self-actualization, in psychology, a concept regarding the process by which an individual reaches his or her full potential. It was originally introduced by Kurt Goldstein, a physician specializing in neuroanatomy and psychiatry in the early half of the 20th century. As conceived by Goldstein,

Self-Realization Fellowship, spiritual society founded in the United States by Paramahansa Yogananda (1893–1952), a teacher of yoga, who was one of the first Indian spiritual teachers to reside permanently in the West. His lecturing and teaching led to the chartering of the fellowship in 1935, with

Self-portrait, painting by Swedish Arts and Crafts artist Carl Larsson, created in 1906. This painting, also known as Self-recognition and Self-examination, is one of several self-depictions by Larsson. Larsson, who lived from 1853 to 1919, became a national institution in his homeland. Larsson’s

paranoia: …is an exaggerated tendency to self-reference—i.e., to systematically misinterpret remarks, gestures, and acts of others as intentional slights or as signs of derision and contempt directed at oneself. Self-reference becomes paranoid delusion when one persists in believing oneself to be the target of hostile actions or insinuations, perpetrated by some…

Self-Reliance, essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson, published in the first volume of his collected Essays (1841). Developed from his journals and from a series of lectures he gave in the winter of 1836–37, it exhorts the reader to consistently obey “the aboriginal self,” or inner law, regardless of

Sir Frederick Aloysius Weld: …New Zealand (1864–65), whose “self-reliant” policy was that the colony have full responsibility for the conduct of all Maori affairs, including the settlement of difficulties without help from the crown.

personality assessment: Self-report tests: The success that attended the use of convenient intelligence tests in providing reliable, quantitative (numerical) indexes of individual ability has stimulated interest in the possibility of devising similar tests for measuring personality. Procedures now available vary in the degree to which they achieve…

crime: Measurement of crime: …some criminologists favor is the self-report study, in which a representative sample of individuals is asked, under assurances of confidentiality, whether they have committed any offenses of a particular kind. This type of research is subject to some of the same difficulties as the victim survey—the researcher has no means…

flour: …bleached, with very fine texture; self-rising flour, refined and bleached, with added leavening and salt; and enriched flour, refined and bleached, with added nutrients.

fractal: …fractals possess the property of self-similarity, at least approximately, if not exactly. A self-similar object is one whose component parts resemble the whole. This reiteration of details or patterns occurs at progressively smaller scales and can, in the case of purely abstract entities, continue indefinitely, so that each part of…

Self-Strengthening Movement, movement (1861–95) in which the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12) of China introduced Western methods and technology in an attempt to renovate Chinese military, diplomatic, fiscal, and educational policy. The Self-Strengthening Movement was launched by three governors-general

Autarky is an economic system of self-sufficiency and limited trade. A country is said to be in a complete state of autarky if it has a closed economy, which means that it does not engage in international trade with any other country. Historically, societies have utilized different levels of

electric motor: Reluctance motors: …system is known as a self-synchronous motor drive. It can operate over a wide and controlled speed range.

screw: Self-tapping screws form or cut mating threads in such materials as metals, plastics, glass fibre, asbestos, and resin-impregnated plywood when driven or screwed into drilled or cored (cast) holes. The self-tapping screw in the Figure forms threads by displacing material adjacent to a pilot hole…

watch: Mechanical watches: The first patent on the self-winding pocket watch was taken out in London in 1780. An English invention patented in 1924, the self-winding wristwatch by Louis Recordon, contains a swinging weight pivoted at the centre of the movement, coupled to the barrel arbor through reduction wheels and gears. A more…

Ryan Reynolds: Hollywood career: (2013), Self/less (2015), and Deadpool (2016). The latter film, about the Marvel Comics antihero, was a blockbuster hit, and Reynolds subsequently starred in and cowrote the sequel, Deadpool 2 (2018). He later appeared with Will Ferrell in Spirited (2022), a musical comedy inspired by

self-heal, (genus Prunella), genus of 13 species of low-growing perennials in the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to Eurasia and North America. Several species, especially common self-heal (Prunella vulgaris), large-flowered self-heal (P. grandiflora), and cutleaf self-heal (P. lacinata), were

Cindy Sherman: Her selfies, at times grotesquely distorted and at others uncomfortably enigmatic, call attention to some of Instagram’s most unnerving characteristics, namely the ambiguity between real and staged. A retrospective was organized by the National Portrait Gallery, London, in 2019.

self-fertilization, fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells) produced by the same individual. Self-fertilization occurs in bisexual organisms, including most flowering plants, numerous protozoans, and many invertebrates. Autogamy, the production of gametes by the division of a single parent

pollination: Types: self-pollination and cross-pollination: An egg cell in an ovule of a flower may be fertilized by a sperm cell derived from a pollen grain produced by that same flower or by another flower on the same plant, in either of which two cases fertilization is…

animal social behavior: The ultimate causes of social behavior: …sacrifice and the recipient benefits), selfishness (the actor benefits at the expense of the recipient), and spite (the actor hurts the recipient and both pay a cost). Mutualistic associations pose no serious evolutionary difficulty since both individuals derive benefits that exceed what they would achieve on their own. In general,…

Richard Dawkins: …he published his first book, The Selfish Gene, in which he tried to rectify what he maintained was a widespread misunderstanding of Darwinism. Dawkins argued that natural selection takes place at the genetic rather than species or individual level, as was often assumed. Genes, he maintained, use the bodies of…

animal social behavior: The ultimate causes of social behavior: …sacrifice and the recipient benefits), selfishness (the actor benefits at the expense of the recipient), and spite (the actor hurts the recipient and both pay a cost). Mutualistic associations pose no serious evolutionary difficulty since both individuals derive benefits that exceed what they would achieve on their own. In general,…

chess: Heterodox problems: Another is the selfmate, in which White moves first and forces Black—who is not cooperating—to deliver mate in the specified number of moves. (See the composition.) In a retractor problem the player given the task begins by taking back a move and replacing it with another move, with…

Harry Gordon Selfridge: …tea broker, and in 1908 Selfridge and Company, Ltd., was registered (with £900,000 capital) to complete the project. The store opened in 1909 with a floor area of 42,000 square feet, which later was doubled.

Harry Gordon Selfridge was the founder of Selfridges department store in London. The son of a small storekeeper in Wisconsin, Selfridge at age 21 joined the wholesale-retail firm of Field, Leiter and Company (later Marshall Field and Company) in Chicago, where he worked for 25 years and became a

Aerial Experiment Association: …the AEA propulsion expert; and Thomas E. Selfridge, an officer in the U.S. Army.

Selfridges, department store located in Birmingham, England, that was designed by the architecture firm Future Systems and completed in 2003. Selfridges in Birmingham was the result of a commission from the retail chain’s former managing director, Vittorio Radice. He was inspired by the form of the

Dumfriesshire: …of the region were called Selgovae by the Romans, who built many forts in Annandale. There are traces of Roman roads, and at Birrens there is a well-preserved Roman camp. Many Roman artifacts have been found. Upon the withdrawal of the Romans in the 5th century ad, the Selgovae were…

Rokel River, river rising in the Guinea Highlands in north central Sierra Leone, West Africa. It drains a 4,100-sq-mi (10,620-sq-km) basin on its 250-mi (400-km) southwesterly course toward the Atlantic, and empties into the estuary of the Sierra Leone River (q.v.). Smallholder tobacco growing

selihoth, (“pardons”), in Jewish liturgy, penitential prayers originally composed for Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) and for fast days but subsequently incorporated into other services. Selihoth have become an indispensable part of the Jewish liturgical services that precede Rosh Hashana (New Year),

Gulf of Shelikhov, gulf lying off far eastern Russia, a northward extension of the Sea of Okhotsk lying between the Siberian mainland on the west and the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east. The gulf extends northward for 420 miles (670 km) and has a maximum width of 185 miles (300 km). The average

Bud Selig is an American businessman who served as the de facto (1992–98) and official (1998–2015) commissioner of Major League Baseball (MLB). After earning a bachelor’s degree in history and political science from the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1956, Selig served two years in the

Bud Selig is an American businessman who served as the de facto (1992–98) and official (1998–2015) commissioner of Major League Baseball (MLB). After earning a bachelor’s degree in history and political science from the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1956, Selig served two years in the

Western architecture: Carolingian period: …Saints Marcellinus and Peter at Seligenstadt (830–840) only the three-aisle nave on pillars is original. In the style of the great basilicas of Rome, this church had a hall-shaped, wide transept with a semicircular apse adjoining it. Some churches, such as Centula (Saint-Riquier, France), which is known only through pictures,…

C.G. Seligman was a pioneer in British anthropology who conducted significant field research in Melanesia, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and, most importantly, the Nilotic Sudan. Although educated as a physician, in 1898 Seligman joined the Cambridge University expedition to the Torres Strait (between

C.G. Seligman was a pioneer in British anthropology who conducted significant field research in Melanesia, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and, most importantly, the Nilotic Sudan. Although educated as a physician, in 1898 Seligman joined the Cambridge University expedition to the Torres Strait (between

Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman was an American economist and educator, an expert on taxation. Seligman was the son of a New York banker and had the distinction of being tutored by Horatio Alger. He was educated at Columbia University (Ph.D., 1885) and in Germany and France. Seligman served as

learned helplessness: …and developed by American psychologist Martin E.P. Seligman at the University of Pennsylvania in the late 1960s and ’70s. While conducting experimental research on classical conditioning, Seligman inadvertently discovered that dogs that had received unavoidable electric shocks failed to take action in subsequent situations—even those in which escape or avoidance…

art market: The rise of the antique: …supplied by the likes of Jacques Seligmann, the great Parisian dealer whose clients included industrialist Henry Clay Frick, financier John Pierpont Morgan, and merchant S.H. Kress.

selihoth, (“pardons”), in Jewish liturgy, penitential prayers originally composed for Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) and for fast days but subsequently incorporated into other services. Selihoth have become an indispensable part of the Jewish liturgical services that precede Rosh Hashana (New Year),

selihoth, (“pardons”), in Jewish liturgy, penitential prayers originally composed for Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) and for fast days but subsequently incorporated into other services. Selihoth have become an indispensable part of the Jewish liturgical services that precede Rosh Hashana (New Year),

selihoth, (“pardons”), in Jewish liturgy, penitential prayers originally composed for Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) and for fast days but subsequently incorporated into other services. Selihoth have become an indispensable part of the Jewish liturgical services that precede Rosh Hashana (New Year),

Selim I was an Ottoman sultan (1512–20) who extended the empire to Syria, Egypt, Palestine, and the Hejaz and raised the Ottomans to leadership of the Muslim world. Selim came to the throne in the wake of civil strife in which he, his brother, and their father, Bayezid II, had been involved. Selim

Selim II was an Ottoman sultan from 1566, whose reign saw peace in Europe and Asia and the rise of the Ottomans to dominance in the Mediterranean but marked the beginning of the decline in the power of the sultans. He was unable to impose his authority over the Janissaries and was overruled by the

Selim III was an Ottoman sultan from 1789 to 1807, who undertook a program of Westernization and whose reign felt the intellectual and political ferment created by the French Revolution. A poet and an accomplished composer of Ottoman classical music, Selim had enjoyed greater freedom prior to his

Islamic arts: Architecture: …Bayezid Mosque (after 1491), the Selim Mosque (1522), the Şehzade külliye (1548), and the Süleyman külliye (after 1550). The Şehzade and Süleyman külliyes were built by Sinan, the greatest Ottoman architect, whose masterpiece is the Selim Mosque at Edirne, Turkey (1569–75).

Selim I was an Ottoman sultan (1512–20) who extended the empire to Syria, Egypt, Palestine, and the Hejaz and raised the Ottomans to leadership of the Muslim world. Selim came to the throne in the wake of civil strife in which he, his brother, and their father, Bayezid II, had been involved. Selim

Mosque of Selim, monumental mosque, Edirne, Turkey. It is considered to be the masterwork of the great Ottoman architect Sinan. The mosque lies at the summit of rising ground and dominates the city’s skyline. Construction began in 1569, during the reign of the sultan Selim II, and was completed in

sand dune: A few, such as the Selima Sand Sheet in southwestern Egypt and the northwestern Sudan, are probably almost as extensive as some of the great sand seas.

Side, principal city and port of ancient Pamphylia, originally situated on the Mediterranean coast west of the mouth of the Manavgat River, in southwestern Turkey. (The site is now inland.) Though the city was founded by Aeolian Greeks, a peculiar non-Greek language was spoken there. Having a good

Mosque of Selim, monumental mosque, Edirne, Turkey. It is considered to be the masterwork of the great Ottoman architect Sinan. The mosque lies at the summit of rising ground and dominates the city’s skyline. Construction began in 1569, during the reign of the sultan Selim II, and was completed in

Nicosia: …name was changed to the Selimiye Mosque in honour of the Ottoman sultan Selim II, under whose reign Cyprus was conquered.

Catwoman, comic character, a wily and agile professional thief and sometime love interest of superhero Batman. Clad in a skintight bodysuit and stylized mask and carrying a whip, Selina Kyle, also known as Catwoman, has frequently crossed and recrossed the line between villain and antiheroine. In

Sankarani River: The Sélingué dam, which is located on the Sankarani, began operations in 1980 and is one of Mali’s most important energy sources.

Selinus, ancient Greek city on the southern coast of Sicily, 8 miles (13 km) southeast of modern Castelvetrano. It is famous for its ruined Doric temples. Selinus was founded in 651 or 628 bce by colonists from Megara Hyblaea and from Megara in Greece. The city got its name from the wild celery

Selinus: The modern Italian town of Selinunte lies nearby.

Selinus, ancient Greek city on the southern coast of Sicily, 8 miles (13 km) southeast of modern Castelvetrano. It is famous for its ruined Doric temples. Selinus was founded in 651 or 628 bce by colonists from Megara Hyblaea and from Megara in Greece. The city got its name from the wild celery

Seljuq, ruling military family of the Oğuz (Ghuzz) Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire that included Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and most of Iran. Their advance marked the beginning of Turkic power in the Middle East. A brief

Seljuq, ruling military family of the Oğuz (Ghuzz) Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire that included Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and most of Iran. Their advance marked the beginning of Turkic power in the Middle East. A brief

Bothnian Sea, the southern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, the northern arm of the Baltic Sea, which lies between Finland and

Selket, in Egyptian mythology, goddess of the dead. Her symbolic animal was the scorpion. She was one of the underworld deities charged with protecting the canopic jar in which the intestines of the deceased were stored after

Selkirk, royal burgh (town), Scottish Borders council area, historic county of Selkirkshire, Scotland, lying on a hillside overlooking the river known as Ettrick Water. A Benedictine abbey founded in the early 12th century was later removed to Kelso. Selkirk’s 12th-century castle was captured by

Manitoba: Settlement patterns: …service town in west-central Manitoba; Selkirk, the centre of commercial fishing and water transportation on Lake Winnipeg; and several service towns, such as Steinbach and Morden, in the southeastern region.

Selkirkshire, historic county in southeastern Scotland, occupying a rolling upland region dissected by the valleys of the Ettrick and Yarrow waters (rivers), which merge in the east with the River Tweed. Selkirkshire lies entirely within the Scottish Borders council area. Archaeological evidence

bannock: Selkirk bannock is made from wheat flour and contains fruit.

Selkirk Mountains, major subdivision of the Columbia Mountains, extending for 200 miles (320 km) in a southeasterly arc, mostly in British Columbia, Canada, and just across the U.S. border into northern Idaho and Washington. Bounded by the Purcell Mountains (east) and the Columbia River (west and

Alexander Selkirk was a Scottish sailor who was the prototype of the marooned traveler in Daniel Defoe’s novel Robinson Crusoe (1719). The son of a shoemaker, Selkirk ran away to sea in 1695; he joined a band of buccaneers in the Pacific and by 1703 was sailing master of a galley on a privateering

Yukon River: History: …established a trading post at Fort Selkirk, at the junction of the Pelly and Yukon rivers, in order to trade with the local Indians. In 1851 Campbell explored the Yukon downstream to the junction of the Porcupine River, where Fort Yukon had been built in 1847. When the trading post…

Thomas Douglas, 5th earl of Selkirk was a Scottish philanthropist who in 1812 founded the Red River Settlement (q.v.; Assiniboia) in Canada, which grew to become part of the city of Winnipeg, Man. Selkirk succeeded to the Scottish earldom on the death of his father in 1799, all of his elder

Selkirkshire, historic county in southeastern Scotland, occupying a rolling upland region dissected by the valleys of the Ettrick and Yarrow waters (rivers), which merge in the east with the River Tweed. Selkirkshire lies entirely within the Scottish Borders council area. Archaeological evidence

Selkup, an indigenous Arctic people who traditionally resided in central Russia between the Ob and the Yenisey rivers. They numbered more than 4,000 in the Russian census of 2002. The Selkup language, divided into several dialects, is one of the few surviving languages of the Southern Samoyedic

Uralic languages: Current distribution: The fourth language, Selkup, lies to the south in a region between the central Ob and central Yenisey; its major representation is located between Turukhansk and the Taz River. A fifth Samoyedic language, Kamas (Sayan), spoken in the vicinity of the Sayan Mountains, survived into the 20th century…

curule chair, a style of chair reserved in ancient Rome for the use of the highest government dignitaries and usually made like a campstool with curved legs. Ordinarily made of ivory, with or without arms, it probably derived its name from the chariot (currus) in which a magistrate was conveyed to

pituitary tumour: …cause of enlargement of the sella turcica, the bone cavity in the head in which the pituitary gland is located. There are two general types of pituitary tumours—hormone secreting and nonsecreting. There are five types of hormone-secreting pituitary tumours, named according to the cells that produce the particular hormone. They…

Quintino Sella was a statesman who helped place the new national government on a firm financial footing after the unification of Italy. Educated for the engineering profession, Sella taught at Turin for several years before entering politics. In 1860 he was elected to the Piedmontese Chamber of

joint: Sellar joint: The sellar joint has already been described in the section Articular cartilage. It has two types of movement, both swings: flexion-extension and abduction-adduction. In addition to these it allows movements combining these two—that is, swings accompanied by rotation of the moving bone. An…

cholera: Development of treatments: …at Calcutta Medical College, and Andrew Sellards, an American in Manila. Rogers developed a replacement fluid that contained a much higher salt content than had previously been used and that resulted in a halving of cholera deaths—from a 60 percent mortality rate down to 30 percent. Sellards suggested that sodium…

Peter Sellars is an American stage director. He is best known for staging plays and operas for numerous international theatres in settings far different than those suggested by the text. Sellars attended Harvard University, where he began developing his innovative style of directing. His

Wilfrid Sellars was an American philosopher best known for his critique of traditional philosophical conceptions of mind and knowledge and for his uncompromising effort to explain how human reason and thought can be reconciled with the vision of nature found in science. Although he was one of the

Wilfrid Sellars was an American philosopher best known for his critique of traditional philosophical conceptions of mind and knowledge and for his uncompromising effort to explain how human reason and thought can be reconciled with the vision of nature found in science. Although he was one of the

African literature: Ethiopian: Heruy Walda Sellasse, an Ethiopian foreign minister who became the country’s first major writer, wrote two novels that are critical of child marriage and that extol Christianity and Western technology. But he was also critical of the Christian church and proposed in one of his…

Sierra de Baoruco, mountain range in the southwestern part of the Dominican Republic. It extends about 50 miles (80 km) east from the Haitian border to the Caribbean Sea and lies parallel to the Cordillera Central. Its highest peak is 5,348 feet (1,630 meters). Straddling the Haitian border, the

Hispaniola: …southwestern peninsula, which rises to Mount Selle at 8,773 feet (2,674 metres). In contrast to the highlands, the basin of Lake Enriquillo in southwestern Dominican Republic is quite low, the surface of the lake being about 150 feet (45 metres) below sea level. The main rivers are the Yaque del…

Passion music: Matthew Passion setting of Thomas Selle (1599–1663) uses a double chorus extensively, while his setting of the St. John Passion incorporates instruments and a “distant choir.” Contrast between the interlocutors is achieved by assigning particular instruments or groups to different characters. Chorales, or hymn tunes, were introduced into the…

monopoly and competition: Concentration of sellers: Seller concentration refers to the number of sellers in an industry together with their comparative shares of industry sales. When the number of sellers is quite large, and each seller’s share of the market is so small that in practice he cannot,…

Carry Back: His jockey, John Sellers, found himself and the colt in a scramble of horses early on and sent Carry Back to the outside, where he had room to put his speed to work. The colt ran down the opposition with a spectacular burst in the homestretch to…

Peter Sellers was a versatile English comic actor whose astonishing range of characters earned him international stardom at a time when rigid typecasting was usual. Sellers was a descendant of legendary Portuguese-Jewish prizefighter Daniel Mendoza and the son of British vaudeville performers.

Peter Sellers was a versatile English comic actor whose astonishing range of characters earned him international stardom at a time when rigid typecasting was usual. Sellers was a descendant of legendary Portuguese-Jewish prizefighter Daniel Mendoza and the son of British vaudeville performers.

William Sellers was an American engineer and manufacturer. Sellers was born into a distinguished scientific family. The first of his firms manufactured machinists’ tools and mill gearing. His formulas for matching screw threads and nuts (1864) became the U.S. standards. In 1868 he founded Edge Moor

property: “Sale,” the voluntary exchange of property for money, is the most common of these. A “donation,” or gift, is another voluntary form. Succession to property upon death of the previous owner is a central concept in nearly all property systems and falls into the category…

Looking to sell your house? There’s a whole host of to-do tasks to accomplish before putting up that “For Sale” sign—chores that go well beyond choosing a selling price. Selling a home—particularly if you’ve lived there for many years—can be emotionally draining. Part of the stress comes from the

When most people first learn about options, it’s in the context of buying call and put options to speculate on the direction of (or hedge a position in) an underlying stock, exchange-traded fund (ETF), or other security (called “the underlying” in trader jargon). The option contract gives you the

If you’re familiar with option basics, you know that a put option contract gives the owner (i.e., the buyer) the right, but not the obligation, to sell 100 shares of the underlying stock or ETF at a specific price (the “strike” or “exercise” price) by a certain date (the option’s “expiration

Television in the United States: Media versus the federal government: …day, the most controversial was The Selling of the Pentagon (CBS, 1971), which reported on pro-Vietnam War government propaganda and on the relationship between the Pentagon and its corporate contractors. Controversy over the show—especially accusations that interviews had been edited in a way that distorted the meaning of what had…

The Selling of the President, 1968, nonfictional book about the 1968 presidential campaign of Richard M. Nixon written by American author Joe McGinniss that became one of the most-influential books on the campaigns of American presidential candidates. The book became a New York Times best seller in

If you have experience trading single option contracts, you may be ready to jump to the next level. Maybe you like the prospect of selling options and collecting premium, but can’t (or your broker won’t allow you to) accept the open-ended risk. So what’s that next level? Selling vertical spreads.

Selma, city, seat (1866) of Dallas county, central Alabama, U.S. It lies on the Alabama River about 50 miles (80 km) west of Montgomery. The site was first recorded on a map in 1732 as Ecor Bienville; it was later called Moore’s Bluff, for a settler who arrived about 1815. It was renamed about 1819

Tarana Burke: …consultant on Ava DuVernay’s film Selma (2014). Later Burke served as director of the Brooklyn, New York, organization Girls for Gender Equality. The organization assists African American girls in building personal development skills. Burke also taught empowerment workshops, and she edited (with Brené Brown) the essay collection You Are Your…

Selma March, political march from Selma, Alabama, to the state’s capital, Montgomery, that occurred March 21–25, 1965. Led by Martin Luther King, Jr., the march was the culminating event of several tumultuous weeks during which demonstrators twice attempted to march but were stopped, once