• SBI

    State Bank of India (SBI), state-owned commercial bank and financial services company, nationalized by the Indian government in 1955. SBI maintains thousands of branches throughout India and offices in dozens of countries throughout the world. The bank’s headquarters are in Mumbai. The oldest

  • SBR (chemical compound)

    styrene-butadiene and styrene-isoprene block copolymers (SBR), two related triblock copolymers that consist of polystyrene sequences (or blocks) at each end of a molecular chain and a butadiene or isoprene sequence in the centre. SBS and SIS are thermoplastic elastomers, blends that exhibit both

  • SBR (chemical compound)

    styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), a general-purpose synthetic rubber, produced from a copolymer of styrene and butadiene. Exceeding all other synthetic rubbers in consumption, SBR is used in great quantities in automobile and truck tires, generally as an abrasion-resistant replacement for natural

  • SBS (medical disorder)

    sick building syndrome (SBS), term applied to a situation in which some or all the people occupying a building (usually working or living in it) experience non-specific health effects such as headache; dizziness; nausea; irritated eyes, nose, or throat; dry cough; or skin irritation. The term is

  • SBS (British special-operations force)

    Special Boat Service (SBS), elite British special operations warfare unit. With the Special Air Service (SAS), the Special Reconnaissance Regiment, the Special Forces Support Group, an integral signals regiment, and an aviation wing, it is a core part of the United Kingdom Special Forces (UKSF)

  • SBX (sport)

    snowboarding: Snowboard cross (boardercross): Snowboard cross (originally and still frequently called boardercross) is an event where multiple riders (four in Olympic competition) race simultaneously down the same inclined course with banked turns, jumps, berms, drops, and other artificial features that test the competitors’ balance and control at maximum speeds.…

  • SBY (president of Indonesia)

    Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is an Indonesian military officer, politician, and government official who was the first popularly elected president of Indonesia (2004–14). Yudhoyono was born into a well-to-do family of aristocratic background. Following in the footsteps of his father, a middle-ranking

  • SBYOV (Venezuelan orchestra)

    Gustavo Dudamel: …him music director of the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra of Venezuela (SBYOV; later renamed the Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra of Venezuela), the chief performing group. The next year Dudamel and the orchestra toured Germany, and in following years they made additional trips to Europe, all to ecstatic reviews. They played…

  • Sc (chemical element)

    scandium (Sc), chemical element, a rare-earth metal of Group 3 of the periodic table. Scandium is a silvery white, moderately soft metal. It is fairly stable in air but will slowly change its colour from silvery white to a yellowish appearance because of formation of Sc2O3 oxide on the surface. The

  • SC Bastia (French football team)

    Michael Essien: …called Liberty Professionals before joining SC Bastia, in France’s top division, in 2000.

  • Sc galaxy (astronomy)

    galaxy: Sc galaxies: These galaxies characteristically have a very small nucleus and multiple spiral arms that are open, with relatively large pitch angles. The arms, moreover, are lumpy, containing as they do numerous irregularly distributed star clouds, stellar associations, star clusters, and gas clouds known as…

  • SCA (Egyptian government)

    Zahi Hawass: …oversaw as head of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA). He served as Egypt’s minister of antiquities in 2011.

  • SCAA (American organization)

    Louisa Lee Schuyler: …like-minded associates, she formed the State Charities Aid Association (SCAA), which she envisioned as an umbrella organization for local groups of volunteer visitors interested in the inspection and improvement of prisons, poorhouses, workhouses, public hospitals, and schools. While working to establish and extend the work of the SCAA and to…

  • scab (medicine)

    scab, in pathology, secondary skin lesion composed of dried serum, blood, or pus. See

  • scab (plant disease)

    scab, in botany, any of several bacterial or fungal plant diseases characterized by crustaceous lesions on fruits, tubers, leaves, or stems. The term is also used for the symptom of the disease. Scab often affects apples, crabapples, cereals, cucumbers, peaches, pecans, and potatoes. Leaves of

  • scab mite (arachnid)

    mite: … (Sarcoptidae) of humans and animals, scab mites (Psoroptidae), feather mites of birds, mites associated with insects, and many free-living forms. Grain mites (Glycyphagidae) not only damage stored products but also cause skin irritations in those who handle such products. Itch mites burrow into the layers of the skin of humans,…

  • scabby mouth (animal disease)

    sore mouth, viral disease of sheep and goats. The disease is characterized by the emergence of blisters, pustules, ulcers, and scabs on the lips especially but also on the face, the ears, and sometimes the legs. In severe cases, sores form inside the mouth. Sores may also appear on the teats of

  • scabe (causeway)

    Cobá: The many causeways—called sacbe (plural sacbeob), or “white roads,” in reference to their white limestone surface—are among the most striking and significant features of Cobá. These roads, built to resist erosion by the elements, are elevated variously from about 1.5 to 8 feet (0.5 to 2.5 metres) above…

  • scabella (musical instrument)

    percussion instrument: Idiophones: …adopted by Rome as the scabella. Other idiophones included bells, cymbals, the unidentified ēcheion, and an instrument simply called “the bronze” (chalkos), probably a metal percussion disk. When the Egyptian cult of Isis spread to Greece and Rome, her sistrum followed, always in the hands of a priest or—rarely—priestess.

  • scabellum (musical instrument)

    percussion instrument: Idiophones: …adopted by Rome as the scabella. Other idiophones included bells, cymbals, the unidentified ēcheion, and an instrument simply called “the bronze” (chalkos), probably a metal percussion disk. When the Egyptian cult of Isis spread to Greece and Rome, her sistrum followed, always in the hands of a priest or—rarely—priestess.

  • scabies (dermatology)

    scabies, skin inflammation accompanied by severe itching, particularly at night, caused by the itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei, variety hominis). The mite passes from person to person by close contact. While scabies occurs worldwide, it is most common in areas that are affected by overcrowding and

  • scabini (Byzantine law officer)

    Italy: The kingdom of Italy: …judicial officials were henceforth called scabini, as their counterparts were called north of the Alps. As in Francia, the church acquired greater political importance, for the Carolingians in Italy used bishops in their central and local administrations almost as much as they used counts. And, as long as the Carolingian…

  • scabini Flandriae (government organization)

    history of the Low Countries: Consolidation of territorial states (1384–1567): …during the 13th century, the scabini Flandriae, uniting delegations from the governments of the main cities, intervened in various political matters of the principality, especially concerning economic policy. During the 14th century, the three largest cities, Brugge, Ghent, and Ypres, formed a nearly permanent consultation committee called the three members…

  • scabinus (Byzantine law officer)

    Italy: The kingdom of Italy: …judicial officials were henceforth called scabini, as their counterparts were called north of the Alps. As in Francia, the church acquired greater political importance, for the Carolingians in Italy used bishops in their central and local administrations almost as much as they used counts. And, as long as the Carolingian…

  • Scabiosa (plant)

    scabious, (genus Scabiosa), genus of about 30 species of annual and perennial herbs of the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae). They are native to temperate Eurasia, the Mediterranean region, and the mountains of eastern Africa. Some are important garden plants. All species have basal leaf rosettes

  • scabiosa (plant)

    scabious, (genus Scabiosa), genus of about 30 species of annual and perennial herbs of the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae). They are native to temperate Eurasia, the Mediterranean region, and the mountains of eastern Africa. Some are important garden plants. All species have basal leaf rosettes

  • Scabiosa atropurpurea (plant, Scabiosa atropurpurea)

    scabious: Major species: Pincushion flower, also called sweet scabious, mourning bride, or garden scabious (Scabiosa atropurpurea), a southern European annual with deeply cut basal leaves and feathery stem leaves, produces fragrant 5-cm (2-inch) flower heads in white, rose, crimson, blue, or deep mahogany purple. It is about 1…

  • Scabiosa caucasica (plant)

    scabious: Major species: Perennial scabious (S. caucasica), of southeastern Europe, grows to 75 cm (29.5 inches). It has narrow smooth-margined basal leaves and cut stem leaves and produces light blue flowers up to 8 cm (3 inches) across.

  • Scabiosa columbaria (plant)

    scabious: Major species: Small scabious (S. columbaria; also known as dwarf pincushion flower), from Eurasia and Africa, reaches 60 cm (24 inches). It is a perennial with toothed elongate oval basal leaves and cut stem leaves. The light blue flowers are 3.5 cm (about 1.5 inches) across.

  • scabious (plant)

    scabious, (genus Scabiosa), genus of about 30 species of annual and perennial herbs of the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae). They are native to temperate Eurasia, the Mediterranean region, and the mountains of eastern Africa. Some are important garden plants. All species have basal leaf rosettes

  • scad (fish)

    scad, any of several species of fishes in the family Carangidae (order Perciformes), which also includes the jacks, amberjacks, and pompanos. The name scad is usually restricted to certain species in the genera Decapterus, Selar, and Trachurus. The half dozen species are marine and occur along the

  • SCADA (technology)

    malware: By attacking these supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, Stuxnet was able to cause industrial processes to behave in a manner inconsistent with their original programming, thus crossing the line between cyberspace and the “real world.” While Stuxnet’s intended target remained a matter of debate, the worm…

  • scaenae frons (Roman theater)

    theatre design: Greece and Rome: …stage was backed by a scaenae frons that was as tall as the seating area and was divided into at least three stories with a roof extending over the raised stage area from the top level. The parodoi that had separated the house from the scene building in Greek theatres…

  • Scaevola frutescens (plant)

    Goodeniaceae: …such as Scaevola plumieri and S. frutescens. Both have oval, leathery leaves and small, starry, white flowers and are about 1.5 metres (5 feet) tall.

  • Scaevola plumieri (plant)

    Goodeniaceae: …tropical beach shrubs such as Scaevola plumieri and S. frutescens. Both have oval, leathery leaves and small, starry, white flowers and are about 1.5 metres (5 feet) tall.

  • Scaevola, Gaius Mucius (Roman hero)

    Gaius Mucius Scaevola, legendary Roman hero who is said to have saved Rome (c. 509 bc) from conquest by the Etruscan king Lars Porsena. According to the legend, Mucius volunteered to assassinate Porsena, who was besieging Rome, but killed his victim’s attendant by mistake. Brought before the

  • Scaevola, Publius Mucius (Roman consul)

    Publius Mucius Scaevola was one of the foremost Roman jurists of his time and a prominent figure in the events surrounding the downfall of Tiberius Gracchus. The son of Publius Mucius Scaevola, consul in 175 bc, Mucius held the office of people’s tribune in 141, when he instituted a tribunal to

  • Scaevola, Quintus Mucius (Roman jurist [died 88 BCE])

    Quintus Mucius Scaevola was a prominent Roman jurist. He was the cousin of Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex, who founded the scientific study of Roman law. Instructed in law by his father and in philosophy by the stoic Panaetius of Rhodes, Scaevola became governor of the province of Asia about 120.

  • Scaevola, Quintus Mucius (Roman law scholar [died 82 BCE])

    Quintus Mucius Scaevola was the founder of the scientific study of Roman law. As consul in 95 Scaevola and his colleague obtained the passage of the Lex Licinia Mucia, which removed certain groups not amalgamated into the Roman Republic (the so-called Latin and Italian allies) from the citizen

  • SCAF (government council, Egypt)

    Egypt: Government and society: …March 30, 2011, by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (Egypt’s interim military government). It incorporated provisions from the 1971 constitution as well as new measures, approved by referendum in March 2011, to make elections more open, impose presidential term limits, and restrict the use of emergency laws. The…

  • Scafell Pike (mountain, England, United Kingdom)

    Copeland: Scafell Pike, reaching an elevation of 3,210 feet (978 metres) above sea level, is England’s highest point and is located in the borough’s northeastern corner. There are also narrow coastal plains along the sea. Evidence of ancient Roman and Viking settlements is found throughout the…

  • scaffold (biology)

    regenerative medicine: Tissue scaffolds and soluble repair factors: Scaffolds and soluble factors, such as proteins and small molecules, have been used to induce tissue repair by undamaged cells at the site of injury. These agents protect resident fibroblasts and adult stem cells and stimulate the migration of these cells into damaged areas, where…

  • scaffold (construction)

    scaffold, in building construction, temporary platform used to elevate and support workers and materials during the construction, repair, or cleaning of a structure or machine; it consists of one or more planks of convenient size and length, with various methods of support, depending on the form

  • Scaggs, Boz (American musician)

    Michael McDonald: Career: …also included Phoebe Snow and Boz Scaggs. For his album Blink of an Eye (1993), which features a soulful remake of the 1963 Freddie Scott hit “Hey, Girl,” McDonald enlisted guest supporting musicians, including country singer Vince Gill and bluegrass singer Alison Krauss.

  • scala media (anatomy)

    inner ear: …in the vestibule; and the cochlear duct, which is the only part of the inner ear involved in hearing. The cochlear duct forms a shelf across the cochlea dividing it into two sections, the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. The entire inner ear is bathed in a cushioning fluid,…

  • scala mobile (economics)

    Italy: Later economic trends: …and a mechanism called the scala mobile, which adjusted wages to inflation on a quarterly basis for all wage and salary earners. The high degree of job security enjoyed by the Italian workforce raised production costs, which in turn contributed to inflation. Beginning with a decree in 1984 that imposed…

  • scala naturae (philosophy)

    Great Chain of Being, conception of the nature of the universe that had a pervasive influence on Western thought, particularly through the ancient Greek Neoplatonists and derivative philosophies during the European Renaissance and the 17th and early 18th centuries. The term denotes three general

  • Scala Santa (stairs, Rome, Italy)

    Rome: San Giovanni in Laterano: …(the papal chapel) and the Scala Santa (“Holy Stairs”) were preserved. The Scala Santa had been the principal ceremonial stairway of the palace, but about the 8th or 9th century it began to be identified popularly as having been brought from Jerusalem by St. Helena, Constantine’s mother, reportedly from Pontius…

  • scala tympani (anatomy)

    human ear: Structure of the cochlea: …a lower chamber called the scala tympani (tympanic ramp). The scala vestibuli and scala tympani, which are filled with perilymph, communicate with each other through an opening at the apex of the cochlea, called the helicotrema, which can be seen if the cochlea is sliced longitudinally down the middle. At…

  • scala vestibuli (anatomy)

    human ear: Structure of the cochlea: …an upper chamber called the scala vestibuli (vestibular ramp) and a lower chamber called the scala tympani (tympanic ramp). The scala vestibuli and scala tympani, which are filled with perilymph, communicate with each other through an opening at the apex of the cochlea, called the helicotrema, which can be seen…

  • Scala, Gia (actress)

    The Guns of Navarone: …(Irene Papas) and Anna (Gia Scala). The team is beset by a number of obstacles, including the discovery of a traitor in their midst, before they finally gain access to the Nazi guns. In a race against time, the group attempts to sabotage the weapons before they can wreak…

  • Scala, Teatro alla (opera house, Milan, Italy)

    La Scala, theatre in Milan, one of the principal opera houses of the world and the leading Italian house. Built in 1776–78 by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria (whose country then ruled Milan), it replaced an earlier theatre that had burned. In 1872 it became the property of the city of Milan. The

  • scalable vector graphics (graphics language)

    vector graphics: …create a graphics language called scalable vector graphics (SVG). SVG is a royalty-free language that contains vector shapes and text and can contain embedded raster graphics. One common application for vector graphics in general, and SVG specifically, is in geographic information systems (GIS). SVG is used in GIS applications to…

  • Scalacea (gastropod superfamily)

    gastropod: Classification: Superfamily Ptenoglossa (Scalacea) Wentletraps (Epitoniidae) live in shallow to deep ocean waters; purple snails (Janthinidae) float on the ocean surface after building a raft of bubbles; large numbers of bubble shells occasionally blow ashore. Superfamily Aglossa Parasitic or predatory snails either

  • scalar (mathematics and physics)

    scalar, a physical quantity that is completely described by its magnitude. Examples of scalars are volume, density, speed, energy, mass, temperature, and time. Other quantities, such as force and velocity, have both magnitude and direction and are called vectors. Scalars are written using real

  • scalar multiplication (mathematics)

    mechanics: Vectors: …may be multiplied by a scalar. Thus, for example, the vector 2A has the same direction as A but is twice as long. If the scalar has dimensions, the resulting vector still has the same direction as the original one, but the two cannot be compared in magnitude. For example,…

  • scalar product (mathematics)

    mechanics: Vectors: …scalar product, or sometimes the inner product) is an operation that combines two vectors to form a scalar. The operation is written A · B. If θ is the (smaller) angle between A and B, then the result of the operation is A · B = AB cos θ. The…

  • scalare (fish)

    scalare, any of several popular aquarium fishes of the angelfish (q.v.)

  • Scalawag (film by Douglas [1973])

    Kirk Douglas: …films, the ill-conceived pirate comedy Scalawag (1973), and the cynical western adventure Posse (1975), which became a cult favourite.

  • scalawag (United States history)

    scalawag, after the American Civil War, a pejorative term for a white Southerner who supported the federal plan of Reconstruction or who joined with black freedmen and the so-called carpetbaggers in support of Republican Party policies. The origin of the term is unclear, but it was known in the

  • scaldic poetry (medieval literature)

    skaldic poetry, oral court poetry originating in Norway but developed chiefly by Icelandic poets (skalds) from the 9th to the 13th century. Skaldic poetry was contemporary with Eddaic poetry but differed from it in metre, diction, and style. Eddaic poetry is anonymous, simple, and terse, often

  • scalding (food processing)

    poultry processing: Scalding: Following bleeding, the birds go through scalding tanks. These tanks contain hot water that softens the skin so that the feathers can be removed. The temperature of the water is carefully controlled. If retention of the yellow skin colour is desired, a soft-scald is…

  • scalding (cooking)

    boiling: Scalding is accomplished in water heated to around 185 °F (85 °C), usually in a double boiler, which conducts the heat of the water, contained in a bigger pan, to a smaller pan containing the food, thus avoiding contact between food and water. This technique…

  • scale (music)

    scale, in music, any graduated sequence of notes, tones, or intervals dividing what is called an octave. The specific selection of different tones in any piece of music generally reveals a pattern of relationships among its pitches that can be expressed as a series of fixed distances (intervals)

  • scale (art)

    architecture: Scale: When the proportions of architectural composition are applied to a particular building, the two-termed relationship of the parts to the whole must be harmonized with a third term—the observer, who not only sees the proportions of a door and their relationship to those of…

  • scale (cartography)

    map: Map scales and classifications: Map scale refers to the size of the representation on the map as compared to the size of the object on the ground. The scale generally used in architectural drawings, for example, is 1 4 inch to one foot, which means that…

  • scale (wind systems)

    climate: Scale classes: Organized wind systems occur in spatial dimensions ranging from tens of metres to thousands of kilometres and possess residence times that vary from seconds to weeks. The concept of scale considers the typical size and lifetime of a phenomenon. Since the atmosphere exhibits…

  • scale (zoology)

    scale, in zoology, small plate or shield forming part of the outer skin layers of certain animals. Scales provide protection from the environment and from predators. Fish scales are formed of bone from the deeper, or dermal, skin layer. The elasmobranchs (e.g., sharks) have placoid scales, which

  • scale (organ pipe)

    keyboard instrument: Flue pipes: …of the mouth, and the scale, or the diameter of the pipe relative to its speaking length. The material of which the pipe is made also exerts an influence; it may be an alloy of lead and tin, wood, or, more rarely, pure tin or copper, and for the bass…

  • scale breaker (metallurgy)

    steel: Hot strip: …slab moves first through a scale breaker, which is a two-high rolling mill with vertical rolls that loosens the furnace scale and removes it with high-pressure water jets. Then the slab passes through four-high roughing stands, typically four arranged in tandem, which roll it to a thickness of about 30…

  • scale insect (insect)

    scale insect, any member of several families of insects (order Homoptera) that have a body covered by a protective waxy shell, often resembling scales or cottony cushions. The waxy covering is secreted by the insect after it settles on the plant where it will feed. Depending on the family, this

  • scale moss (plant)

    leafy liverwort, (order Jungermanniales), order of numerous species of liverworts (division Marchantiophyta), in which the plant body is prostrate and extends horizontally in leaflike form with an upper and lower surface. The greatest number and variety of leafy liverworts are found in tropical

  • Scale of Perfection, The (work by Hilton)

    Walter Hilton: His major work was The Scale [or Ladder] of Perfection, written separately in two books. The first teaches the means by which a soul may advance toward perfection by destroying the image of sin and forming the image of Christ through the practice of virtue. The second distinguishes between the…

  • scale worm (annelid)

    scale worm, any member of the superfamily Aphroditoidea (class Polychaeta, phylum Annelida), a group of widely distributed free-moving, segmented marine worms that possess dorsal scales. Scale worms range in size from 0.5 to 25 cm (about 0.2 to 10 inches). The superfamily is made up of several

  • scale, diseconomy of (economics)

    economy of scale: Conversely, diseconomy of scale can result when an increase in output causes the average cost to increase.

  • scale, economy of (economics)

    economy of scale, in economics, the relationship between the size of a plant or industry and the lowest possible cost of a product. When a factory increases output, a reduction in the average cost of a product is usually obtained. This reduction is known as economy of scale. Increased labour

  • scale, returns to (economics)

    returns to scale, in economics, the quantitative change in output of a firm or industry resulting from a proportionate increase in all inputs. If the quantity of output rises by a greater proportion—e.g., if output increases by 2.5 times in response to a doubling of all inputs—the production

  • scaled blenny (fish family)

    perciform: Annotated classification: Family Clinidae (clinids) Eocene to present. Percoidlike fishes, some moderately elongated, rather flat-sided, usually with somewhat pointed snouts and fleshy lips; dorsal and anal fins rather high and long-based, with fin membranes conspicuously supported by thin, riblike fin rays; caudal fin fanlike, not large; pelvic fins ahead…

  • Scaled Composites (American company)

    Anousheh Ansari: …2004 the aerospace development company Scaled Composites of Mojave, California, won the Ansari X Prize with SpaceShipOne, a vehicle conceived by American aircraft designer Burt Rutan.

  • scaled quail (bird)

    quail: …scaled, or blue, quail (Callipepla squamata). Grayish, with scaly markings and a white-tipped crest, it is the fastest quail afoot, with running speeds measured at 24 km (15 miles) per hour. The mountain, or plumed, quail (Oreortyx pictus), gray and reddish with a long straight plume, is perhaps the…

  • scaleless dragonfish (fish)

    scaleless dragonfish, any of the more than 180 species of marine fishes constituting the subfamily Melanostomiinae of the family Stomiidae (order Stomiiformes), with representatives inhabiting tropical regions of the major oceans. The name refers to the total absence of scales and the fierce

  • scalenohedron (crystallography)

    form: …that meet in a point; Scalenohedron: 8-faced (tetragonal) or 12-faced (hexagonal) closed form in which the faces are grouped in symmetrical pairs; in perfect crystals, each face is a scalene triangle; Trapezohedron: 6-, 8-, 12-, or 24-faced closed form in which half the faces are offset above the other half;…

  • Scales, Prunella (British actress)

    Fawlty Towers: …and his wife, Sybil (Prunella Scales), along with the hotel’s waitress and housekeeper, Polly Sherman (Booth), and its kind but often confused Spanish waiter, Manuel (Andrew Sachs). Much of the show’s humour derives from Basil’s fruitless attempts to refine his outdated hotel, along with the constant vitriol that he…

  • Scalfaro, Oscar Luigi (president of Italy)

    Oscar Luigi Scalfaro was a lawyer and politician who was president of Italy from 1992 to 1999. Educated at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan, Scalfaro worked as a prosecuting attorney. A member of the Christian Democrats (Democrazia Cristiana; DC), he was first elected to the

  • Scalia, Antonin (United States jurist)

    Antonin Scalia was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 to 2016, well known for his strong legal conservatism. He was the first Supreme Court justice of Italian ancestry. Scalia’s father, a Sicilian immigrant, taught Romance languages at Brooklyn College, and his

  • Scalia, Antonin Gregory (United States jurist)

    Antonin Scalia was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 to 2016, well known for his strong legal conservatism. He was the first Supreme Court justice of Italian ancestry. Scalia’s father, a Sicilian immigrant, taught Romance languages at Brooklyn College, and his

  • Scalibregma (polychaete genus)

    annelid: Annotated classification: Polyophthalmus, Scalibregma. Order Capitellida No prostomial appendages; 1 or 2 anterior segments without setae; parapodia biramous; setae all simple; size, 1 to 20 or more cm; examples of genera: Capitella, Notomastus, Arenicola,

  • Scalich, Paul (German writer)

    encyclopaedia: It was Paul Scalich, a German writer and compiler, who was the first to use the word to describe a book in the title of his Encyclopaedia; seu, Orbis disciplinarum, tam sacrarum quam prophanum epistemon… (“Encyclopaedia; or, Knowledge of the World of Disciplines, Not Only Sacred but…

  • Scalidae (mollusk family)

    animal reproductive system: Annelids and mollusks: …marine gastropods of the family Scalidae that produce two kinds of sperm cells. A large sperm with a degenerate nucleus acts as a transport cell for carrying numerous small fertilizing sperm through the water and into the oviduct of another individual. Cephalopod males have modified arms for the transfer of…

  • Scaliger family (Italian family)

    della Scala family, noted family that ruled Verona during the late 13th and the 14th centuries. Although the family had been prominent in Verona since the 11th century, the founder of the ruling dynasty was Mastino I della Scala (d. 1277), who became podesta (chief magistrate) shortly after the

  • Scaliger, Joseph Justus (Dutch philologist and historian)

    Joseph Justus Scaliger was a Dutch philologist and historian whose works on chronology were among the greatest contributions of Renaissance scholars to revisions in historical and classical studies. The son of an Italian physician and philosopher, Julius Caesar Scaliger, who immigrated to Agen in

  • Scaliger, Julius Caesar (French scholar)

    Julius Caesar Scaliger was a French classical scholar of Italian descent who worked in botany, zoology, grammar, and literary criticism. He claimed to be a descendant of the Della Scala family, whose Latinized name was Scaligerus and who had ruled the Italian city of Verona during the two preceding

  • Scaligeri family (Italian family)

    della Scala family, noted family that ruled Verona during the late 13th and the 14th centuries. Although the family had been prominent in Verona since the 11th century, the founder of the ruling dynasty was Mastino I della Scala (d. 1277), who became podesta (chief magistrate) shortly after the

  • Scaligerus family (Italian family)

    della Scala family, noted family that ruled Verona during the late 13th and the 14th centuries. Although the family had been prominent in Verona since the 11th century, the founder of the ruling dynasty was Mastino I della Scala (d. 1277), who became podesta (chief magistrate) shortly after the

  • Scalinata della Trinità dei Monti (architectural feature, Rome, Italy)

    Spanish Steps, staircase in Rome’s Piazza di Spagna that climbs the steep slope between the plaza and the church of Trinità dei Monti above. It consists of 135 steps and was built between 1723 and 1725. Though it was funded with a bequest left by a French diplomat, it was named for the Bourbon

  • scaling (mining)

    mining: Horizontal openings: drifts: This process is called scaling. In small openings scaling is normally done by hand, with a special steel or aluminum tool resembling a long crowbar being used to “bar down” loose material. In larger openings and mechanized mines, a special machine with an impact hammer or scaling claw mounted…

  • scaling (organ pipe)

    keyboard instrument: Flue pipes: …of the mouth, and the scale, or the diameter of the pipe relative to its speaking length. The material of which the pipe is made also exerts an influence; it may be an alloy of lead and tin, wood, or, more rarely, pure tin or copper, and for the bass…

  • scaling (painting)

    art conservation and restoration: Paintings on canvas: …a condition variously called “cleavage,” “flaking,” “blistering,” or “scaling.” The traditional method to address these problems is to reinforce the back of the canvas by attaching a new canvas to the old in a process called “lining,” also referred to as “relining.” A number of techniques and adhesives have…

  • Scalise, Gregorio (Italian poet)

    Italian literature: Poetry after World War II: …De Angelis and Giuseppe Conte; Gregorio Scalise, a paradoxical rationalizer of the irrational who has been compared to Woody Allen; the mysteriously apodictic and enigmatic Giuseppe Piccoli; antilyrical self-ironist Paolo Ruffilli; and Vivian Lamarque, whose childlike fairy-tale tone occasionally makes way for a mischievous home truth. Also notable are Mario…

  • Scalise, Steve (American politician)

    Steve Scalise is an American Republican politician and member of the U.S. House of Representatives (2008– ) who served as majority whip (2014–18), minority whip (2019–22), and majority leader (2023– ). He was the victim of an assassination attempt in 2017 while practicing for a congressional