two and Other Poems), profoundly personal love experiences inspire subtle observations on the solidity of external reality and the fleeting world of subjective perception. Guillén’s lifelong poetic effort, Cántico (Cántico: A Selection), first published in 1928 and repeatedly enlarged in successive editions, constitutes…

Truth or Consequences, city, seat (1937) of Sierra county, southwestern New Mexico, U.S. It lies along the Rio Grande, east of the Black Range in Gila National Forest, 60 miles (97 km) north-northwest of Las Cruces. The locality was first settled in the mid-19th century near the Palomas Springs,

Bob Barker: Early career and Truth or Consequences: …Ralph Edwards, the creator of Truth or Consequences, a popular television game show in which contestants who failed to correctly answer trivia questions had to perform stunts. Barker began hosting the program in 1956, and his affable manner quickly connected with audiences. He remained with the show until 1975. While…

Madonna: Shifting gears to acting and film: …Tracy (1990), and recovered with Truth or Dare (1991, also known as In Bed with Madonna), a documentary of her boundary-breaking Blonde Ambition tour, and A League of Their Own (1992). Truth or Dare, in particular, came to be regarded as a seminal music documentary for its honest depiction of…

truth: Deflationism: …common? What purpose does the truth predicate serve? The answer, according to most deflationists, is that true is a highly useful device for making generalizations over large numbers of sayings or assertions. For example, suppose that Winston Churchill said many things (S1, S2, S3,…Sn). One could express total agreement with…

Carlo Rubbia: …for the sixth quark, called top, had been found. The discovery of this quark confirmed an earlier prediction that three pairs of these particles should exist.

Truth Social, social media app founded in 2022 by former president of the United States Donald Trump, primarily in response to his being banned from mainstream social media platforms. The app is owned by Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG) and takes cues in its design and function from Twitter

truth table, in logic, chart that shows the truth-value of one or more compound propositions for every possible combination of truth-values of the propositions making up the compound ones. It can be used to test the validity of arguments. Every proposition is assumed to be either true or false and

Church of Norway: …work with a Pietistic emphasis, Truth Unto Godliness, an explanation of Martin Luther’s Small Catechism published in 1737 by Erik Pontoppidan, a Danish-Norwegian Lutheran professor and bishop, extensively influenced Norwegian religious life for about 200 years. A Pietistic revival from 1797 to 1804 was led by Hans Hauge, a peasant’s…

Lilly Martin Spencer: …worked on her monumental painting, Truth Unveiling Falsehood, which was acclaimed as a masterwork upon its completion in 1869. She refused as much as $20,000 for the canvas, which was later lost. Her popularity declined in later years, although she continued to work.

John Bowen: …experience inspired his first novel, The Truth Will Not Help Us (1956), about an unjust trial of three Englishmen in Scotland in 1705 for piracy.

patristic literature: The gnostic writers: …Christ to the Apostles; the Gospel of Truth, perhaps to be identified with the work of this name attributed by Irenaeus to Valentinus; the Epistle to Rheginos, a Valentinian work, possibly by Valentinus himself, on the Resurrection; and a Tripartite Treatise, probably written by Heracleon, of the school of Valentinianism.…

Khushwant Singh: Career in diplomacy and journalism: He wrote in his autobiography Truth, Love and a Little Malice (2002),

Sojourner Truth was an African American evangelist and reformer who applied her religious fervor to the abolitionist and women’s rights movements. Isabella was the daughter of enslaved people and spent her childhood as an abused chattel of several masters. Her first language was Dutch. Between 1810

Catherine Deneuve: …Seeds) and La vérité (2019; The Truth).

connective, in logic, a word or group of words that joins two or more propositions together to form a connective proposition. Commonly used connectives include “but,” “and,” “or,” “if . . . then,” and “if and only if.” The various types of logical connectives include conjunction (“and”),

connective, in logic, a word or group of words that joins two or more propositions together to form a connective proposition. Commonly used connectives include “but,” “and,” “or,” “if . . . then,” and “if and only if.” The various types of logical connectives include conjunction (“and”),

parole: …retained parole passed so-called “truth-in-sentencing” laws, which generally required that a prisoner serve more than 85 percent of his maximum sentence before becoming eligible for parole (the percentage enabled states to qualify for federal funds to build or expand correctional facilities). Partially as a result of such restrictions on…

truth-value, in logic, truth (T or 1) or falsity (F or 0) of a given proposition or statement. Logical connectives, such as disjunction (symbolized ∨, for “or”) and negation (symbolized ∼), can be thought of as truth-functions, because the truth-value of a compound proposition is a function of, or

Stephen Colbert: The Colbert Report: …show Colbert coined the word truthiness to express a kind of unchanging “truth” derived from a gut feeling rather than from any known facts. (Truthiness was named the Word of the Year in 2005 by the American Dialect Society.) The neologism became the organizing principle for the show, where Colbert’s…

Nukus: …1932 and in 1939 replaced Trutkul (which was being eroded by the Amu Darya) as capital of the Kara-Kalpak A.S.S.R. (now Qoragalpoghiston). The present city has a number of food-processing and other light industries, the Qoragalpoghiston branch of the Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Nukus State University (1979), a museum, and…

trutruka, wind instrument used by the Mapuche (Araucanian) peoples of Chile and Argentina. Technically a trumpet, the trutruka is typically constructed from a long (roughly 8 to 18 feet [2.5 to 6 meters]) straight bamboo tube that is covered with horse intestine and affixed with a cow-horn

trutruka, wind instrument used by the Mapuche (Araucanian) peoples of Chile and Argentina. Technically a trumpet, the trutruka is typically constructed from a long (roughly 8 to 18 feet [2.5 to 6 meters]) straight bamboo tube that is covered with horse intestine and affixed with a cow-horn

AIDS: Condoms, vaccines, gels, and other prevention methods: Truvada had been approved in 2004 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a combination therapy (used with other drugs) for HIV infection; in 2012, following further clinical investigation of its effectiveness for PrEP, it became the first drug to be approved by…

Nguyen Du: …translation by Huynh Sanh Thong, The Tale of Kieu: The Classic Vietnamese Verse Novel; 1973). As an exploration of the Buddhist doctrine of karmic retribution for individual sins, his poem expresses his personal suffering and deep humanism. He also wrote “Words of a Young Hat Seller,” a shorter poem in…

TRW Inc., major American industrial corporation providing advanced-technology products and services primarily in the automotive, defense, and aerospace sectors. The company was formed in 1958 as Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc. from the merger of Thompson Products, Inc., and Ramo-Wooldridge

rugby: Scoring: …at goal, called a “try,” and goals, called “conversions,” that could be kicked after a try. Scoring changed by 1890 to the pattern favoured at Cheltenham School, whereby points were scored for a try, and penalty kicks were introduced, allowing teams disadvantaged by illegal play to kick for goal…

American football: The play of the game: …is allowed to attempt a conversion: a placekick through the goal posts for one point or a run or completed pass across the goal line for two points. (In the NFL the ball is placed at the 15-yard line for a kick attempt and at the 2-yard line for a…

Pink: …for “Trouble” from her album Try This (2003); it won for best female rock vocal performance.

Frank O’Hara: Among the art milieu of New York City: …his experimental one-act plays, including Try! Try! (1960), about a soldier’s return to his wife and her new lover.

Nashik: Tryambakeshvar, a village 14 miles (22 km) from Nashik, is the site of a Shaivite Jyotirlinga temple, the most important of the pilgrim sites.

monoplacophoran, (class Tryblidia), any of a group of primitive marine mollusks characterized by a single, cap-shaped shell and bilateral symmetry. The term Tryblidia is preferred over Monoplacophoran and Galeroconcha, because both latter terms are taken to include several fossil groups of

Dan Andersson: …Efterskörd (1929; “Late Harvest”) and Tryckt och otryckt (1942; “Printed and Unprinted”).

hand tool: Plane: …long, a long-bodied trying, or jointing, plane having a length of about 76 cm (30 inches) was needed to remove large curves in the wood. Short planes—a common length was about 23 cm (9 inches)—were called smoothing planes for the final finish they produced.

You’ve thought long and hard about the pros and cons of buying a business franchise, and you’ve decided that it’s what you want to do. You figure you have the time, business savvy, and you’re pretty sure you have the capital (and courage!) to get started. So, what’s next? Not only are there

John Irving: The Hotel New Hampshire, A Prayer for Owen Meany, and The Cider House Rules: His collection Trying to Save Piggy Sneed—which includes short stories and essays—and his autobiography, The Imaginary Girlfriend, were both published in 1996. My Movie Business (1999) details Irving’s experiences in adapting his novels to the screen.

Danbury: …the British under Major General William Tryon. Danbury is now a manufacturing city. Its products include optical equipment, ball bearings, pharmaceuticals, and machinery, and it is the location of the corporate headquarters of Union Carbide Corporation, a major manufacturer of petrochemicals. Danbury once was known for its hat industry, begun…

acriflavine, dye obtained from coal tar, introduced as an antiseptic in 1912 by the German medical-research worker Paul Ehrlich and used extensively in World War I to kill the parasites that cause sleeping sickness. The hydrochloride and the less irritating base, neutral acriflavine, both are

chemotherapy: …1903 Ehrlich invented a dye, trypan red, which was the first drug to show activity against trypanosomal infections in mice. Ehrlich’s greatest triumph, however, was the discovery (1910) of the organic arsenical drug Salvarsan, which proved to be effective in the treatment of syphilis. The discovery of other chemotherapeutic agents…

flatworm: Annotated classification: Order Trypanorhyncha Scolex with 2 or 4 bothridia; vitellaria in continuous sleevelike distribution; parasites of elasmobranchs; about 115 species. Order Pseudophyllidea Scolex with 2 elongated, shallow bothria, 1 dorsal and 1 ventral; genital pore lateral or median. Vitellaria lateral or extending across proglottid and encircling other…

trypanosome, any member of a genus (Trypanosoma) of parasitic zooflagellate protozoans belonging to the order Kinetoplastida. Adult trypanosomes are mainly blood parasites of vertebrates, especially fishes, birds, and mammals. Most species require an intermediate host (often an insect or a leech)

protozoan: Protozoans and disease: …produced by two subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei—namely, T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense. The life cycle of T. brucei has two hosts: a human (or other mammal) and the bloodsucking tsetse fly, which transmits the parasite between humans.

sleeping sickness: …infection with the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or the closely related subspecies T. brucei rhodesiense, transmitted by the tsetse fly (genus Glossina). Sleeping sickness is characterized by two stages of illness. In the first stage, infected persons typically experience fever, headache, muscle and joint

sleeping sickness: … or the closely related subspecies T. brucei rhodesiense, transmitted by the tsetse fly (genus Glossina). Sleeping sickness is characterized by two stages of illness. In the first stage, infected persons typically experience fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, and inflammation of the lymph nodes

antiprotozoal drug: Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas’ disease, is treated with nifurtimox, a nitrofuran derivative. It is given orally and results in the production of activated forms of oxygen, which are lethal to the parasite. Other forms of trypanosomiasis (African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness) are…

sleeping sickness: …infection with the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or the closely related subspecies T. brucei rhodesiense, transmitted by the tsetse fly (genus Glossina). Sleeping sickness is characterized by two stages of illness. In the first stage, infected persons typically experience fever, headache, muscle and joint

sleeping sickness: … or the closely related subspecies T. brucei rhodesiense, transmitted by the tsetse fly (genus Glossina). Sleeping sickness is characterized by two stages of illness. In the first stage, infected persons typically experience fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, and inflammation of the lymph nodes

trypanosome, any member of a genus (Trypanosoma) of parasitic zooflagellate protozoans belonging to the order Kinetoplastida. Adult trypanosomes are mainly blood parasites of vertebrates, especially fishes, birds, and mammals. Most species require an intermediate host (often an insect or a leech)

trypanosomiasis, infectious disease in both humans and animals caused by certain members of the flagellate protozoa genus Trypanosoma (family Trypanosomatidae) and spread by certain bloodsucking insects. The life cycle of trypanosomes includes a stage spent in blood or other tissues of a vertebrate

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Trypetheliales (incertae sedis; not placed in any subclass) Forms lichen; most have hyaline ascospores. Class Eurotiomycetes Parasitic on animals, saprotrophic in soil; small, evanescent asci, found at various levels within spherical ascocarp; includes subclasses Chaetothyriomycetidae, Eurotiomycetidae, and

fruit fly: Insects of the family Trypetidae are often referred to as large fruit flies, and those of the Drosophilidae as small fruit flies or vinegar flies. (See vinegar fly.)

classical scholarship: Grammar and language study: Under Augustus, Tryphon studied the language of prose and made the first study of syntax, the first vocabulary of the written language, and a classification of the so-called figures of speech. About the same time Didymus, known as Chalkenteros (“Brazen-Gutted”), incorporated into huge variorum editions much of…

Trypillya culture, Neolithic European culture that arose in Ukraine between the Seret and Bug rivers, with extensions south into modern-day Romania and Moldova and east to the Dnieper River, in the 5th millennium bc. The culture’s characteristic pottery was red or orange and was decorated with

Trypillya culture, Neolithic European culture that arose in Ukraine between the Seret and Bug rivers, with extensions south into modern-day Romania and Moldova and east to the Dnieper River, in the 5th millennium bc. The culture’s characteristic pottery was red or orange and was decorated with

biochemistry: Digestion: Pepsin and trypsin, the proteolytic enzymes of gastric and pancreatic juice, respectively, continue to be intensively investigated.

enterokinase: …changes the inactive pancreatic secretion trypsinogen into trypsin, one of the enzymes that digest proteins. Enterokinase is believed to be produced by the glands of Brunner in the membrane lining of the duodenum. It resists destruction from the various enzymes in the small intestine but is destroyed by bacteria in…

tryptophan, an amino acid that is nutritionally important and occurs in small amounts in proteins. It is an essential amino acid, meaning that humans and certain other animals cannot synthesize it and must obtain it from their diets. Infants require greater amounts of tryptophan than adults to

iminoglycinuria: …specific amino acids include the tryptophan malabsorption syndrome (or “blue diaper syndrome”), and the methionine malabsorption syndrome (or “oasthouse urine disease”). They are characterized by poor absorption of the amino acids tryptophan and methionine, respectively, from the small intestine. For other hereditary disorders of amino acid transport, see also cystinuria;…

Sweden: Drainage: The longest, however, is the Klar-Göta River, which rises in Norway and flows 447 miles (719 km), reaching Lake Väner (Vänern) and continuing southward out of the lake’s southern end to the North Sea; along its southernmost course are the famous falls of Trollhättan. The Muonio and Torne rivers form…

Poland: Poland in the 21st century: …with Warsaw’s popular liberal mayor, Rafał Trzaskowski. Duda sought to capitalize on a cordial meeting with U.S. Pres. Donald Trump in February and, among other issues, took a strong stance against LGBTQ rights and same-sex marriage; Trzaskowski, a vocal advocate of LGBTQ rights, accused Duda of fomenting hate. The two…

Aleksander Fredro: His memoir, Trzy po trzy (1880; “Topsy Turvy Talk”), is written in the picaresque manner of Laurence Sterne. Rendering scenes from the Napoleonic Wars matter-of-factly and often humorously, it is considered to be one of the most brilliant Polish prose works.

tennessine (Ts), artificially produced transuranium element of atomic number 117. In 2010 Russian and American scientists announced the production of six atoms of tennessine, which were formed when 22 milligrams of berkelium-249 were bombarded with atoms of calcium-48, at the cyclotron at the Joint

Cai Lun was a Chinese court official who is traditionally credited with the invention of paper. Cai Lun was a eunuch who entered the service of the imperial palace in 75 ce and was made chief eunuch under the emperor Hedi (reigned 88–105/106) of the Dong (Eastern) Han dynasty in the year 89. About

China: Yuan’s attempts to become emperor: Cai E (Ts’ai O; a disciple of Liang Qichao) and by the governor of Yunnan, Tang Jiyao (T’ang Chi-yao). Joined by Li Liejun (Li Lieh-chün) and other revolutionary generals, they established the National Protection Army (Huguojun) and demanded that Yuan cancel his plan. When he would not,…

Caishen, in Chinese religion, the popular god (or gods) of wealth, widely believed to bestow on his devotees the riches carried about by his attendants. During the two-week New Year celebration, incense is burned in Caishen’s temple (especially on the fifth day of the first lunar month), and

Chinese calligraphy: It was said that Cangjie, the legendary inventor of Chinese writing, got his ideas from observing animals’ footprints and birds’ claw marks on the sand as well as other natural phenomena. He then started to work out simple images from what he conceived as representing different objects such as…

Cangzhou, city, eastern Hebei sheng (province), northeastern China. It is situated on the low-lying coastal plain about 60 miles (100 km) south of Tianjin on the Grand Canal and on the Beijing-Shanghai railway. The coastal plain there is very low, and in historical times the coastline was much

Cao Zhan was the author of Hongloumeng (Dream of the Red Chamber), generally considered China’s greatest novel. A partly autobiographical work, it is written in the vernacular and describes in lingering detail the decline of the powerful Jia family and the ill-fated love between Baoyu and his

Cao Zhi was one of China’s greatest lyric poets and the son of the famous general Cao Cao. Cao Zhi was born at the time his father was assuming command over the northern third of China, later known as the Wei kingdom. In a family of poets—the verses of Cao Cao and Cao Pi (Cao Zhi’s older brother

Cao Guojiu, in Chinese mythology, one of the Baxian, the Eight Immortals of Daoism. Cao is sometimes depicted in official robes and hat and carrying a tablet indicative of his rank and of his right to palace audiences. He was a man of exemplary character who often reminded a dissolute brother that

Cao Pi was the founder of the short-lived Wei dynasty (ad 220–265/266) during the Sanguo (Three Kingdoms) period of Chinese history. The son of the great general and warlord Cao Cao of the Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220), Cao Pi succeeded his father as king of Wei upon the latter’s death in 220. At the

Cao Cao was one of the greatest of the generals at the end of the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce) of China. Cao’s father was the adopted son of the chief eunuch of the imperial court. Cao was initially a minor garrison commander and rose to prominence as a general when he suppressed the Yellow Turban

Cao Yu was a Chinese playwright who was a pioneer in huaju (“word drama”), a genre influenced by Western theatre rather than traditional Chinese drama (which is usually sung). Wan Jiabao was educated at Nankai University in Tianjin and Qinghua University in Beijing, where he studied contemporary

caoshu, in Chinese calligraphy, a cursive variant of the standard Chinese scripts lishu and kaishu and their semicursive derivative xingshu. The script developed during the Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220), and it had its period of greatest growth during the Tang dynasty (618–907). In caoshu the number

Sōtō, largest of the Zen Buddhist sects in Japan. It follows the method of quiet sitting and meditation (zazen) as a means of obtaining enlightenment. The sect was founded in China in the 9th century by Liang-chieh and Pen-chi, where it was known as Ts’ao-tung (after its monastic centres on the

Cen Shen was one of the celebrated poets of the Tang dynasty (618–907) of China. Because of the decline of his aristocratic family, Cen had to rely upon his literary skill to secure government appointment through the examination system. During the 750s he held several assignments in the Central

Cen Shen was one of the celebrated poets of the Tang dynasty (618–907) of China. Because of the decline of his aristocratic family, Cen had to rely upon his literary skill to secure government appointment through the examination system. During the 750s he held several assignments in the Central

Jiaozuo, city, northern Henan sheng (province), China. It lies in the foothills at the southern end of the Taihang Mountains, to the west of Xinxiang, in a mining district. Jiaozuo was originally two villages under the administration of Xiuwu county. Exploitation of the villages’ rich coal

cun, in Chinese painting, brushstrokes or dabs that give texture, or surface, to the pictorial elements. The Chinese artist does not strive for illusionistic modeling that is dependent upon the manipulation of light and shade; rather, after the forms are outlined, texture strokes are used to give

cong, Chinese jade form begun in the late Neolithic Period, it diminished after the Shang (18th–12th century bc) and Zhou (1111–256/255 bc) dynasties. A hollow cylinder or truncated cone enclosed in a rectangular body, the cong varies in proportion from squat to quite tall. The outer flat surfaces