metabolism: The nature of the respiratory chain: …a reaction catalyzed by a transhydrogenase enzyme, with the products being reduced NADH + H+ and NADP+. A few substrates (e.g., acyl coenzyme A and succinate; reactions [22] and [44]) bypass this reaction and instead undergo immediate dehydrogenation by specific membrane-bound dehydrogenase enzymes. During the reaction, the coenzyme FAD accepts…

neural oscillation: Types of brain rhythms: …the absence of movement, while transient beta oscillations (or sleep spindles) are present in the thalamocortical system during the early stages of sleep. Gamma oscillations (30–120 Hz) are present in nearly all structures and all brain states, although they dominate in the aroused, attentive brain. The transient ripple pattern (130–200…

chemical bonding: Dispersion interaction: …and give rise to a transient dipole. This transient dipole can induce a dipole in the neighbouring molecule, which then interacts with the original transient dipole. Although the latter continuously flickers from one direction to another (with an average of zero dipole overall), the induced dipole follows it, and the…

memory disorder: Transient global amnesia: Apparently first described in 1964, transient global amnesia consists of an abrupt loss of memory lasting from a few seconds to a few hours, without loss of consciousness or other evidence of impairment. The individual is virtually unable to store new experience,…

hotel: …main categories of hotels are transient, resort, and residential. Hotels are classed as “mainly transient” when at least 75 percent of their guests are not permanent residents. The guest in a typical transient hotel can expect a room with private bath, telephone, radio, and television, in addition to such customer…

nervous system disease: Occlusive strokes: …divided into four groups: (1) Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are the mildest occlusive strokes; symptoms last for minutes or hours. TIAs are usually caused by small emboli, such as fragments composed of blood cells or cholesterol, that are swept into the circulation of the brain from the arteries of the…

conflict of laws: Differences between civil-law and common-law countries in the absence of a choice by the parties: …or while in transit (“transient jurisdiction”). The United Kingdom and Ireland also exercise jurisdiction on this basis. U.S. law also provides for jurisdiction over a company when it has been connected in some ongoing way with the state, even if the particular dispute does not arise out of that…

polycythemia: Types of polycythemia: , after blood plasma loss), transient (as when a large number of red blood cells suddenly enter the circulation from storage), or absolute (i.e., reflecting an increase in actual mass of red cells in the body). Relative polycythemia may be the consequence of abnormally lowered fluid intake or of marked…

solar prominence: …are of two main types, active and quiescent. Active prominences erupt quickly and have lifetimes lasting from several minutes to a few hours. They are associated with sunspot groups and, like these, are correlated in numbers and activity with the solar cycle. Quiescent prominences tend to emerge smoothly and subside…

transient receptor potential channel, superfamily of ion channels occurring in cell membranes that are involved in various types of sensory reception, including thermoreception, chemoreception, mechanoreception, and photoreception. TRP channels were discovered in the late 1970s and early 1980s on

thermoreception: Study of thermoreceptors: For example, channels known as TRPM (melastatin), TRPA (subfamily A), and TRPV (vanilloid) can respond to changes in temperature, with TRPM and TRPA known to respond to cold and TRPV known to respond to warmth, noxious heat, and protons. TRPV channels have been identified on sensory neurons and on epithelial…

thermoreception: Study of thermoreceptors: …channels known as TRPM (melastatin), TRPA (subfamily A), and TRPV (vanilloid) can respond to changes in temperature, with TRPM and TRPA known to respond to cold and TRPV known to respond to warmth, noxious heat, and protons. TRPV channels have been identified on sensory neurons and on epithelial cells, and…

thermoreception: Study of thermoreceptors: …(melastatin), TRPA (subfamily A), and TRPV (vanilloid) can respond to changes in temperature, with TRPM and TRPA known to respond to cold and TRPV known to respond to warmth, noxious heat, and protons. TRPV channels have been identified on sensory neurons and on epithelial cells, and TRPM channels are primarily…

electricity: Transient response: Consider a circuit consisting of a capacitor and a resistor that are connected as shown in Figure 19. What will be the voltage at point b if the voltage at a is increased suddenly from Va = 0 to Va = +50 volts?…

soil seed bank: The role of seed dormancy: Transient seed banks are composed of species that produce seeds with a brief or no period of dormancy. Such seeds generally germinate prior to the next round of seed production, and the seed bank is thus continually depleted and reestablished. Transient seed banks are typical…

solar prominence: …are of two main types, active and quiescent. Active prominences erupt quickly and have lifetimes lasting from several minutes to a few hours. They are associated with sunspot groups and, like these, are correlated in numbers and activity with the solar cycle. Quiescent prominences tend to emerge smoothly and subside…

sound: Variations in air pressure: …steady-state oscillation is called the transient time of the instrument. The human ear is extremely sensitive to transients in musical tones, and such transients are crucial to the identification of various musical instruments whose spectra are similar.

transfection: …experimental conditions, transfection may be transient, such that the cell expresses the foreign genetic information only temporarily, without replication of the nucleic acid. In transient transfection, the effects within the cell last only a short amount of time. In other cases, transfection may be stable, resulting in the integration of…

nuclear reactor: Systems and structures: In transient without scram, the assumed event is an insertion of positive reactivity—for example, through an undesired withdrawal of the shim rods. The protective safety system response in this case is the rapid and automatic insertion of the safety rods. In loss of coolant, the event…

advanced ceramics: Solid-state sintering: In reactive-liquid, or transient-liquid, sintering, a chemical additive produces a temporary liquid that facilitates the initial stages of sintering. The liquid is subsequently evaporated, resorbed by the solid particles, or crystallized into a solid.

Transylvania, historic eastern European region, now in Romania. After forming part of Hungary in the 11th–16th centuries, it was an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire (16th–17th century) and then once again became part of Hungary at the end of the 17th century. It was incorporated

Carpathian Mountains: Geology: …the South Carpathian Block, the Transylvanian Plateau spreads out, filled with loose rock formations of the Cenozoic Era (i.e., the past 65 million years.

transistor, semiconductor device for amplifying, controlling, and generating electrical signals. Transistors are the active components of integrated circuits, or “microchips,” which often contain billions of these minuscule devices etched into their shiny surfaces. Deeply embedded in almost

Sony: Rice cookers to transistor radios: …first hugely successful product line: transistor radios. Although Texas Instruments Incorporated was first to market with its Regency transistor radio in 1955, it was Sony’s TR-63, an inexpensive shirt-pocket-sized all-transistor radio, that caught consumers’ attention when it was released in 1957. Sony’s pocket radios were a tremendous success and brought…

Transit, any of the first series of U.S. navigation satellites. Launched by the U.S. Navy from 1960 to 1988, the Transit satellites were developed to provide an accurate all-weather navigational aid for seagoing vessels (particularly submarines) and aircraft. The system was so designed that any

theodolite: The transit is a variety of theodolite that has the telescope so mounted that it can be completely reversed, or transited. The phototheodolite, a combination camera and theodolite mounted on the same tripod, is used in terrestrial photogrammetry for mapmaking and other purposes.

transit, in astronomy, the passage of a relatively small body across the disk of a larger body, usually a star or a planet, occulting only a very small area. Mercury and Venus periodically transit the Sun, and a moon may transit its planet. Extrasolar planets (e.g., HD 209458b) have been discovered

stem cell: Adult stem cells: …much larger number of “transit amplifying cells,” which arise from the stem cells and divide a finite number of times until they become differentiated. The stem cells exist in niches formed by other cells, which secrete substances that keep the stem cells alive and active. Some types of tissue,…

bus: Modern buses: The city bus operates within the city limits and is characterized by low maximum speed, low-ride platform, provision for standing and wheelchair passengers, two entrances on the curb side, low-back seats, and no luggage space. The suburban bus is designed for short intercity runs and has…

telescope: Astronomical transit instruments: …of transit instruments—for example, the transit circle telescope, the vertical circle telescope, and the horizontal meridian circle telescope. The transit circle determines the right ascension of celestial objects, while the vertical circle measures only their declinations. Transit circles and horizontal meridian circles measure both right ascension and declination at the…

international trade: Tariffs: A transit duty, or transit tax, is a tax levied on commodities passing through a customs area en route to another country. Similarly, an export duty, or export tax, is a tax imposed on commodities leaving a customs area. Finally, some countries provide export subsidies; import subsidies are rarely…

On Monday, May 9, 2016, viewers on Earth can see a transit of Mercury, in which that planet crosses in front of the Sun. Eastern North America, western Europe, and most of South America will be able to see the entire transit. For Africa, eastern Europe, and most of Asia, the Sun sets before the

Australian literature: Literature from 1970 to 2000: …purpose in her modern tragedy The Transit of Venus (1980), an ironic love story devised to contemplate how strangely things come about. Like so much of Australian fiction, it looks for patterns of meaning that might indicate some kind of proportion in destiny.

extrasolar planet: Detection of extrasolar planets: A complementary technique is transit photometry, which measures drops in starlight caused by those planets whose orbits are oriented in space such that they periodically pass between their stars and the telescope; transit observations reveal the sizes of planets as well as their orbital periods. Radial velocity data can…

international trade: Tariffs: A transit duty, or transit tax, is a tax levied on commodities passing through a customs area en route to another country. Similarly, an export duty, or export tax, is a tax imposed on commodities leaving a customs area. Finally, some countries provide export subsidies; import subsidies are rarely…

urban sprawl: Transit villages: Transit villages, whose residential and commercial areas are built around and served by mass transit networks, might also be linked with the smart growth movement. Before the widespread use of the automobile in the United States and other countries, mass transit, often in…

Georg von Reichenbach: …who introduced the meridian, or transit, circle, a specially designed telescope for measuring both the time when a celestial body is directly over the meridian (the longitude of the instrument) and the angle of the body at meridian passage. By 1796, he was engaged in the construction of a dividing…

extrasolar planet: Directions for future research: The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), launched on April 18, 2018, is designed to study more than 200,000 stars in an effort to detect hundreds of Earth-sized planets. As of 2025, TESS has found almost 700 extrasolar planets.

African literature: English: Transition, a literary journal begun in Uganda in 1960 by Rajat Neogi, was also a valuable outlet for many African writers.

transition, alteration of a physical system from one state, or condition, to another. In atomic and particle physics, transitions are often described as being allowed or forbidden (see selection rule). Allowed transitions are those that have high probability of occurring, as in the case of

Eugene and Maria Jolas: …of the revolutionary literary quarterly transition.

transition metal, any of various chemical elements that have valence electrons—i.e., electrons that can participate in the formation of chemical bonds—in two shells instead of only one. While the term transition has no particular chemical significance, it is a convenient name by which to

particle accelerator: Proton synchrotrons: …divides these regions, called the transition energy, there is no phase stability. At Brookhaven a model electron accelerator was built to demonstrate that the beam could be accelerated through the transition energy in a stable manner.

transition metal, any of various chemical elements that have valence electrons—i.e., electrons that can participate in the formation of chemical bonds—in two shells instead of only one. While the term transition has no particular chemical significance, it is a convenient name by which to

point mutation: …two types of point mutations: transition mutations and transversion mutations. Transition mutations occur when a pyrimidine base (i.e., thymine [T] or cytosine [C]) substitutes for another pyrimidine base or when a purine base (i.e., adenine [A] or guanine [G]) substitutes for another purine base. In

probability theory: Markovian processes: …given X(t) is called the transition probability of the process. If this conditional distribution does not depend on t, the process is said to have “stationary” transition probabilities. A Markov process with stationary transition probabilities may or may not be a stationary process in the sense of the preceding paragraph.…

Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), U.S. satellite designed to study the solar corona. It was launched on April 2, 1998, from a Pegasus launch vehicle from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. TRACE carried a 30-cm (12-inch) telescope and observed the Sun in ultraviolet wavelengths.

superconductivity: This temperature, called the transition temperature, varies for different materials but generally is below 20 K (−253 °C).

Arizona: Relief: …broad valleys south through the Transition Zone and into the Basin and Range Province. The Transition Zone bordering the plateaus comprises separated plateau blocks, rugged peaks, and isolated rolling uplands so forbidding that they remained mostly unexplored until the late 19th century. The zone marks the ecological border between the…

New Mexico: Plant and animal life: The Transition Zone, covering some 19,000 square miles (49,000 square km), is identified chiefly by the ponderosa pine. The Canadian Zone, covering 4,000 square miles (10,000 square km) at elevations of 8,500 to 9,500 feet (2,600 to 2,900 meters), contains blue spruce and Douglas fir. The…

transition-state theory, treatment of chemical reactions and other processes that regards them as proceeding by a continuous change in the relative positions and potential energies of the constituent atoms and molecules. On the reaction path between the initial and final arrangements of atoms or

dialect: Focal, relic, and transitional areas: Dialectologists often distinguish between focal areas, which provide sources of numerous important innovations and usually coincide with centres of lively economic or cultural activity, and relic areas, places toward which such innovations are spreading but have not usually arrived. (Relic areas also have…

Christchurch: The Transitional Cathedral, made of durable earthquake-resistant cardboard, was designed to stand for decades, or until a permanent replacement for the original structure could be built. Pop. (2006) 360,768; (2020 est.) 394,700.

Europe: Central European climate: The central European, or transitional, type of climate results from the interaction of both maritime and continental air masses and is found at the core of Europe, south and east of the maritime type, west of the much larger continental type, and…

Guinea: Constitutional history: …(Comité Militaire de Redressement National; CMRN). A new constitution in 1991 began a transition to civilian rule. It provided for a civilian president and a unicameral legislature, the National Assembly; both the president and the legislators were to be elected by universal suffrage for five-year terms. Political parties were legalized…

epithelium: Transitional epithelium lines the urinary bladder; its appearance depends upon whether the bladder is contracted or distended.

al-Shabaab: …waged an insurgency against Somalia’s Transitional Federal Government (TFG).

transitional justice, national institutions or practices that identify and address injustices committed under a prior regime as part of a process of political change (see also truth commission). It might be argued that all justice is transitional justice, given that the political realm is always

Arab League: …under the representation of the Transitional National Council (TNC) after Qaddafi was overthrown. Meanwhile, as the 2011 uprising in Syria grew increasingly violent, the Arab League reached an agreement with the Syrian government in November to end its bloody 10-month campaign against peaceful protesters in Syria. Less than two weeks…

South Sudan: Current framework: …National Legislative Assembly into the Transitional National Legislative Assembly, which included the members of the former plus an additional 68 members: 50 from the South Sudan Armed Opposition, 1 former detainee, and 17 from other political parties. The other legislative body, the Council of States, remained unchanged in the new…

transitive law, in mathematics and logic, any statement of the form “If aRb and bRc, then aRc,” where “R” is a particular relation (e.g., “…is equal to…”), a, b, c are variables (terms that may be replaced with objects), and the result of replacing a, b, and c with objects is always a true

transitive law, in mathematics and logic, any statement of the form “If aRb and bRc, then aRc,” where “R” is a particular relation (e.g., “…is equal to…”), a, b, c are variables (terms that may be replaced with objects), and the result of replacing a, b, and c with objects is always a true

ergativity: …object, or patient, of a transitive verb. This contrasts with the situation in nominative-accusative languages such as Latin or English, in which the subjects of both transitive and intransitive verbs are paired grammatically and distinguished from the object of a transitive verb. Languages or language families that display ergativity to…

transitive law, in mathematics and logic, any statement of the form “If aRb and bRc, then aRc,” where “R” is a particular relation (e.g., “…is equal to…”), a, b, c are variables (terms that may be replaced with objects), and the result of replacing a, b, and c with objects is always a true

Jordan, Arab country of Southwest Asia, in the rocky desert of the northern Arabian Peninsula. Jordan is a young state that occupies an ancient land, one that bears the traces of many civilizations. Separated from ancient Palestine by the Jordan River, the region played a prominent role in biblical

Dead Sea: Physiography and geology: …the upfolded structures of the Transjordanian highlands and the central range of Palestine, causing the fractures that allowed the Dead Sea graben to drop. At that time the Dead Sea was probably about the size that it is today. During the Pleistocene Epoch (2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago), it rose…

Transkei, former republic (though never internationally recognized as such) and Bantustan in Southern Africa. It lay along the Indian Ocean and was surrounded mainly by the Republic of South Africa, though to the north it also touched Lesotho. Transkei consisted of three separate land units, two

Yeesookyung: She is best known for Translated Vase, a series of biomorphic sculptures made from fragments of porcelain.

Jhumpa Lahiri: Works in Italian and translations: …experiences inspired the essay collection Translating Myself and Others (2022). Of her translation work, Lahiri told Harvard Business Review, “I will always feel like an outsider wherever I am, and I continue to explore that in my work and my life. Translation is a way of insisting on that, because…

So wrote Ulysses S. Grant in the summer of 1885, a few weeks before he died of throat cancer. He was describing the scene in Wilmer McLean’s parlour at Appomattox Court House 20 years earlier, when he started to write the terms for the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia. But he could have

history of Europe: The term and concept before the 18th century: …added the idea of the translatio imperii (“translation of empire”): from Alexander the Great to the Romans, from the Romans to the Franks under Charlemagne in 800, and from Charlemagne to the East Frankish emperors and Otto I. A number of early European thinkers built upon the idea of the…

language: Historical attitudes toward language: …they would be unable to translate from one language to another, but they do not all inhabit a world exactly the same in all particulars, and translation is not merely a matter of substituting different but equivalent labels for the contents of the same inventory. From this stem the notorious…

symmetry: …is rotation; other elements are translation, reflection, and inversion. The elements of symmetry present in a particular crystalline solid determine its shape and affect its physical properties.

literature: Translation: Certainly, William Blake or Thomas Campion, when they were writing their simple lyrics, were unaware of the ambiguities and multiple meanings that future critics would find in them. Nevertheless, language is complex. Words do have overtones; they do stir up complicated reverberations in the…

motion: …or a curve is called translation. Motion that changes the orientation of a body is called rotation. In both cases all points in the body have the same velocity (directed speed) and the same acceleration (time rate of change of velocity). The most general kind of motion combines both translation…

mechanics: Rotation about a moving axis: …described as a combination of translation of the body’s centre of mass and rotation about an axis through the centre of mass. The linear momentum of the body of mass M is given bywhere v c is the velocity of the centre of mass. Any change in the momentum is…

translation, the synthesis of protein from RNA. Hereditary information is contained in the nucleotide sequence of DNA in a code. The coded information from DNA is copied faithfully during transcription into a form of RNA known as messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then translated into chains of amino

John Gibson Lockhart: With others, he wrote the “Translation from an Ancient Chaldee Manuscript,” which lampooned Scottish celebrities in a parody of Old Testament style; this article made Blackwood’s an immediate succès de scandale. Another article, “On the Cockney School of Poetry,” was the first of a series of attacks on the English…

gas: Internal energy: …in three-dimensional space, and this translational motion contributes (3/2)RT (per mole) to the internal energy E. For monatomic gases, such as helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon, this is the sole energy contribution. Gases that contain two or more atoms per molecule also contribute additional terms because of their internal…

translational medicine, area of research that aims to improve human health and longevity by determining the relevance to human disease of novel discoveries in the biological sciences. Translational medicine seeks to coordinate the use of new knowledge in clinical practice and to incorporate

translational medicine, area of research that aims to improve human health and longevity by determining the relevance to human disease of novel discoveries in the biological sciences. Translational medicine seeks to coordinate the use of new knowledge in clinical practice and to incorporate

amorphous solid: Distinction between crystalline and amorphous solids: …property called long-range order or translational periodicity; positions repeat in space in a regular array, as in Figure 2A. In an amorphous solid, translational periodicity is absent. As indicated in Figure 2B, there is no long-range order. The atoms are not randomly distributed in space, however, as they are in…

landslide: Types of landslides: …a broadly planar surface (a translational slide), or it can be rotational along a concave-upward set of shear surfaces (a slump). A translational slide typically takes place along structural features, such as a bedding plane or the interface between resistant bedrock and weaker overlying material. If the overlying material moves…

Irish literature: The 1960s and beyond: …produced Field Day’s landmark play Translations; it is set in mid-19th-century Donegal, where British Ordnance Survey engineers are remapping and translating the Irish landscape into English. The play’s performance was a key moment in the transformation of Irish writing into a self-consciously postcolonial national literature.

computer program: These include translators (either assemblers or compilers), which transform an entire program from one language to another; interpreters, which execute a program sequentially, translating at each step; and debuggers, which execute a program piecemeal and monitor various circumstances, enabling the programmer to check whether the operation of…

DNA repair: …of waiting for repair (translesion synthesis). Although this may lead to mutations, it is preferable to a complete halt in DNA replication, which leads to cell death. On the other hand, the importance of proper DNA repair is highlighted when repair fails. The oxidation of guanine by free radicals…

Greek language: Separate transliteration tables for Classical and Modern Greek accompany this article. Some differences in transliteration result from changes in pronunciation of the Greek language; others reflect convention, as for example the χ (chi or khi), which was transliterated by the Romans as ch (because they lacked…

Alzheimer disease: Genetic variants: …of a gene known as TOMM40 (translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog [yeast]) can be used to provide additional information about the risk of Alzheimer disease and to predict the age of onset. There are several forms of this gene, which differ in their length due to variations that…

chromosomal disorder: …be transferred to another (translocation), which has no effect on the person in which it occurs but generally causes a deletion or duplication syndrome in his or her children. Changes in chromosome number occur during sperm or egg formation or in the early development of the embryo. In the…

Down syndrome: Types of Down syndrome: The third type, translocation Down syndrome, occurs when the extra chromosome in the 21 pair breaks off and attaches itself to another chromosome. Translocation Down syndrome is the only type that may be inherited. A parent who possesses a balanced translocation—a chromosome rearrangement with no extra genetic material…

History of film: Méliès and Porter: …action or scenery onto a translucent screen to provide the background for new action filmed in front of the screen), two camera pans, and several shots composed diagonally and staged in depth—a major departure from the frontally composed, theatrical staging of Méliès.

media convergence: Transmedia storytelling: One way that professional media has engaged with media convergence is through transmedia storytelling, in which stories are told across multiple platforms. Although it is intimately connected to brands and franchises being spread across media by corporate conglomerates (e.g., Star Wars, The Matrix,…

chemoreception: Signal transduction: …is said to have seven transmembrane domains. The sequence of amino acids forming these proteins is critically important. It is thought that stimulation occurs when a molecule with a particular shape fits into a corresponding “pocket” in the receptor molecule, rather as a key fits into a lock. A change…

reincarnation, in religion and philosophy, rebirth of the aspect of an individual that persists after bodily death—whether it be consciousness, mind, the soul, or some other entity—in one or more successive existences. Depending upon the tradition, these existences may be human, animal, spiritual,

prion: …of animals, including humans, called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

transmission, in mechanical engineering, a device interposed between a source of power and a specific application for the purpose of adapting one to the other. Most mechanical transmissions function as rotary speed changers; the ratio of the output speed to the input speed may be constant (as in a

nervous system: Transmission of information in the nervous system: In the nervous system of animals at all levels of the evolutionary scale, the signals containing information about a particular stimulus are electrical in nature. In the past the nerve fibre and its contents were compared to metal…

materials science: Optical switching: …optical fibre has very low transmission loss.

TCP/IP, standard Internet communications protocols that allow digital computers to communicate over long distances. The Internet is a packet-switched network, in which information is broken down into small packets, sent individually over many different routes at the same time, and then reassembled

dynamometer: Power-measuring dynamometers may be transmission dynamometers or absorption dynamometers. The former utilize devices that measure torque, in terms of the elastic twist of the shaft or of a special torquemeter inserted between sections of the shaft. The torque is produced by the useful load that the prime mover, motor,…