James Stirling was a Scottish mathematician who contributed important advances to the theory of infinite series and infinitesimal calculus. No absolutely reliable information about Stirling’s undergraduate education in Scotland is known. According to one source, he was educated at the University of

Stirling’s formula, in analysis, a method for approximating the value of large factorials (written n!; e.g., 4! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 24) that uses the mathematical constants e (the base of the natural logarithm) and π. The formula is given by The Scottish mathematician James Stirling published his

Stirling’s formula, in analysis, a method for approximating the value of large factorials (written n!; e.g., 4! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 24) that uses the mathematical constants e (the base of the natural logarithm) and π. The formula is given by The Scottish mathematician James Stirling published his

David Stirling was a British army officer who founded and led the elite British Special Air Service (SAS) regiment during World War II. The son of a brigadier general, Stirling attended Trinity College, Cambridge, for a year; in 1939 he joined the Scots Guard Supplementary Reserve of Officers and

David Stirling was a British army officer who founded and led the elite British Special Air Service (SAS) regiment during World War II. The son of a brigadier general, Stirling attended Trinity College, Cambridge, for a year; in 1939 he joined the Scots Guard Supplementary Reserve of Officers and

Australia: Settlement: A British naval captain, James Stirling, examined the Swan River in 1827 and interested English capitalist-adventurers in colonization. Two years later he returned to the Swan as governor of the new colony of Western Australia. The Colonial Office discouraged schemes for massive proprietorial grants; still the idea persisted, with…

James Stirling was a Scottish mathematician who contributed important advances to the theory of infinite series and infinitesimal calculus. No absolutely reliable information about Stirling’s undergraduate education in Scotland is known. According to one source, he was educated at the University of

Hegelianism: Logic and metaphysics problems: Italy, England: …pioneer in English Hegelianism was James Hutchison Stirling, through his work The Secret of Hegel (1865). Stirling reaffirmed the lineage of thought that Fischer had traced “from Kant to Hegel,” endeavouring to penetrate the dialectic-speculative relationship of unity in multiplicity as the central point of the dialectic. Toward Hegelianism as…

pre-Columbian civilizations: Veracruz and Chiapas: …was read by its discoverer, Matthew W. Stirling, as a date in the Maya calendar corresponding to 31 bce; this is more than a century earlier than any known dated inscription from the Maya area itself. Thus, it is highly probable that this calendrical system, formerly thought to be a…

Robert Stirling was a Scottish clergyman best known as the inventor of the Stirling engine, a type of external-combustion engine. He also invented optical devices and other instruments. Stirling’s first patent was granted in 1816 for what became known as the Stirling cycle engine. His company

David Stirling was a British army officer who founded and led the elite British Special Air Service (SAS) regiment during World War II. The son of a brigadier general, Stirling attended Trinity College, Cambridge, for a year; in 1939 he joined the Scots Guard Supplementary Reserve of Officers and

Sir James Stirling was a British architect known for his unorthodox, sometimes controversial, designs of multiunit housing and public buildings. Stirling received his architectural training at the University of Liverpool’s School of Architecture (1945–50). He began practice in the early 1950s in

Sir James Stirling was a British architect known for his unorthodox, sometimes controversial, designs of multiunit housing and public buildings. Stirling received his architectural training at the University of Liverpool’s School of Architecture (1945–50). He began practice in the early 1950s in

William Alexander, 1st earl of Stirling was a Scottish courtier, statesman, and poet who founded and colonized the region of Nova Scotia in Canada. When King James VI of Scotland ascended the English throne as James I in 1603, Alexander attended his court in London. He there wrote, in 1604, his

William Alexander, 1st earl of Stirling was a Scottish courtier, statesman, and poet who founded and colonized the region of Nova Scotia in Canada. When King James VI of Scotland ascended the English throne as James I in 1603, Alexander attended his court in London. He there wrote, in 1604, his

Stirlingshire, historic county, central Scotland. In the west it borders Loch Lomond and incorporates a section of the Highlands. It extends east into the Midland Valley (Central Lowlands) between the Rivers Forth and Kelvin. At the centre of Stirlingshire the volcanic Campsie Fells and Kilsyth and

Max Stirner was a German antistatist philosopher in whose writings many anarchists of the late 19th and the 20th centuries found ideological inspiration. His thought is sometimes regarded as a source of 20th-century existentialism. After teaching in a girls’ preparatory school in Berlin, Stirner

Afro-Asiatic languages: The verbal system: …(forming what are called “stirpes” or “themes”) use root modification (infixes) and derivative affixes together with partial or complete reduplication to indicate repeated action. Derivational markers may combine, which makes it possible for a single verb to indicate repeated action (by what is called the iterative derivation of the…

Afro-Asiatic languages: The verbal system: …(forming what are called “stirpes” or “themes”) use root modification (infixes) and derivative affixes together with partial or complete reduplication to indicate repeated action. Derivational markers may combine, which makes it possible for a single verb to indicate repeated action (by what is called the iterative derivation of the…

Matthias de L’Obel: …Flemish-born physician and botanist whose Stirpium adversaria nova (1570; written in collaboration with Pierre Pena) was a milestone in modern botany. It argued that botany and medicine must be based on thorough, exact observation.

John Gerard: …based on a translation of Stirpium historiae pemptades sex (1583), by the Flemish botanist Rembertus Dodoens. Of the more than 1,800 woodcuts illustrating the book, only 16 were done by Gerard. The remainder came from Jacob Theodorus Tabernaemontanus’ Eicones plantarum seu stirpium (1590).

Wilco: …members drummer Ken Coomer, bassist John Stirratt, and string player Max Johnston in a new group, Wilco, a name derived from the trucker lingo “roger, wilco, okay.” After recording their 1995 debut album, A.M., they were joined by Jay Bennett, a guitarist with a knack for playing many instruments and…

stirrup, either of a pair of light frames hung from the saddle attached to the back of an animal—usually a horse or pony. Stirrups are used to support a rider’s feet in riding and to aid in mounting. Stirrups probably originated in the Asian steppes about the 2nd century bc. They enormously

ear bone: …incus, or anvil, and the stapes, or stirrup. Together they form a short chain that crosses the middle ear and transmits vibrations caused by sound waves from the eardrum membrane to the liquid of the inner ear. The malleus resembles a club more than a hammer, whereas the incus looks…

stirrup cup, originally a drink offered to a man mounted on horseback and about to depart for the hunt; now, the drinking vessel itself. Commonly connected with hunting, many of the cups are made of silver and engraved with mottoes taken from the chase. They are usually in the form of a fox’s head

stirrup fixation, growth of spongy bone in the wall of the inner ear so that it encroaches on the oval window—an opening in the wall of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear (this bony encroachment is called otosclerosis)—and prevents movement of the stapes, or stirrup, a small bone of the middle ear

pottery: South America: The stirrup-shaped spout on many jars is a characteristic feature. The batik type of decoration already mentioned was also used. Vessels were modelled in the shape of animal or human figures, which were also used as motifs for painted decoration. The puma god worshipped by the…

Dorothy Whipple was an English novelist and short-story writer whose works, set largely in the north of England, excavate the everyday experiences of middle-class households of her era. She grew up in Blackburn as one of eight children of Walter Stirrup, a local architect, and his wife, Ada. In

stishovite, high-pressure, metastable polymorph of silica (SiO2), having a rutile-type tetragonal structure; silicon is in six-fold coordination with oxygen while each oxygen atom is shared with three silicon atoms. Stishovite was first discovered in sandstone that had been converted to glass at

surgery: Present-day surgery: …of closing wounds is by sutures. There are two basic types of suture materials; absorbable ones such as catgut (which comes from sheep intestine) or synthetic substitutes; and nonabsorbable materials, such as nylon sutures, steel staples, or adhesive tissue tape. Catgut is still used extensively to tie off small blood…

Caryophyllaceae: Major genera and species: …common chickweed, or stitchwort (S. media), a widely naturalized lawn weed.

Sonny Stitt was an American jazz musician, one of the first and most fluent bebop saxophonists. One of a musical family, Stitt first became known as an alto saxophonist in the pioneering bop big bands led by Billy Eckstine and Dizzy Gillespie in the mid-1940s. His romantic style of improvising

Sonny Stitt was an American jazz musician, one of the first and most fluent bebop saxophonists. One of a musical family, Stitt first became known as an alto saxophonist in the pioneering bop big bands led by Billy Eckstine and Dizzy Gillespie in the mid-1940s. His romantic style of improvising

pike perch, any of several freshwater food and game fishes of the family Percidae (order Perciformes), found in Europe and North America. Although more elongated and slender than perches, pike perches have the two dorsal fins characteristic of the family. They are, like perches, carnivorous, and as

sauger, North American game and food fish related to the pikeperch

pike perch: The European pike perch, or zander (Stizostedion, or Lucioperca, lucioperca; see photograph), is found in lakes and rivers of eastern, central, and (where introduced) western Europe. It is greenish or grayish, usually with darker markings, and generally attains a length of 50–66 cm (20–26 inches) and a weight of 3…

walleyed pike, fish that is a type of pikeperch

biblical literature: Scandinavian versions: …through Kings in the so-called Stjórn (“Guidance”) manuscript in the Old Norwegian language, probably about 1300. Swedish versions of the Pentateuch and of Acts have survived from the 14th century, as has a manuscript of Joshua and Judges by Nicholaus Ragnvaldi of Vadstena from about 1500. The oldest Danish version,…

Tucson, city, seat (1864) of Pima county, southeastern Arizona, U.S. Tucson lies along the Santa Cruz River on a hilly plain of the Sonoran Desert that is rimmed by the Santa Catalina and other mountains. The city lies at an elevation of 2,410 feet (735 metres) and is situated about 115 miles (185

Daniel De Leon: …of Labor, subsequently forming the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance (STLA). In 1899 a dissident faction left the SLP and formed what became the Socialist Party of America. The membership and prestige of the SLP declined thereafter.

scanning tunneling microscope (STM), type of microscope whose principle of operation is based on the quantum mechanical phenomenon known as tunneling, in which the wavelike properties of electrons permit them to “tunnel” beyond the surface of a solid into regions of space that are forbidden to them

liquid crystal display: Supertwisted nematic displays: It was discovered in the early 1980s that increasing the twist angle of a liquid crystal cell to about 180–270° (with 240° being fairly common) allows a much larger number of pixel rows to be used, with a consequent increase in the…

stoa, in Greek architecture, a freestanding colonnade or covered walkway; also, a long open building, its roof supported by one or more rows of columns parallel to the rear wall. The Stoa of Attalus at Athens is a prime example. Stoae surrounded marketplaces and sanctuaries and formed places of

Euphranor: In the Stoa Basileios at Athens he painted the “Twelve Gods,” “Theseus with Democracy and Demos,” and the cavalry engagement at Mantinea (362); none of these works survives. At Ephesus he depicted the feigned madness of Odysseus. Fragments of a colossal statue found in the Agora at…

Olympia: The remains of Olympia: …Colonnade was officially called the Stoa Poikile, or Painted Colonnade, from the paintings that used to be on its walls. It received its popular name because a word uttered there was echoed seven times or more. The colonnade closed the east side of the Altis and was separated from the…

Athens: Athens at its zenith: …in the Agora, notably the Stoa Poikile, or Painted Colonnade, with its famous paintings by Polygnotus and Micon, one of which represented the Battle of Marathon. The Tholos, the round building that served as the headquarters of the executive committee of the council, was also built at this time. Lack…

stoa, in Greek architecture, a freestanding colonnade or covered walkway; also, a long open building, its roof supported by one or more rows of columns parallel to the rear wall. The Stoa of Attalus at Athens is a prime example. Stoae surrounded marketplaces and sanctuaries and formed places of

ermine, (Mustela erminea), northern weasel species in the genus Mustela, family Mustelidae. The species is called ermine especially during its winter white colour phase. The animal’s pelt was used historically in royal robes in Europe, and the term ermine also refers to the animal’s white coat,

Mabel St. Clair Stobart was an English medical relief worker, feminist, and author. Stobart founded the Women’s Sick and Wounded Convoy Corps in 1907 and the Women’s National Service League in 1914. The purpose of both these organizations was to provide emergency medical services during times of

Acanthaceae: and Beloperone), Reullia (355), Stobilanthes (350), Barleria (300), Aphelandra (170), Staurogyne (140), Dicliptera (150), Blepharis (130), Lepidagathis (100), Hygrophila (100), Thunbergia (90), and

particle accelerator: Proton storage rings: …a technique known as “stochastic cooling,” developed by Simon Van der Meer at CERN. Antiprotons are produced when a high-energy proton beam strikes a metal target, but they emerge from the target with a range of energies and directions, so the resulting antiproton beam is broad and diffuse. Stochastic…

stochastic process, in probability theory, a process involving the operation of chance. For example, in radioactive decay every atom is subject to a fixed probability of breaking down in any given time interval. More generally, a stochastic process refers to a family of random variables indexed

stochastic terrorism, the repeated use of hate speech or other vilifying, dehumanizing rhetoric by a political leader or other public figure that inspires one or more of the figure’s supporters to commit hate crimes or other acts of violence against a targeted person, group, or community. In legal

horticulture: Grafting: …the root is called the stock; the added piece is called the scion. When more than two parts are involved, the middle piece is called the interstock. When the scion consists of a single bud, the process is called budding. Grafting and budding are the most widely used of the…

stock, (genus Matthiola), genus of about 50 species of plants in the mustard family (Brassicaceae), native to Eurasia and southern Africa. Many stock species are well known for the spicy fragrance of their flowers, and some are grown as ornamentals and for cut flowers. Gillyflowers, or common stock

inventory, in business, any item of property held in stock by a firm, including finished goods ready for sale, goods in the process of production, raw materials, and goods that will be consumed in the process of producing goods to be sold. Inventories appear on a company’s balance sheet as an

igneous rock: Intrusive igneous rocks: …shaped plutons are called either stocks or batholiths (see Figure 6), depending on their sizes. Plutons larger than 100 square kilometres in area are termed batholiths, while those of lesser size are called stocks. It may be possible, however, that some stocks are the visible portions of batholiths that have…

frozen meal: Preparing ingredients: Cream-based sauces begin with stock solutions, which are prepared by boiling raw stock material such as beef, fish, or poultry in water. Boiling is conducted in large kettles that may be operated either open to the atmosphere or under vacuum. Boiling under vacuum, accomplished at temperatures lower than 100…

In finance, stock is the subscribed capital of a corporation or limited-liability company (LLC), usually divided into shares and represented by transferable certificates. The certificates may detail the contractual relationship between the company and its stockholders, or shareholders, and set

anchor: It is known as a stock anchor in the United States and as a fisherman’s anchor in the United Kingdom.

When a company is sitting on excess cash, there are several productive things it can do with the money other than keeping it on ice. It can: To the last point, one way to reward executives and shareholders is to buy back shares of company stock. Stock buybacks are not commonly understood, and they

freight car: …the common boxcar is the stock car with slatted sides, which is used to transport cattle, sheep, and other livestock. The flatcar has long been utilized for hauling heavy construction machinery and military equipment. During the 1950s British Railways and various other European railroad companies developed high-capacity flatcars suitable for…

security: Stock: A stock certificate ordinarily is given as documentary evidence of share ownership. Originally this was its primary function; but as interest in securities grew and the capital market evolved, the role of the certificate gradually changed until it became, as it is now, an important instrument…

stock character, a character in a drama or fiction that represents a type and that is recognizable as belonging to a certain genre. Most of the characters in the commedia dell’arte, such as Columbine and Harlequin, are stock characters. In Roman comedy there is the braggart soldier known as Miles

stock company, troupe of actors performing regularly in a particular theatre, presenting a different play nightly from its repertory of prepared productions. Stock companies were usually composed of players who specialized in dramatic types such as the tragedian, or leading man; the leading lady;

operations research: Inventory control: Inventories include raw materials, component parts, work in process, finished goods, packing and packaging materials, and general supplies. The control of inventories, vital to the financial strength of a firm, in general involves deciding at what points in the production system stocks shall…

dividend, an individual share of earnings distributed among stockholders of a corporation or company in proportion to their holdings and as determined by the class of their holdings. Dividends are usually payable in cash, although sometimes distributions are made in the form of additional shares of

A stock dividend is a regular payment you receive simply for owning shares of a certain company. In a way, it’s like earning cash for doing almost nothing, but like most aspects of money and investing, it’s more complicated than that. Hundreds of companies pay dividends, and millions of investors

columbiform: General habits: stock dove (C. oenas) of Europe rarely take green vegetation, do not feed in trees, and so are examples of the trend toward complete ground feeding. These doves subsist almost entirely on seeds collected from low herbage or the ground. In winter such food sources…

London Stock Exchange (LSE), a London marketplace for securities. After having long been situated closer to the Bank of England and the Royal Exchange, in 2004 the London Stock Exchange relocated elsewhere in the City of London to Paternoster Square. The market was formed in 1773 by several

stock exchange, organized market for the sale and purchase of securities such as shares, stocks, and bonds. In most countries the stock exchange has two important functions. As a ready market for securities, it ensures their liquidity and thus encourages people to channel savings into corporate

Dublin: Finance and other services: The Irish Stock Exchange, an integral part of the British Stock Exchange system, is also located in central Dublin and is one of the oldest such markets in the world, trading continuously since 1793.

Hendrik Petrus Berlage: …best known work is the Stock Exchange in Amsterdam (1898–1903). It is notable for its rounded Romanesque arches and the forthright use of structural steel and traditional brick, examples of Berlage’s concern that materials be used truthfully. Beginning in the early 1900s, he carried out city planning for residential areas…

New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), one of the world’s largest marketplaces for securities and other exchange-traded investments. The exchange evolved from a meeting of 24 stockbrokers under a buttonwood tree in 1792 on what is now Wall Street in New York City. It was formally constituted as the New

Chicago Stock Exchange (CHX), largest of the regional stock exchanges in the United States. The Chicago Stock Exchange was founded in 1882 to trade primarily local securities, particularly stocks and bonds of utility, banking, and railroad companies. In 1949 the exchange merged with those of St.

The financial industry tracks stock indexes as a simple way to chart specific markets. But how can investors position their portfolios in line with those benchmarks? The answer is index investing. Many mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) try to mirror the performance of major market

Companies like to highlight their growth prospects. So do the analysts who tout their shares. But when it comes to staying at the forefront of investment risks, the burden is on you. Investing can be a bumpy ride—markets go up and they go down. When they drop, they tend to drag down the return on

SKU, a code number, typically used as a machine-readable bar code, assigned to a single item of inventory. As part of a system for inventory control, the SKU represents the smallest unit of a product that can be sold from inventory, purchased, or added to inventory. Applied to wholesale, retail, or

stock exchange, organized market for the sale and purchase of securities such as shares, stocks, and bonds. In most countries the stock exchange has two important functions. As a ready market for securities, it ensures their liquidity and thus encourages people to channel savings into corporate

When you buy a share of stock, you’re essentially purchasing a partial ownership stake in a company. You get a sliver of the company’s future profits, and you usually get to vote in elections for the board of directors and other company initiatives. Because these ownership stakes represent slices

stock market crash of 1929, a sharp decline in U.S. stock market values in 1929 that contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Great Depression lasted approximately 10 years and affected both industrialized and nonindustrialized countries in many parts of the world. During the mid- to

Stock market indexes bundle hundreds or even thousands of stocks based on various parameters and compute their value into one number, helping you track Wall Street performance. So, when you hear “The Dow was up today,” someone was talking about the Dow Jones Industrial Average, one of the

If you’re an active trader of stocks, commodities, forex—or any tradable asset, really—consistent profitability is the holy grail. Other than the style you use—technical analysis versus following the fundamentals, for example—one of your most important decisions is choosing the right time frame in

A stock option is a contract that enables the holder to buy or sell a security at a designated price (called the “exercise” or “strike” price) for a specified period of time. An option’s strike price is not affected by changes in market prices, so these contracts can be useful for speculation

Garry Winogrand: …1970s was the cleverly titled Stock Photographs, documenting the Fort Worth Fat Stock Show, an annual livestock exposition and rodeo, which became Winogrand’s final photo book, published in 1980.

business finance: Convertible bonds and stock warrants: Companies sometimes issue bonds or preferred stock that give holders the option of converting them into common stock or of purchasing stock at favourable prices. Convertible bonds carry the option of conversion into common stock at a specified price during a particular period.…

horsemanship: Stock saddle: The stock saddle seat is appropriate for ranchers but is also used at rodeos and by many pleasure and trail riders. The saddle, which can weigh as much as 40 pounds (18 kilograms), is designed for rounding up cattle and is distinguished by…

Stock sector performance, like the market itself, isn’t monolithic. Sectors rise and fall based on industry fundamentals and broader trends in the economy, with different sectors often heading in different directions at the same time. Sector-based investing is a popular strategy, but you need to

stagecraft: History: The stock sets produced by these manufacturers were not tailored to the specific needs of any particular play but instead depicted locations that were standard to most: a nobleman’s library, a courtyard, a forest, and so forth. If a script called for a specific location—for example,…

borane: …1937 by the German chemist Alfred Stock. He called them boranes in analogy to the alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons), the hydrides of carbon (C), which is the neighbour of boron in the periodic table. Because the lighter boranes were volatile, sensitive to air and moisture, and toxic, Stock developed high-vacuum methods…

stock-car racing, form of automobile racing, popular in the United States, in which cars that conform externally to standard U.S. commercial types are raced, usually on oval, paved tracks. Stock-car racing is said to have originated during the U.S. Prohibition period (1919–33), when illegal still

Stockbridge, town (township), Berkshire county, western Massachusetts, U.S. It lies along the Housatonic River in the Berkshire Hills, 12 miles (19 km) south of Pittsfield. In 1737 John Sergeant and Timothy Woodbridge chartered a Christian mission on the site, which became known as Indian Town.

Mohican: …and became known as the Stockbridge band; other groups scattered and merged with other tribes. The Stockbridge band later moved to Wisconsin and were joined by the Munsee band; the two groups were allotted a joint reservation in Wisconsin in the 19th century. The American novelist James Fenimore Cooper drew…

11 Memorable Quotes from U.S. Presidential Debates: Who am I? Why am I here? I’m not a politician.: …running mate, retired Navy admiral James Stockdale, won a seat at the vice presidential debate. Unfortunately, Stockdale’s self-deprecating attempt to address the public’s unfamiliarity with him only reinforced the impression that he didn’t belong on the stage.

Stockelsdorf faience, tin-glazed earthenware made at Stockelsdorf near Lübeck, Germany. In what was probably an earlier stove-tile factory, Stockelsdorf began to make faience in 1771, specializing in tea trays and stoves. Between about 1773 and about 1775 Johann Buchwald (as director) and Abraham

Adolf Stoecker was a cleric, conservative politician, and reformer who founded the German Christian Social Party and promoted political antisemitism in Germany. An army chaplain during the Franco-German War (1870–71), Stoecker secured appointment as a court preacher at the cathedral in Berlin in

Stockerau, city, northeastern Austria. It lies about 12.5 miles (20 km) northwest of Vienna, on a tributary of the Danube River. Stockerau was mentioned as a town in 1012 but was not chartered as a city until 1893. Like Klosterneuburg, Mödling, Baden, Schwechat, and other suburbs, it is considered

hake: …the American Atlantic; and the stockfish (M. capensis) of South Africa.

Karlheinz Stockhausen was a German composer, an important creator and theoretician of electronic and serial music who strongly influenced avant-garde composers from the 1950s through the ’80s. Stockhausen studied at the State Academy for Music in Cologne and the University of Cologne from 1947 to

corporate governance: Shareholder governance: In liberal models of capitalism, such as Great Britain and the United States, shareholder governance is the dominant company form. On this model, companies exist to serve the interests of shareholders. Shareholders are deemed to be the owners of a firm, which means…