sulfur oxide: …decomposes slowly to sulfur and sulfur dioxide. The sesquioxide, formed by dissolving sulfur in liquid sulfur trioxide, is a blue-green solid stable only below 15° C (59° F). The heptoxide and the tetroxide, unstable compounds that melt at about 0° C (32° F), are formed by an electric discharge in…

oxide: Nonmetal oxides: First, oxides such as sulfur trioxide (SO3) and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), in which the nonmetal exhibits one of its common oxidation numbers, are known as acid anhydrides. These oxides react with water to form oxyacids, with no change in the oxidation number of the nonmetal; for example, N2O5 +…

organosulfur compound: Sulfonium and oxosulfonium salts; sulfur ylides: …oxosulfonium ylides, respectively—or, more broadly, sulfur ylides, by analogy with phosphorus ylides employed in the Wittig reaction. The structures of sulfonium ylides and oxosulfonium ylides are analogous to those of sulfoxides and sulfones, respectively. Stabilization of the negative charge on carbon is primarily due to the high polarizability of sulfur.…

organosulfur compound: Sulfuranes: hypervalent organosulfur compounds: In organosulfur compounds of type SR4 and SR6, analogous to the well-known fluorosulfur compounds SF4 and SF6, the valence of sulfur has been expanded beyond the normal octet to a dectet or dodecet, respectively. Pentacoordinate compounds SR4, called σ-sulfuranes, typically have…

organosulfur compound: Sulfuranes: hypervalent organosulfur compounds: …type of compound is the sulfurane S-oxide, classified as (10-S-5), formed by oxidation of a sulfurane. Hexacoordinate compounds SR6, with six ligands, called persulfuranes, have a square bipyramidal structure and are classified as (12-S-6). The σ-sulfuranes, sulfurane S-oxides, and persulfuranes are termed hypervalent compounds because their valences are expanded beyond…

hydrogen sulfide, colourless, extremely poisonous, gaseous compound formed by sulfur with hydrogen (see

sulfuric acid (H2SO4), colorless, odorless, oily, and corrosive liquid that is a widely manufactured industrial chemical. A key raw material for making fertilizers and many other chemical products, it is produced in large quantities and used in petroleum refining, metal processing, and chemical

Jean-Jacques Olier: …was the founder of the Sulpicians, a group of secular priests dedicated to training candidates for the priesthood.

Publius Sulpicius Rufus was a Roman orator and politician whose attempts, as tribune of the plebs, to enact reforms against the wishes of the Senate led to his downfall and the restriction of the powers of the tribunes. In order to qualify for the tribunate, Sulpicius had to renounce his patrician

Servius Sulpicius Rufus was a Roman jurist who wrote nearly 180 treatises on law. While none of them are extant, many are referred to in the works of other authors that are excerpted in the Digest of Justinian I. After studying rhetoric with Cicero and deciding that he could not become an

Sulpicius Severus was an early Christian ascetic, a chief authority for contemporary Gallo-Roman history, who is considered the most graceful writer of his time. Well trained as a lawyer, Sulpicius was baptized in about 390 with Paulinus (later bishop of Nola). After the early death of his wife, he

John Sulston was a British biologist who, with Sydney Brenner and H. Robert Horvitz, won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2002 for their discoveries about how genes regulate tissue and organ development via a key mechanism called programmed cell death, or apoptosis. Sulston earned a

John Sulston was a British biologist who, with Sydney Brenner and H. Robert Horvitz, won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2002 for their discoveries about how genes regulate tissue and organ development via a key mechanism called programmed cell death, or apoptosis. Sulston earned a

Hunger, novel by Knut Hamsun, published in 1890 as Sult. It is the semiautobiographical chronicle of the physical and psychological hunger experienced by an aspiring writer in late 19th-century Norway. The unnamed narrator of this plotless episodic work is an introspective young man whose hunger to

Palestinian Authority (PA), governing body of the Palestinian autonomous regions in the West Bank. Established in 1994 as part of the Oslo Accords peace agreement between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the PA also has de jure governing authority over the entirety of the

insight: …cage of a hungry chimpanzee, Sultan, and gave the animal two sticks, each too short for pulling in the food but joinable to make a single stick of sufficient length. Sultan tried unsuccessfully to use each stick, and he even used one stick to push the other along to touch…

sultan, originally, according to the Qurʾān, moral or spiritual authority; the term later came to denote political or governmental power and from the 11th century was used as a title by Muslim sovereigns. Maḥmūd of Ghazna (reigned ad 998–1030) was the first Muslim ruler to be called sultan by his

sultan, originally, according to the Qurʾān, moral or spiritual authority; the term later came to denote political or governmental power and from the 11th century was used as a title by Muslim sovereigns. Maḥmūd of Ghazna (reigned ad 998–1030) was the first Muslim ruler to be called sultan by his

Abū Kālījār al-Marzubān: When his father, Sulṭān al-Dawlah, died in December 1023/January 1024, Abū Kālījār’s succession to the sultan’s Iranian possessions of Fārs and Khuzistan was challenged by his uncle Abū al-Fawāris, the ruler of Kermān, to the west. By 1028 Abū Kālījār was victorious and added Kermān to his domains.…

Blue Mosque, 17th-century mosque that is one of the most magnificent structures of the Ottoman Empire, set next to the Byzantine Hippodrome and across from the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey. Known for having six minarets (rather than the standard four) and for its many domes and semidomes, the

Blue Mosque, 17th-century mosque that is one of the most magnificent structures of the Ottoman Empire, set next to the Byzantine Hippodrome and across from the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey. Known for having six minarets (rather than the standard four) and for its many domes and semidomes, the

Lake Lanao, lake, west-central Mindanao, Philippines. It is situated just south of Marawi, northwest of the Butig Mountains. Lake Lanao is the second largest lake in the Philippines and has an area of 131 square miles (340 square km). Its outlet is the Agus River, which flows north, over Maria

Tipu Sultan was the sultan (king) of the Kingdom of Mysore, who reigned from December 1782 until his death in 1799. He is known for the four Anglo-Mysore Wars of the late 18th century in which he fought against Britain and its allies. There are differing theories on why Tipu is called the “Tiger of

Islamic arts: Architecture: …the justly celebrated madrasah of Sultan Ḥasan in Cairo (1356–62) is one of the few perfect four-eyvān madrasahs in the Islamic world. Mausoleums were squares or polygons covered with domes. In other words, there were only minor modifications in the typology of architecture, and even the 15th-century buildings with interiors…

history of Arabia: The gulf states: In Oman, Sulṭān ibn Aḥmad, revolting against his uncle the imam in 1793, gained mastery of the coastal towns. The British made Omani Zanzibar, in East Africa, a protectorate in 1890. The extension of British influence over Bahrain culminated in 1900 with the opening of a British…

Saudi Arabia: Ibn Saud and the third Saudi state: …1928 and 1929 Faisal al-Duwaish, Sultan ibn Bajad, and other leaders of the Ikhwān, accusing Ibn Saud of betraying the cause for which they had fought and opposing the taxes levied upon their followers, resumed their defiance of the king’s authority. The rebels sought to stop the centralization of power…

Sultan ibn Salman Al Saud is an astronaut who was the first Saudi Arabian citizen, the first Arab, the first Muslim, and the first member of a royal family to travel into space. Educated in the United States, Sultan received a degree in mass communications from the University of Denver (Colorado)

Sulṭān Muḥammad was one of the greatest of Persian painters and the most notable artist of the Safavid school at Tabrīz, Iran. During the period 1495–1522 Sulṭān Muḥammad was probably the leading exponent of the Turkmen school of painting current in western Iran under the Ak Koyunlu (“White Sheep”)

Babe Ruth was chosen as one of the first five members of the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936, a year after he finished his career. He transformed baseball through his home-run hitting, which produced an offensive revolution in the sport. His accomplishments, together with his personal charisma and

Oman: Education: The country’s national university, Sultan Qaboos University, was opened in Muscat in 1986. Oman also has several private colleges.

Yunnan: History of Yunnan: In 1855–73, Muslims, led by Du Wenxiu (alias Sultan Sulaymān), who obtained arms from the British authorities in Burma (Myanmar), staged the Panthay Rebellion, which was crushed with great cruelty by the Chinese imperial troops, aided by arms from the French authorities in Tonkin (northern Vietnam). In 1915 Cai E,…

Rūmī: The influence of Shams al-Dīn: …heartbroken, and his eldest son, Sulṭān Walad, eventually brought Shams back from Syria. The family, however, could not tolerate the close relation of Jalāl al-Dīn with his beloved, and one night in 1247 Shams disappeared forever. In the 20th century it was established that Shams was indeed murdered, not without…

World War II: Burma and China, October 1944–May 1945: While Lieutenant General Daniel Sultan took Stilwell’s place, Major General A.C. Wedemeyer became commander of U.S. forces in the China theater and Sir Oliver Leese commander of the land forces under Mountbatten.

Tipu Sultan was the sultan (king) of the Kingdom of Mysore, who reigned from December 1782 until his death in 1799. He is known for the four Anglo-Mysore Wars of the late 18th century in which he fought against Britain and its allies. There are differing theories on why Tipu is called the “Tiger of

gallinule: The purple gallinule of America (Porphyrula martinica), sometimes called water hen or sultana, is about 30 cm long and is bright olive green and purplish blue with a light blue shield, red and yellow bill, and yellow legs and feet. It is found from South Carolina…

raisin: Golden-bleached raisins are produced from Thompson Seedless grapes dipped in 0.5 percent lye and exposed to sulfur dioxide after drying. They are lemon-yellow to golden yellow in colour and are used chiefly in baked goods. Sulfur-bleached raisins are pretreated the same as golden-bleached, put on…

Sultanabad ware, Islāmic ceramics produced at Sultanabad (modern Solṭānābād, Iran) that reached its peak as a style in the 13th and 14th centuries. Favourite types were minai (a method that preserved colours through firing), lustreware, faience in green and dark blue tones, often with molded

Oman, country occupying the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula at the confluence of the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea. Much of the country’s interior falls within the sandy, treeless, and largely waterless region of the Arabian Peninsula known as the Rubʿ al-Khali. The region is still the

Kayseri: …Kayseri to Sivas is the Sultanhanı caravansary, one of the finest in the Middle East.

gibberellin: …the culture of the ‘Thompson Seedless’ (‘Sultanina’) cultivar of grapes to increase fruit size and is also used to induce seedlessness in certain other grape varieties.

Kullu, town, central Himachal Pradesh state, northwestern India. It lies on the Beas River about 60 miles (100 km) north of Shimla, the state capital, with which it is linked by road. The town is an agricultural trade centre. Hand-loom weaving is the principal industry, notably the production of

Sultanpur, city, central Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It is located on the Gomati River, about 35 miles (55 km) south of Faizabad and 80 miles (130 km) southeast of Lucknow. Sultanpur has existed since ancient times. It was destroyed and rebuilt repeatedly before passing under the rule of

Dire Straits: …(1978), featuring the hit “Sultans of Swing,” established the group’s commercial appeal on both sides of the Atlantic. Communiqué (1979), Making Movies (1980), often held to be their finest album, and Love over Gold (1982) continued Dire Straits’ run of commercially successful albums, the last spawning the minor hit…

Tausug, one of the largest of the Muslim (sometimes called Moro) ethnic groups of the southwestern Philippines. They live primarily in the Sulu Archipelago, southwest of the island of Mindanao, mainly in the Jolo island cluster. There are, however, significant migrant (or immigrant) communities of

Sulu Archipelago, archipelago comprising hundreds of volcanic and coral islands and numerous rocks and reefs in the southwestern Philippines. A double island chain, it extends 170 miles (270 km) southwest from Basilan island off southwestern Mindanao and ends near the eastern shores of Sabah (East

Sulu Sea, portion of the western North Pacific Ocean. It is bounded by northeastern Borneo on the southwest, the southwestern islands of the Philippines, including Palawan, on the west and northwest, Busuanga and Mindoro on the north, Panay and Negros on the east, and Mindanao and the Sulu

Arabia: Ethnic groups: In the north are the Ṣulubah, known to the ancient Arabians as qayn, a low-status group regarded as being of non-Arab descent. In Oman the Zuṭṭ, a nomadic Roma (Gypsy) folk, seem to be descendants of Indian emigrants to the gulf in the early 9th century, but the Baloch, whose…

Tausug, one of the largest of the Muslim (sometimes called Moro) ethnic groups of the southwestern Philippines. They live primarily in the Sulu Archipelago, southwest of the island of Mindanao, mainly in the Jolo island cluster. There are, however, significant migrant (or immigrant) communities of

Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011: The earthquake and tsunami: …caused a portion of the Sulzberger Ice Shelf to break off its outer edge.

The New York Times: The Times in the 21st century: …change has been led by A.G. Sulzberger, who in 2017 became the sixth member of the Ochs-Sulzberger family to be publisher. Just 37 when he took the role, Sulzberger had spearheaded The Times’s 2014 innovation report that challenged the newsroom to “get more readers to spend more time reading more…

Arthur Hays Sulzberger was a U.S. newspaper publisher. The son-in-law of Adolph Ochs, he joined the staff of The New York Times after marrying Iphigene Ochs. He was the paper’s publisher (1935–61), overseeing the extension of its news coverage into more specialized subject areas as well as

Arthur Ochs Sulzberger was an American newspaper publisher who led The New York Times through an era in which many innovations in production and editorial management were introduced. Sulzberger was educated at private schools and, after service in the U.S. Marine Corps (1944–46) during World War

Arthur Ochs Sulzberger was an American newspaper publisher who led The New York Times through an era in which many innovations in production and editorial management were introduced. Sulzberger was educated at private schools and, after service in the U.S. Marine Corps (1944–46) during World War

Salomon Sulzer was an Austrian Jewish cantor, considered the most important composer of synagogue music in the 19th century. Sulzer was trained in cantorial singing from childhood, studying in Austria and Switzerland and travelling in France. In 1820 he was appointed cantor at Hohenems and served

William Sulzer was a U.S. political leader, Democratic governor of New York (1913) who was impeached and removed from office as a result of his quarrel with the Tammany Hall Democratic political machine. Admitted to the bar in New York (1884), Sulzer entered politics as a Democrat affiliated with

arithmetic: Addition and multiplication: …number c is called the sum of a and b; and each of the latter is called a summand. The operation of forming the sum is called addition, the symbol + being read as “plus.” This is the simplest binary operation, where binary refers to the process of combining two…

Paterson: …legislature in 1791 as the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures (SUM); the city was named for Governor William Paterson, one of the framers of the U.S. Constitution.

Tom Clancy: …Present Danger (1989; film 1994), The Sum of All Fears (1991; film 2002), Rainbow Six (1998), The Bear and the Dragon (2000), The Teeth of the Tiger (2003), Dead or Alive (2010), and Command Authority (2013) are subsequent novels.

Ben Affleck: Starring roles in Armageddon, Pearl Harbor, and The Sum of All Fears: …Ryan in the successful film The Sum of All Fears, which was based on Tom Clancy’s espionage best seller. Affleck then starred opposite Jennifer Garner in Daredevil (2003), the film adaptation of the popular comic book series.

Isabel Allende: Nonfiction works: …suma de los dias (2007; The Sum of Our Days), about her extended family, and The Soul of a Woman (2021), in which she discusses her development as a feminist.

Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Ḥayyān: The Latin Geber: …the Summa perfectionis magisterii (The Sum of Perfection or the Perfect Magistery), possibly the most famous alchemical book of the Middle Ages. Probably composed in the late 13th century by a Franciscan monk known as Paul of Taranto, the Summa contains no trace of Jābir’s arithmological method of the…

sound: The ear as spectrum analyzer: …of new pure tones: the sum tones,and the difference tones,

Isabel Allende: Nonfiction works: …suma de los dias (2007; The Sum of Our Days), about her extended family, and The Soul of a Woman (2021), in which she discusses her development as a feminist.

Indonesia: Muslim kingdoms of northern Sumatra: …writer Tomé Pires in his Suma Oriental. These Javanese kingdoms existed to serve the commerce with the extensive Muslim world and especially with Malacca, an importer of Javanese rice. Similarly, the rulers of Malacca, though of prestigious Palembang origin, had accepted Islam precisely in order to attract Muslim and Javanese…

sumac, (genus Rhus), genus of shrubs and small trees belonging to the cashew family (Anacardiaceae), native to temperate and subtropical zones. Sumacs have been used as a source of dyes, medicines, and beverages, and the dried fruits of some species are used as a spice in Middle Eastern cuisine.

Anacardiaceae, the sumac family of flowering plants (order Sapindales), with about 80 genera and about 870 species of evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, and woody vines. Most members of Anacardiaceae are native to tropical and subtropical areas of the world. A few species occur in temperate

Ecuador: Relief: … (11,434 feet [3,485 metres]) and Sumaco (12,759 feet [3,889 metres]); the Cordillera de Cutucú, which borders the Upano valley and includes the central peaks; and the Cordillera del Cóndor to the south, which borders the Zamora valley. Beyond this eastern cordillera, to the east, is the Amazon basin, extending below…

Serbia: Plant and animal life: The regional name Šumadija literally means “forested area,” but large areas that were formerly wooded long have been cleared and put to cultivation. In mountainous areas trees cover two-fifths or more of the territory, depending on elevation and soil thickness.

Serbia: Relief: Summits of the Šumadija hills range from 2,000 to 3,500 feet (600 to 1,100 metres).

Somalia, easternmost country of Africa, on the Horn of Africa. It extends from just south of the Equator northward to the Gulf of Aden and occupies an important geopolitical position between sub-Saharan Africa and the countries of Arabia and southwestern Asia. The capital, Mogadishu, is located

Somalia, easternmost country of Africa, on the Horn of Africa. It extends from just south of the Equator northward to the Gulf of Aden and occupies an important geopolitical position between sub-Saharan Africa and the countries of Arabia and southwestern Asia. The capital, Mogadishu, is located

suman, in African religions, and particularly among the Akan people, a votary object that is used as a talisman or charm because of its perceived spiritual energy. A suman might be used to fend off evil spirits, to create protection around the defenseless, or to empower people to achieve something

Sumanguru was a West African ruler who conquered several small western Sudanese states and molded them into a sizable, if short-lived, empire. Because he was primarily a war leader, his rule did little to restore prosperity and political stability to the western Sudan, which had been disrupted by

Colombia: Relief: …the high, unsettled massif of Sumapaz, with elevations up to 13,000 feet (4,000 metres). High plateaus were formed in the Quaternary Period by the deposition of sediments in depressions that had been occupied by lakes. The most important of these is the savanna area called the Sabana de Bogotá. Farther…

Aleksandr Petrovich Sumarokov was a Russian Neoclassical poet and dramatist, director of the first permanent theatre in St. Petersburg (1756–61) and author of several comedies and nine tragedies, including an adaptation of Hamlet (1748). Influenced by French Neoclassical drama, Sumarokov

Sumatra, Indonesian island, the second largest (after Borneo) of the Greater Sunda Islands, in the Malay Archipelago. It is separated in the northeast from the Malay Peninsula by the Strait of Malacca and in the south from Java by the Sunda Strait. In the 11th century the influence of the Srivijaya

West Sumatra, propinsi (or provinsi; province), west-central Sumatra, Indonesia, fronting the Indian Ocean to the west and bounded by the provinces of North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara) to the north, Riau to the northeast, Jambi to the southeast, and Bengkulu to the south. It includes the islands of

South Sumatra, propinsi (or provinsi; province), southern Sumatra, Indonesia. It is bounded to the north by the province of Jambi, to the east by the Bangka Strait, across which lies the island province of Bangka Belitung, to the southeast by the Java Sea, to the south by the province of Lampung,

North Sumatra, propinsi (or provinsi; province), northern Sumatra, Indonesia, bounded by the semiautonomous province of Aceh to the northwest, by the Strait of Malacca to the north and northeast, by the provinces of Riau to the southeast and West Sumatra (Sumatera Barat) to the south, and by the

Sumatra, Indonesian island, the second largest (after Borneo) of the Greater Sunda Islands, in the Malay Archipelago. It is separated in the northeast from the Malay Peninsula by the Strait of Malacca and in the south from Java by the Sunda Strait. In the 11th century the influence of the Srivijaya

barb: Sumatra, or tiger, barb (B. tetrazona), about 5 cm long; silvery orange with four vertical black stripes on each side.

mouse: General features: …the other extreme are the shrew-mice from Sumatra (M. crociduroides) and Java (M. vulcani), whose soft, short, and dense coat appears woolly or velvety. All the other species have a soft or slightly coarse, moderately thick coat with short or long hairs. A colour combination common to many mice is…

elephant: maximus indicus), the Sumatran (E. maximus sumatranus), and the Sri Lankan (E. maximus maximus). African elephants have much larger ears, which are used to dissipate body heat.

gymnure: The dwarf, or Sumatran, gymnure (H. parvus) occurs in the mountains to 3,000 metres (about 9,800 feet) or more on Sumatra. The shrew gymnure (Neotetracus sinensis) lives in cool and damp mountain forests at elevations of 300–2,700 metres (roughly 1,000–9,000 feet) in southern China and adjacent regions of…

Austronesian languages: Major languages: …of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra during the first few centuries of the Christian era and somewhat later in Java. As a result of these contact influences, Sanskrit loanwords entered Malay and Javanese in large numbers. Many Philippine languages also contain substantial numbers of Sanskrit loans, even though no part…

orangutan: …portions of Borneo, whereas the Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii) and the Tapanuli orangutan (P. tapanuliensis) are limited to northern Sumatra. Orangutans possess cognitive abilities comparable to those of the gorilla and the chimpanzee, which are the only primates more closely related to humans.

rabbit: Diversity and conservation status: The Sumatran rabbit (Nesolagus netscheri) is known to live in the island’s southwestern montane forests. Only two sightings of the species have occurred in the 21st century. Although its population size is unknown, the IUCN has considered the Sumatran rabbit critically endangered since 1996. Another striped rabbit (N.…

Sumatran rhinoceros, (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), one of three Asian species of rhinoceroses and the smallest living rhinoceros. Both females and males typically weigh less than 850 kg (1,870 pounds); they are 2.5 metres (8 feet) long and 1.5 metres (5 feet) high at the shoulder. Sumatran

tiger: tigris corbetti), and Sumatran (P. tigris sumatrae) tigers are bright reddish tan, beautifully marked with dark, almost black, vertical stripes. The underparts, the inner sides of the limbs, the cheeks, and a large spot over each eye are whitish. The rare Siberian tiger has longer, softer, and paler…

Bohemian Forest, forested southwestern highlands of the Bohemian Massif largely on the German–Czech Republic frontier and extending from the upper valley of the Ohre River, in the northwest, to a section of the Danube River valley in Austria (between Melk and Krems), in the southeast. The

Bohemian Forest: The main group, the Šumava in the Czech Republic and Hinterer Wald in Germany, averages 3,500 feet (1,100 m) and rises to the summits of Grosser Arber (Javor; 4,777 feet [1,456 m]) on the Bavarian (western) side and Plechý (Plöckenstein; 4,521 feet [1,378 m]) on the Czech (eastern) side.…

Sumba, island, one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, southern Nusa Tenggara Timur provinsi (East Nusa Tenggara province), southern Indonesia, in the Indian Ocean across the Sumba Strait from Flores and west of Timor across the Savu Sea. Sumba has an area of 4,306 square miles (11,153 square km) and

Sumbawa, island of the Lesser Sunda Islands, west-central Nusa Tenggara Barat provinsi (West Nusa Tenggara province), southern Indonesia. Sumbawa has several deeply cut bays producing numerous peninsulas and the excellent harbour of Bima. The island has an area of 5,965 square miles (15,448 square

Central Java: including Mounts Slamet, Sindoro, Sumbing, and Merbabu. A discontinuous series of plateaus flanks the widely spaced volcanic peaks and merges with the foothills and coastal lowlands (the latter as much as 20 miles [30 km] wide) to the north and south. The major streams include the Bodri and Serang,…

Egypt: Resources and power: This Suez-Mediterranean pipeline, known as Sumed, has the capacity to transmit some 2.5 million barrels of oil per day. The Sumed pipeline was financed by a consortium of Arab countries, primarily Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Egypt. In 1981 a crude oil pipeline was opened to link Raʾs Shukhayr, on the…

Buddha: Previous lives of Buddha: …Brahman named (in some accounts) Sumedha, who realized that life is characterized by suffering and then set out to find a state beyond death. He retired to the mountains, where he became a hermit, practiced meditation, and gained yogic powers. While flying through the air one day, he noticed a…

Shumen, town, northeastern Bulgaria. It lies in a valley in the eastern foothills of the Shumen limestone plateau. The town is a road and rail centre with such industries as tobacco processing, canning and brewing, furniture making, and the manufacture of enamelware. Shumen also has a factory that

Madurese language: Dialects include Eastern, or Sumenep, and Western, including Bangkalan and Pamekasan. Sumenep is the standard dialect for educational purposes.

Sumer, site of the earliest known civilization, located in the southernmost part of Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, in the area that later became Babylonia and is now southern Iraq, from around Baghdad to the Persian Gulf. A brief treatment of Sumerian civilization follows.

canon: …icumen in (also called the Reading Rota; “rota” was a medieval term for round). This unique six-part composition is based on a four-voice canon that can be derived from a single notated part according to verbal instructions, or canones (“rules”). Two canonic supporting voices forming a ground bass (repeated bass…