John Robert Schrieffer was an American physicist and winner, with John Bardeen and Leon N. Cooper, of the 1972 Nobel Prize for Physics for developing the BCS theory (for their initials), the first successful microscopic theory of superconductivity. Schrieffer was educated at the Massachusetts

Bertram Schrieke was a Dutch social anthropologist known for his critical analyses of early Indonesian economic and social history, cultural change, and foreign relations. His doctoral dissertation for the University of Leiden, Neth. (1916), considered the influences that led to the establishment

Shelley Winters was an American actor who had a career that spanned more than half a century, well over 100 films, and a variety of colourful characters. She won two best supporting actress Academy Awards, for The Diary of Anne Frank (1959) and A Patch of Blue (1965), and received nominations as

Friedrich von Matthisson: …eight-volume edition of his works, Schriften, was published in 1825–29.

dance notation: Twentieth-century developments: Schrifttanz (1928; “Written Dance”), by the Hungarian-born dance theorist Rudolf Laban, provided the basis for the notation system that bears his name: labanotation (also called Kinetography Laban). Laban had an eclectic interest in movement but found himself architecturally fascinated by its spatial aspects. Thus, his…

Neue Sachlichkeit: Grosz, Otto Dix, Max Beckmann, Georg Schrimpf, Alexander Kanoldt, Carlo Mense, Georg Scholz, and Heinrich Davringhausen.

organometallic compound: Alkylidene ligands: The complexes are known as Schrock carbenes for their discoverer, American chemist Richard Schrock. The chemistry and spectroscopy of the Schrock carbenes indicate that these compounds have the opposite polarity of the Fischer carbenes. The carbon behaves as if it were electron-rich, because the Mδ+=Cδ− bond is polarized so as…

Richard R. Schrock is an American chemist who, with Robert H. Grubbs and Yves Chauvin, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2005 for developing metathesis, one of the most important types of chemical reactions used in organic chemistry. Schrock was honoured as “the first to produce an

metalogic: Satisfaction of a theory by a structure: finite and infinite models: …the late 19th-century German mathematician Ernst Schröder and in Löwenheim (in particular, in his paper of 1915). The basic tools and results achieved in model theory—such as the Löwenheim-Skolem theorem, the completeness theorem of elementary logic, and Skolem’s construction of nonstandard models of arithmetic—were developed during the period from 1915…

Friedrich Ludwig Schröder was a German actor, theatrical manager, and playwright who introduced the plays of William Shakespeare to the German stage. Schröder’s parents were legendary figures of the German stage: his stepfather, Konrad Ernst Ackermann, was a brilliant and much-beloved comic actor,

Gerhard Schröder is a German politician who was the chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005. Having practiced law in Hannover, Schröder was elected to the Bundestag (lower house of parliament) in 1980 and served there until 1986, when he lost an election for premier of the state of Lower Saxony. He

Konrad Ernst Ackermann: In 1749 Ackermann married Sophie Charlotte Schröder, the leading lady of Schönemann’s company, and with her and a skilled troupe toured Russia, the Baltic states, and East Prussia for many years. It was also during this period that Ackermann was authorized to build an 800-seat theatre in Königsberg; it…

Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient was a German soprano celebrated for her portrayal of the great dramatic roles of German opera. The daughter of a celebrated baritone and a renowned actress, Schröder-Devrient received early training in movement and diction from her parents and appeared in both ballet

Schrödinger equation, the fundamental equation of the science of submicroscopic phenomena known as quantum mechanics. The equation, developed (1926) by the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger, has the same central importance to quantum mechanics as Newton’s laws of motion have for the large-scale

Schrödinger equation, the fundamental equation of the science of submicroscopic phenomena known as quantum mechanics. The equation, developed (1926) by the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger, has the same central importance to quantum mechanics as Newton’s laws of motion have for the large-scale

Schrödinger’s cat, thought experiment designed by theoretical physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935 as an objection to the reigning Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. Often considered as central to quantum physics as Isaac Newton’s laws of motion are to classical physics, the Schrödinger

Erwin Schrödinger was an Austrian theoretical physicist who contributed to the wave theory of matter and to other fundamentals of quantum mechanics. He shared the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics with British physicist P.A.M. Dirac. Schrödinger entered the University of Vienna in 1906 and obtained his

Peanuts: The strip’s other characters included Schroeder, the Beethoven-obsessed object of Lucy’s desire; Peppermint Patty, a freckled and frequently bewildered tomboy who referred to Charlie Brown as “Chuck”; Marcie, Peppermint Patty’s wisecracking sidekick; and Woodstock, a yellow bird who, in spite of his inexpert flying skills, accompanied Snoopy on his many…

De Stijl: …principles in his work; the Schröder House in Utrecht (1924), for example, resembles a Mondrian painting in the severe purity of its facade and in its interior plan. Beyond the Netherlands, the De Stijl aesthetic found expression at the Bauhaus in Germany during the 1920s and in the International Style.

Patricia Schroeder was a U.S. politician who was the first woman elected to Congress from Colorado, serving in the U.S. House of Representatives (1973–97). She was known for her outspoken liberal positions on social welfare, women’s rights, and military spending. Schroeder received a bachelor’s

Patricia Schroeder was a U.S. politician who was the first woman elected to Congress from Colorado, serving in the U.S. House of Representatives (1973–97). She was known for her outspoken liberal positions on social welfare, women’s rights, and military spending. Schroeder received a bachelor’s

20th-century international relations: The centrality of the Habsburg monarchy: This view, suggested by Paul Schroeder in 1972, asks not why war broke out in 1914 but why not before? What snapped in 1914? The answer, he argued, is that the keystone of European balance, the element of stability that allowed the other powers to chase imperial moonbeams at…

Robert Koch: Anthrax research: One of Cohn’s pupils, Joseph Schroeter, found that chromogenic (colour-forming) bacteria would grow on such solid substrates as potato, coagulated egg white, meat, and bread and that those colonies were capable of forming new colonies of the same colour, consisting of organisms of the same type. That was the…

Moon: Effects of impacts and volcanism: Named in his honor, Schröter’s Valley is a deep, winding channel, hundreds of kilometers long, with a smaller inner channel that meanders just as slow rivers do on Earth. The end of this “river” simply tapers away to nothing and disappears on the mare plains. In some way that…

match: …discovery by the Austrian chemist Anton von Schrötter in 1845 of red phosphorus, which is nontoxic and is not subject to spontaneous combustion, led to the safety match, with its separation of the combustion ingredients between the match head and the special striking surface. J.E. Lundström of Sweden patented this…

Schruns, town, western Austria, on the Ill River at the mouth of the Litz Bach; it adjoins the village of Tschagguns and is the main town of the Montafontal (valley), southeast of Feldkirch. It has a long-established cattle market. An international summer resort since the early 19th century,

wind instrument: The Renaissance: …loud capped reed was the schryari, made in the three principal sizes. The outer shape was inverse conical, but, because no specimens remain, the contour of the bore is unknown.

Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart was a German poet of the Sturm und Drang period, known for his pietistic and nationalistic leanings. He entered the University of Erlangen in 1758 but left after two years. After he attempted to earn a livelihood as a private tutor and an assistant preacher, his

Franz Schubert was an Austrian composer who bridged the worlds of Classical and Romantic music, noted for the melody and harmony in his songs (lieder) and chamber music. Among other works are Symphony No. 9 in C Major (The Great; 1828), Symphony in B Minor (Unfinished; 1822), masses, and piano

Franz Schubert was an Austrian composer who bridged the worlds of Classical and Romantic music, noted for the melody and harmony in his songs (lieder) and chamber music. Among other works are Symphony No. 9 in C Major (The Great; 1828), Symphony in B Minor (Unfinished; 1822), masses, and piano

number game: 20th century: In Germany, Hermann Schubert published Zwölf Geduldspiele in 1899 and the Mathematische Mussestunden (3rd ed., 3 vol.) in 1907–09. Between 1904 and 1920 Wilhelm Ahrens published several works, the most significant being his Mathematische Unterhaltungen und Spiele (2 vol., 1910) with an extensive bibliography.

Franz Schubert: Maturity of Franz Schubert: These parties, called Schubertiaden, were given in the homes of wealthy merchants and civil servants, but the wider worlds of opera and public concerts still eluded him. He worked during August 1821 on a seventh symphony in E Minor and Major, but this, too, was put aside, along…

Franz Schuch was a German comic actor and theatre manager who popularized a vernacular version of the commedia dell’arte form and merged the Italian stock character Harlequin with the German stock character Hans Wurst. Schuch arrived in Germany with his itinerant company in the 1740s and remained

Basque language: Origins and classification: The German philologist Hugo Schuchardt (1842–1927) posited a genetic connection between Basque, Iberian (the long-extinct language of the ancient inscriptions of eastern Spain and of the Mediterranean coast of France), and the Afro-Asiatic languages. Despite amazing coincidences in phonology, Basque has so far contributed little to the understanding…

Charles Schuchert was an American paleontologist who was a leader in the development of paleogeography, the study of the distribution of lands and seas in the geological past. While supporting his siblings after the death of their father, Schuchert developed an intense interest in fossils. During

Levin Schücking was a writer, author of many popular novels, most of which have a Westphalian setting and some of which show the influence of the Scottish Romantic novelist Sir Walter Scott. His works, however, have fallen into comparative oblivion. After studying law, Schücking settled in Münster,

Wilhelm Raabe: …Mountains of the Moon), and Der Schüdderump, 3 vol. (1870; “The Rickety Cart”). These three novels are often viewed as a trilogy that is central to Raabe’s generally pessimistic outlook, which views the difficulties of the individual in a world over which he has little control. Discouraged by a lack…

Danielle Steel is an American writer best known for her numerous best-selling romance novels. Steel was an only child. After her parents divorced, she was reared by relatives and family employees in Paris and New York City. By age 15 she had graduated from the Lycée Français, and in 1963 she

L’Oréal: …Paris in 1909 by chemist Eugène Schueller and entered the U.S. market in 1953. L’Oréal’s international headquarters is in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, France, and its U.S. subsidiary has its headquarters in New York City and El Segundo, California. The company has more than 90,000 employees worldwide. It markets 37 global brands…

Liliane Bettencourt was a French business executive and heiress to the L’Oréal cosmetics fortune. Liliane’s mother, a pianist, died when Liliane was five years old. Her father, Eugène Schueller, was a chemist who in 1907 invented and began selling a line of synthetic hair dyes. The company was

shooting: Schuetzen shooting: Of Germanic–Swiss origin, the shooting called Schuetzen was practiced for centuries practically unchanged throughout much of central Europe, and by the 1880s it had become predominantly popular. It was done in the standing, or offhand, position at targets from 90 or 180 metres…

Paul Gauguin: Beginnings: …and by a fellow stockbroker, Émile Schuffenecker, with whom he started painting. Gauguin soon began to receive artistic instruction and to frequent a studio where he could draw from a model. In 1876 his Landscape at Viroflay was accepted for the official annual exhibition in France, the Salon. He developed…

Western dance: From antiquity through the Renaissance: …the 20th century, the Bavarian-Austrian Schuhplattler, is considered by historians to be of Neolithic origin, from before 3000 bc.

Budd Schulberg: …of the Hollywood motion-picture producer Benjamin Percival (“B.P.”) Schulberg (1892–1957), who for many years was production chief at Paramount Pictures, Schulberg grew up in Hollywood and became a “reader” and then a screenwriter after completing his education at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, in 1936. He began to write and…

Budd Schulberg: …of the Hollywood motion-picture producer Benjamin Percival (“B.P.”) Schulberg (1892–1957), who for many years was production chief at Paramount Pictures, Schulberg grew up in Hollywood and became a “reader” and then a screenwriter after completing his education at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, in 1936. He began to write and…

Budd Schulberg was an American novelist, screenwriter, and journalist who was best known for the novel What Makes Sammy Run? (1941) and for the screenplay for the movie On the Waterfront (1954). The son of the Hollywood motion-picture producer Benjamin Percival (“B.P.”) Schulberg (1892–1957), who

Budd Schulberg was an American novelist, screenwriter, and journalist who was best known for the novel What Makes Sammy Run? (1941) and for the screenplay for the movie On the Waterfront (1954). The son of the Hollywood motion-picture producer Benjamin Percival (“B.P.”) Schulberg (1892–1957), who

Adolf Müllner: … (1812; “February 29”) and especially Die Schuld (1813; “The Debt”), Müllner became a representative of the fate dramatists, and for several years fate tragedies modeled on Die Schuld dominated the German stage. Müllner also edited various journals and had a reputation as a vigorous if somewhat acrimonious critic. In the…

Karl Jaspers: Postwar development of thought: …political works, Die Schuldfrage (1946; The Question of German Guilt, 1947), he stated that whoever had participated actively in the preparation or execution of war crimes and crimes against humanity was morally guilty. Those, however, who passively tolerated these happenings because they did not want to become victims of Nazism…

Oskar Kokoschka: World War II and after: …established an annual seminar called Schule des Sehens (“School of Seeing”) at the International Summer Academy for Visual Arts in Salzburg, Austria. He also completed a second mythological trilogy, Thermopylae (1954). In the 1950s Kokoschka designed tapestries and theatrical scenery and worked increasingly in lithography. He also continued his political…

Ehrengarde Melusina, duchess of Kendal was the mistress of the English king George I who had considerable political influence during his reign. She was a close friend of Robert Walpole, who said that she was “as much queen of England as ever any was.” The daughter of Gustavus Adolphus, Graf (count)

pendulum: Another type is the Schuler pendulum. When the Schuler pendulum is vertically suspended, it remains aligned to the local vertical even if the point from which it is suspended is accelerated parallel to Earth’s surface. This principle of the Schuler pendulum is applied in some inertial guidance systems to…

spectroscopy: Line sources: Other examples are hollow cathode lamps and electrodeless lamps driven by microwave radiation. If specific atomic lines are desired, a small amount of the desired element is introduced in the discharge.

Else Lasker-Schüler was a German poet, short-story writer, playwright, and novelist of the early 20th century. Of Jewish parentage, Schüler settled in Berlin after her marriage to the physician Berthold Lasker in 1894 (divorced 1903). In Berlin she frequented avant-garde literary circles, and her

gyrocompass: …possible through the efforts of Max Schuler, who developed the principles on which a practical shipborne gyrocompass depends. This compass was a marvel of mechanical ingenuity. In 1911 Elmer Sperry in the United States produced a gyrocompass that was easier to manufacture. In England, Sidney George Brown, working with John…

Gunther Schuller was an American composer, performer, conductor, teacher, and writer noted for his wide range of activity in both jazz and classical music and for his works embracing both jazz and advanced 12-tone elements. Schuller was born into a family of musicians. His grandfather was a

Karl Schulmeister was the chief of espionage for Napoleon I. Throughout his life Schulmeister nurtured the curious conviction that he was descended from Hungarian nobility, although his father was just a poor country parson. In his youth he entered business in a small way, and, like many others in

Ernest I: …set of school regulations entitled Schulmethodus (“School Method”; 1642; revised 1648, 1658, 1662, 1672), compiled under his direction, instituted such ideas as compulsory education, grading, and an enlarged curriculum to embrace sciences, civics, and other “useful” subjects. He also established the ducal library of Gotha and generally, through his patronage,…

Christopher Dock: …for posthumous publication, his manuscript, Schulordnung (“School Management”), was published in 1770, a year before his death. The volume proved very influential and went into a second edition the same year; it was republished as late as 1861 in German, and it continued to be published in English well into…

discus throw: …the 70-meter (230-foot) mark; German Jürgen Schult, who broke the world’s record for discus throw in 1986 with a 74.08-meter (243.04-foot) throw; German Lisel Westermann, the first woman to break the 200-foot mark; and Russian Faina Melnik, who broke the 70-meter mark in women’s competition.

Dieter Schulte was a German labor leader who served as chairman of the German Trade Union Federation (Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund; DGB) from 1994 to 2002, best known for organizing large protest rallies. Schulte worked as an apprentice bricklayer and laid furnace bricks for the steel giant Thyssen

Michael Praetorius was a German music theorist and composer whose Syntagma musicum (1614–20) is a principal source for knowledge of 17th-century music and whose settings of Lutheran chorales are important examples of early 17th-century religious music. He studied at Frankfurt an der Oder and was

primate: Infancy: According to Adolph Schultz, the Swiss anthropologist whose comparative anatomic studies have illuminated knowledge of nonhuman primates since the mid-20th century, the juvenile period of psychological maternal dependency is 2 1 2 years in lemurs, 6 years in monkeys, 7–8 years in most apes (though it now…

Sherrod Brown: Personal life: He later wed (2004) Connie Schultz, a Plain Dealer columnist who won a Pulitzer Prize in 2005; the couple had two children.

Philadelphia Flyers: …Clarke, winger Bill Barber, and Dave (“the Hammer”) Schultz—a rough-and-tumble winger who became the most notable enforcer on the team—Philadelphia won two Stanley Cups during this period (1974 and 1975), and the team’s bruising style of play ushered in a new era in the NHL during which other teams increasingly…

John du Pont: …shot and killed freestyle wrestler Dave Schultz, an Olympic gold medalist who lived and trained at du Pont’s estate. Du Pont was convicted though found to be mentally ill.

Dutch Schultz was an American gangster of the 1920s and ’30s who ran bootlegging and other rackets in New York City. Born in the Bronx, Schultz took his alias from an old-time Bronx gangster and advanced from burglaries to bootlegging, ownership of breweries and speakeasies, and policy rackets in

Henry Schultz was an early Polish-born American econometrician and statistician. Schultz received his Ph.D. from Columbia University (1926), where he studied under such economists as Edwin Seligman and Wesley C. Mitchell, but his most important influence was the econometrician Henry L. Moore, under

Howard Schultz is an American businessman who served as CEO (1987–2000, 2008–17, 2022– ) of Starbucks, a coffeehouse chain that he helped transform into a worldwide presence. Schultz was a communications graduate (B.S., 1975) of Northern Michigan University. He joined the Seattle-based Starbucks in

Torbjörn Oskar Caspersson: …1930s American geneticist and biochemist Jack Schultz joined Caspersson’s laboratory, and together they studied nucleic acids. In these studies, Caspersson united principles of cell biology and biochemistry with techniques such as spectroscopy and ultraviolet microscopy. Following several years of cytogenetic research, Caspersson and Schultz concluded that RNA (ribonucleic acid) must…

Theodore William Schultz was an American agricultural economist whose influential studies of the role of “human capital”—education, talent, energy, and will—in economic development won him a share (with Sir Arthur Lewis) of the 1979 Nobel Prize for Economics. Schultz graduated from South Dakota

explosive: Nitrocellulosic explosives: About 1860 Major E. Schultze of the Prussian army produced a useful nitrocellulosic propellant. He nitrated small pieces of wood by placing them in nitric acid and then, after removing the acid, impregnated the pieces with barium and potassium nitrates. The purpose of the latter was to provide…

Max Schultze was a German zoologist and cytologist who, in 1861, defined the cell as a mass of protoplasm with a nucleus and recognized the protoplasm, a living substance, as the fundamental unit of life in both plants and animals, proposing that the cell need not be enclosed by a wall—a concept

Max Schultze was a German zoologist and cytologist who, in 1861, defined the cell as a mass of protoplasm with a nucleus and recognized the protoplasm, a living substance, as the fundamental unit of life in both plants and animals, proposing that the cell need not be enclosed by a wall—a concept

Polish literature: Literature in independent Poland: …reflecting subtleties of perception was Bruno Schulz, author of Sklepy cynamonowe (1934; Cinnamon Shops), with prose reminiscent of Franz Kafka.

Charles Schulz was an American cartoonist who created Peanuts, one of the most successful American comic strips of the mid-20th century. Schulz, the son of a barber, studied cartooning in an art correspondence school after graduating in 1940 from high school. He served in the army from 1943 to 1945

Jerzy Buzek: …2012 and was replaced by Martin Schulz of Germany’s Social Democratic Party.

drawing: Pen drawings: …of the 20th-century German artist Wols (Alfred Otto Wolfgang Schulze), which are sensitive to the slightest stirring of the hand, this theme leads to a new dimension transcending all traditional concepts of a representational art of drawing.

skepticism: The 18th century: G.E. Schulze (or Schulze-Aenesidemus), a notable critic of Kantianism, insisted that, on Kant’s theory, no one could know any objective truths about anything; he could only know the subjective necessity of his own views. The Jewish critic Salomon Maimon contended that, though there are such…

history of photography: Antecedents: …the German professor of anatomy Johann Heinrich Schulze proved that the darkening of silver salts, a phenomenon known since the 16th century and possibly earlier, was caused by light and not heat. He demonstrated the fact by using sunlight to record words on the salts, but he made no attempt…

skepticism: The 18th century: G.E. Schulze (or Schulze-Aenesidemus), a notable critic of Kantianism, insisted that, on Kant’s theory, no one could know any objective truths about anything; he could only know the subjective necessity of his own views. The Jewish critic Salomon Maimon contended that, though there are such…

Anne and Frank Hummert: In 1927 Anne (originally Anne Schumacher) began working as a copywriter for the Chicago advertising agency co-owned by Frank; they married in 1934. As radio entered its golden age, the Hummerts began to write soap operas. Their Just Plain Bill (1932–55), The Romance of Helen Trent (1933–60),…

E.F. Schumacher was a German-born British economist who developed the concepts of “intermediate technology” and “small is beautiful.” As a German Rhodes scholar in the early 1930s, E.F. Schumacher studied at the University of Oxford and Columbia University. He and his wife settled in England in

E.F. Schumacher was a German-born British economist who developed the concepts of “intermediate technology” and “small is beautiful.” As a German Rhodes scholar in the early 1930s, E.F. Schumacher studied at the University of Oxford and Columbia University. He and his wife settled in England in

Kurt Schumacher was a German politician and the first chairman of the revived Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands; SPD) after World War II. Schumacher, the son of a merchant, was educated at the universities of Halle, Berlin, and Münster. After serving in

Michael Schumacher is a German race-car driver who set records for the most Formula One (F1) Grand Prix race victories (91, later broken by Lewis Hamilton) and F1 series championships (seven, later tied by Hamilton). As a youth, Schumacher became interested in go-kart racing, an enthusiasm that was

Zaha Hadid: Other projects and notable awards: Her business partner, Patrik Schumacher, who assumed leadership of her firm, assured the completion of existing commissions and the procurement of new ones. Indeed, such projects as the Antwerp Port House (2016), the King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (2017; KAPSARC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and the Al…

Peder Schumacher, count af Griffenfeld was a Danish statesman of the 17th century. He was born Peder Schumacher to a wealthy Copenhagen family. After study and travel abroad in 1654–62, he returned to enter state service as royal librarian. Soon winning the favour of the absolutist king Frederick

Schuman Plan, proposal by French foreign minister Robert Schuman on May 9, 1950, for the creation of a single authority to control the production of steel and coal in France and West Germany (now Germany), to be opened for membership to other European countries. The proposal was realized in the

international relations: Between the two world wars: …short-lived theory of international relations; Frederick L. Schuman, setting a style that is still followed by interpreters of foreign policy and by journalists, synthesized analytic commentary with accounts of current international events; Quincy Wright investigated numerous aspects of international behaviour and war as head of one of the first team…

Robert Schuman was a Luxembourgian-born French statesman who founded the European Coal and Steel Community and worked for economic and political unity designed to lead to the establishment of a “United States of Europe.” Schuman, a member of the French National Assembly from 1919, was arrested by

William Schuman was an American composer, educator, and administrator whose symphonies, ballets, and chamber music are noted for their adaptation of European models to American themes. Schuman studied harmony and composition at Malkin Conservatory, New York City, and then studied at Teachers

William Schuman was an American composer, educator, and administrator whose symphonies, ballets, and chamber music are noted for their adaptation of European models to American themes. Schuman studied harmony and composition at Malkin Conservatory, New York City, and then studied at Teachers

circus: Equestrian acts: The Danish Schumann family, for many years directors of the permanent circus in Copenhagen, excelled in high school and also exhibited many fine liberty-horse acts. The Schumanns built their first circus in 1914 and were still among the most renowned international circus families in the early 21st…

Clara Schumann was a German pianist, composer, and wife of composer Robert Schumann. Encouraged by her father, she studied piano from the age of five and by 1835 had established a reputation throughout Europe as a child prodigy. In 1838 she was honoured by the Austrian court and also was elected to

Elisabeth Schumann was a German-born American soprano known for her interpretation of lieder and of the music of W.A. Mozart and Richard Strauss. Schumann made her debut in Germany at the Hamburg Opera in 1910 and stayed with the company until 1919. She made her New York debut at the Metropolitan

Robert Schumann was a German Romantic composer renowned particularly for his piano music, songs (lieder), and orchestral music. Many of his best-known piano pieces were written for his wife, the pianist Clara Schumann. Schumann’s father was a bookseller and publisher. After four years at a private

Robert Schumann was a German Romantic composer renowned particularly for his piano music, songs (lieder), and orchestral music. Many of his best-known piano pieces were written for his wife, the pianist Clara Schumann. Schumann’s father was a bookseller and publisher. After four years at a private

Ernestine Schumann-Heink was an Austrian contralto who was one of the principal interpreters of the operas of Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss before the outbreak of World War I. Schumann-Heink made her debut in Dresden, Germany, in 1878 as Azucena in Giuseppe Verdi’s Il trovatore. She sang in

Marantaceae: Major genera and species: Murta, or Indian matcane (Schumannianthus dichotomus), is used traditionally for bed mats and baskets in parts of south Asia.