happiness: …a specific facial expression: the smile.

Raina Telgemeier: …published as the graphic novel Smile (2010). Smile tells the story of Telgemeier getting her two front teeth knocked out when she was in sixth grade. Smile was an instant success, appearing on The New York Times best-seller list. Telgemeier was credited with creating a new genre, the graphic memoir…

Roddy Doyle: Other works: In Smile (2017) a lonely middle-aged man looks back on his life, especially his troubled childhood. Doyle’s next novel, Love (2020), follows two old friends as they spend a night drinking and looking back at their lives.

Katy Perry: Later music projects, American Idol, and Blue Origin spaceflight: …mainstream pop with the empowerment-oriented Smile (2020). Perry later released 143(2024), which was notable for its negative reviews.

Michael Ritchie: Films: …the downside of competition with Smile (1975), a broad satire on another facet of American life, the teenage beauty pageant. Bruce Dern played a smarmy pageant judge, Barbara Feldon was a megalomaniacal director, and Michael Kidd was cast as an over-the-hill choreographer; Joan Prather, Melanie Griffith, and Annette O’Toole were…

Jean Rhys: Smile Please, an unfinished autobiography, was published in 1979.

Ingmar Bergman: Life: …success with Sommernattens leende (Smiles of a Summer Night), a bittersweet romantic comedy-drama in a period setting. In the next few years, a kind of Bergman fever swept over the international film scene: concurrently with the succession of his new films, which included two masterpieces—The Seventh Seal, a medieval…

Samuel Smiles was a Scottish author best known for his didactic work Self-Help (1859), which, with its successors, Character (1871), Thrift (1875), and Duty (1880), enshrined the basic Victorian values associated with the “gospel of work.” One of 11 children left fatherless in 1832, Smiles learned

the Beach Boys: Pet Sounds, Good Vibrations, and Brian Wilson’s seclusion: …tuneful but tentative release titled Smiley Smile (1967).

novel: Detective, mystery, thriller: …from the Cold (1963) and Smiley’s People (1980).

George Smiley, fictional character, a British secret service agent who appears in many of the spy stories of John le Carré, beginning with Call for the Dead (1961). Smiley is an unobtrusive secret agent who leads an unglamorous life. A deceptively bland middle-aged man, he is trusted and respected

Jane Smiley is an American novelist known for her lyrical works that centre on families in pastoral settings. Smiley studied literature at Vassar College (B.A., 1971) and the University of Iowa (M.A., 1975; M.F.A., 1976; Ph.D., 1978). From 1981 to 1996 she was a professor of English at Iowa State

Jane Smiley is an American novelist known for her lyrical works that centre on families in pastoral settings. Smiley studied literature at Vassar College (B.A., 1971) and the University of Iowa (M.A., 1975; M.F.A., 1976; Ph.D., 1978). From 1981 to 1996 she was a professor of English at Iowa State

Tavis Smiley is an American talk show host, journalist, and political commentator. Smiley grew up near Kokomo, Indiana, and attended Indiana University at Bloomington but left in 1988 to work for Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley. (In 2003 he completed his bachelor’s degree.) Smiley became a national

Rosie O’Donnell: The View and other TV credits: …including The Fosters, Mom, and SMILF. The special Rosie Live, a one-hour variety show, aired in 2008, and the following year she starred as a psychiatrist in the television movie America. O’Donnell later hosted The Rosie Show (2011–12), a talk show that aired on the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN). She…

happiness: …a specific facial expression: the smile.

Keeshond, thickly coated medium-sized breed of spitz dog. It is the national dog of the Netherlands and a symbol of Dutch patriotism. Long kept on Dutch barges as a watchdog, companion, and ratter as the boats navigated the country’s canals and rivers, it became known as the “Dutch Barge Dog” and

pre-Columbian civilizations: Chavín monuments and temples: …which has variously been called El Lanzón, the Great Image, and the Smiling God, is thought to have been the chief object of worship in the original temple. The southern arm of the temple was subsequently twice widened by rectangular additions, into which some of the original galleries were prolonged.…

Ernst Lubitsch: Transition to sound: …was a box-office success was The Smiling Lieutenant (1931). Nominated for an Academy Award as best picture, this musical, set in 19th-century Vienna, starred Chevalier, Claudette Colbert, and Miriam Hopkins. Among the contributors to the screenplay was Samson Raphaelson, who would collaborate frequently with Lubitsch throughout the director’s

Germaine Dulac: Silent cinema: In The Smiling Madame Beudet (1923), the title character (played by Germaine Dermoz) is trapped in a marriage to a boorish husband (Alexandre Arquillière) who often makes a tasteless joke about suicide by pointing an unloaded pistol at his head. Dulac embodies the conflict between the…

Augustus John: …in the strong and sensuous Smiling Woman (c. 1908), a portrait of John’s second wife, Dorelia. John was known as a colourful personality who adopted an individualistic and bohemian lifestyle. Intrigued by gypsy culture and the Romany language, he spent periods traveling with gypsy caravans over Wales, Ireland, and Dorset.…

Peter Høeg: title Miss Smilla’s Feeling for Snow), a thriller that concerns the investigation into the death of a young boy.

Samuel Colman: With James D. Smillie, he founded the American Water Color Society (1866), becoming its first president. His own watercolour paintings are particularly fine. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Design in 1862. Among his works are “The Ships of the Western Plains”…

primate: Eocene: American genera, Notharctus and Smilodectes, which are well represented in the fossil deposits of the Bridger Basin, Wyoming, U.S., and Adapis, Europolemur, Anchomomys, and Pronycticebus from Europe. Notharctus and Smilodectes are not thought to be antecedent to living lemurs, though Notharctus was not unlike the modern lemurs in size…

Smilodon, extinct genus of large mammalian carnivores known collectively by the common name sabre-toothed cat. Smilodon belongs to the subfamily Machairodontinae of the family

Binnya Dala: In 1747 Binnya Dala succeeded Smim Htaw Buddhaketi, who had seven years earlier been set up as king of the Mon in the new capital of Pegu after their successful revolt against the Burmans. Binnya Dala, who was his predecessor’s chief minister and a more capable military leader, made numerous…

marsupial: Dunnarts (Sminthopsis) are so hyperactive—like shrews—that, in order to supply their high energy needs, they must devour their own weight in food (chiefly insects) each day. The numbat uses its remarkable wormlike tongue to lap up termites and ants. Many Australian possums, bandicoots, and American…

marsupial mouse: The fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) stores excess fat in its tail. Members of all genera except Antechinus will go into torpor when food is scarce. The crest-tailed marsupial mouse, or mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda), an arid-land species valued for killing house mice, gets all of its water…

springtail: …small (2 mm long), green-coloured lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis), one of the most common species, is a serious pest to crops in Australia. When necessary, insecticides are used to control springtails. Fossil springtails are among the oldest insect fossils known.

Western architecture: Great Britain: Following this were Sir Robert Smirke’s Covent Garden Theatre (1809), London’s first Greek Doric building; Wilkins’s Grange Park, Hampshire (1809), a monumental attempt to cram an English country house into the form of a Greek temple; Smirke’s vast Ionic British Museum (1824–47); and St. Pancras Church (1819–22) by…

Great Purge: Zinovyev, Lev Kamenev, and Ivan Smirnov, all of whom had been prominent Bolsheviks at the time of the October Revolution (1917) and during the early years of the Soviet regime. With 13 codefendants they were accused of having joined Leon Trotsky in 1932 to form a terrorist organization in…

Stanislav Smirnov is a Russian mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 2010 for his work in mathematical physics. Smirnov graduated with a degree in mathematics in 1992 from St. Petersburg State University in St. Petersburg, Russia. He received a doctorate in mathematics in 1996 from the

African literature: Afrikaans: Bartho Smit wrote Moeder Hanna (1959; “Mother Hanna”), an acclaimed drama about the South African War. He also wrote Putsonderwater (1962; “Well-Without-Water”), considered among the finest plays produced in Afrikaans; it could not be performed because of its political message. Elsa Joubert wrote a novel…

blacksmith, craftsman who fabricates objects out of iron by hot and cold forging on an anvil. Blacksmiths who specialized in the forging of shoes for horses were called farriers. The term blacksmith derives from iron, formerly called “black metal,” and farrier from the Latin ferrum, “iron.” Iron

Smith & Wesson, American firearms manufacturer based in Springfield, Massachusetts. It is one of the most famous firearms brands in the world. The partnership was first founded in 1852 by Horace Smith (1808–93) and Daniel B. Wesson (1825–1906) in Norwich, Connecticut, to make lever-action Volcanic

Smith Act, U.S. federal law passed in 1940 that made it a criminal offense to advocate the violent overthrow of the government or to organize or be a member of any group or society devoted to such advocacy. The first prosecutions under the Smith Act, of leaders of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP),

Nicholas Monsarrat: …Lost Its Head (1956), and Smith and Jones (1963), which was based on the 1951 Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean spy defection to the Soviet Union. Life is a Four-Letter Word (2nd ed., 1966, 1970; abridged as Breaking In, Breaking Out, 1971) is an autobiography to 1956. His last novel,…

Smith Center, city, seat (1872) of Smith county, northern Kansas, U.S. Smith Center is located about 85 miles (135 km) northwest of Salina. It was founded in 1871 by L.T. Reese with the aim of making it the county seat (the county had been named after Major J. Nelson Smith). The economy of Smith

Smith College, liberal arts college for women in Northampton, Massachusetts, U.S. One of the Seven Sisters schools, it is among the largest privately endowed colleges for women in the United States. Bachelor’s degrees are granted in 29 departmental and 8 interdepartmental programs, and

Michelle Smith is an Irish swimmer and lawyer who won four medals at the Atlanta 1996 Olympic Games to become the most successful Olympian in Ireland and the country’s first woman to capture a gold medal. Smith began swimming competitively at age 13. Though she developed into one of Ireland’s

crime: Rule against retroactivity: Supreme Court ruled in Smith et al. v. Doe et al. that Alaska’s Megan’s law was nonpunitive and thus constitutional (see also sexual-predator law).

Richard Meier: …received critical acclaim for the Smith House (1967) in Darien, Connecticut, the first of his so-called white buildings, which clearly built upon the pristine Modernism of Le Corbusier’s work in the 1920s and ’30s. During this period he formed a loose association with a group of young architects, known as…

Mount Palomar, peak (6,126 feet [1,867 metres]) in Cleveland National Forest, southern California, U.S. It lies about 40 miles (65 km) north-northeast of San Diego. The nearly 2,000-acre (800-hectare) Palomar Mountain State Park extends up the mountain slope, and the Palomar Observatory (operated

J.R.R. Tolkien: Other works: …by Niggle”; and the fantasy Smith of Wootton Major (1967).

Smith Sound, Arctic sea passage between Ellesmere Island, Can. (west), and northwestern Greenland (east). The sound, 30–45 miles (48–72 km) wide, extends northward for 55 miles (88 km) from Baffin Bay to the Kane Basin. The sound was discovered in 1616 by William Baffin and named for Sir Thomas

Thurgood Marshall: Arguments before the Supreme Court: …voters from primary elections (Smith v. Allwright [1944]), state judicial enforcement of racial “restrictive covenants” in housing (Shelley v. Kraemer [1948]), and “separate but equal” facilities for African American professionals and graduate students in state universities (Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents

Smith v. City of Jackson, Mississippi, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 30, 2005, held in a 5–3 decision (one justice did not participate) that claims alleging violations of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) may be brought on the basis of an adverse

Dayton, city, seat (1899) of Rhea county, southeastern Tennessee, U.S. It lies on Richland Creek near the Tennessee River, 36 miles (58 km) northeast of Chattanooga. Originally called Smith’s Crossroads (c. 1820), it was renamed Dayton in the 1870s. The Rhea County Courthouse in Dayton was the

C.K. Stead: Stead’s first novel, Smith’s Dream (1971), is a disturbing fantasy set in a fascist New Zealand of the future; it was the basis of a 1977 film, Sleeping Dogs. Other novels include All Visitors Ashore (1984), The Death of the Body (1986), Sister Hollywood (1989), The End of…

piddock: Smith’s martesia (M. smithi), which resembles a fat, gray pea, bores into rocks and mollusk shells in the Atlantic Ocean from New York to the Gulf of Mexico.

shoveler: …Cape, or Smith’s, shoveler (A. smithii) of South Africa; and the Australasian, or blue-winged, shoveler (A. rhynchotis) of New Zealand and Australia.

forgery: Instances of literary forgery: (“Antique”) Smith, who was responsible for forgeries of Robert Burns, Sir Walter Scott, Mary Stuart, and other persons from Scottish literature and history—a feat that ultimately earned him 12 months’ imprisonment.

A.J.M. Smith was a Canadian poet, anthologist, and critic who was a leader in the revival of Canadian poetry of the 1920s. As an undergraduate at McGill University in Montreal, Smith founded and edited the McGill Fortnightly Review (1925–27), the first literary magazine dedicated to freeing

Abby Hadassah Smith and Julia Evelina Smith: By 1869 Abby and Julia were the only surviving members of the family. In that year, aroused by inequities in local tax rates, they attended a woman suffrage meeting in Hartford, and in 1873 Abby traveled to New York to attend the first meeting of the Association…

Abby Hadassah Smith and Julia Evelina Smith were American suffragists who relentlessly protested for their property and voting rights, drawing considerable national and international attention to their situation and their cause. The Smith sisters, the youngest of five children, lived almost their

African Meeting House: Origins: …school had an endowment from Abiel Smith, a wealthy Boston businessman who was an early supporter of the education of black youth.

Abigail Adams was an American first lady (1797–1801), the wife of John Adams, second president of the United States, and mother of John Quincy Adams, sixth president of the United States. She was a prolific letter writer whose correspondence gives an intimate and vivid portrayal of life in the

Adam Smith was a Scottish social philosopher and political economist, instrumental in the rise of classical liberalism. Adam Smith is a towering figure in the history of economic thought. Known primarily for a single work—An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), the

history of photography: Social documentation: …Life in London (1877), by Adolphe Smith and John Thomson, included facsimile reproductions of Thomson’s photographs and produced a much more persuasive picture of life among London’s working class. Thomson’s images were reproduced by Woodburytype, a process that resulted in exact, permanent prints but was costly because it required hand…

Al Smith was a U.S. politician, four-time Democratic governor of New York and the first Roman Catholic to run for the U.S. presidency (1928). When his father died, young Smith interrupted his schooling and went to work for seven years at the Fulton fish market in New York City to help support his

Al Smith was a U.S. politician, four-time Democratic governor of New York and the first Roman Catholic to run for the U.S. presidency (1928). When his father died, young Smith interrupted his schooling and went to work for seven years at the Fulton fish market in New York City to help support his

Alva Belmont was a prominent socialite of New York City and Newport, Rhode Island, who, in her later years, became an outspoken suffragist. Alva Smith grew up in her birthplace of Mobile, Alabama, and, after the American Civil War, in France. She married William K. Vanderbilt, grandson of

Amanda Smith was an American evangelist and missionary who opened an orphanage for African-American girls. Born a slave, Berry grew up in York county, Pa., after her father bought his own freedom and that of most of the family. She was educated mainly at home and at an early age began working as a

Anna Deavere Smith is an American playwright, actress, author, journalist, and educator, who is best known for her one-woman plays that examine the social issues behind current events. Smith was raised in a racially segregated middle-class section of Baltimore. She was a shy child who nonetheless

Tony Smith was an American architect, sculptor, and painter associated with Minimalism as well as Abstract Expressionism and known for his large geometric sculptures. As a child, Smith was quarantined with tuberculosis and did not emerge into public life until high school. While living behind his

A.J.M. Smith was a Canadian poet, anthologist, and critic who was a leader in the revival of Canadian poetry of the 1920s. As an undergraduate at McGill University in Montreal, Smith founded and edited the McGill Fortnightly Review (1925–27), the first literary magazine dedicated to freeing

Combahee River Collective: Barbara Smith, a founder of the collective, named the organization after the raid organized by Harriet Tubman on the Combahee River on June 2, 1863, which freed more than 750 enslaved people.

Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon was an English leader in the movement for the education and political rights of women who was instrumental in founding Girton College, Cambridge. In 1857 Barbara Smith married an eminent French physician, Eugène Bodichon, continuing, however, to lead the movements that

Isaac Newton: Formative influences: …her husband, the well-to-do minister Barnabas Smith, left young Isaac with his grandmother and moved to a neighbouring village to raise a son and two daughters. For nine years, until the death of Barnabas Smith in 1653, Isaac was effectively separated from his mother, and his pronounced psychotic tendencies have…

Bernard Smith was a German-born master organ builder in Restoration England. Smith was an apprentice of the German organ builder Christian Förmer but adapted easily to the English style of building after his emigration there in 1660. Some years after building an instrument for the Chapel Royal at

Bessie Smith was an American singer and one of the greatest blues vocalists. Smith grew up in poverty and obscurity. She may have made a first public appearance at the age of eight or nine at the Ivory Theatre in her hometown. About 1913 she toured in a show with Ma Rainey, one of the first of the

New York Islanders: …future Hall-of-Fame players including goaltender Billy Smith, defenseman Denis Potvin, right wing Mike Bossy, centre Bryan Trottier, and left wing Clark Gillies. That young group (all but Smith were no older than age 25 at the start of the 1979–80 season) played with postseason poise that belied their youth, losing…

Bruce Smith is an American professional gridiron football defensive end who holds the National Football League (NFL) career record for quarterback sacks (200). Smith played college football at Virginia Tech, where he was a consensus All-American and won the Outland Trophy as the best lineman in the

Bruce Smith is an American professional gridiron football defensive end who holds the National Football League (NFL) career record for quarterback sacks (200). Smith played college football at Virginia Tech, where he was a consensus All-American and won the Outland Trophy as the best lineman in the

Cecile de Wentworth was an American painter who established a reputation in Europe for her portraits of important personages. Cecile Smith was educated in convent schools. In 1886 she went to Paris, where she studied painting with Alexandre Cabanel and Édouard Detaille. Within the next three years

Red Hot Chili Peppers: Heavily influenced by the Los Angeles punk music scene in the late 1970s, school friends vocalist Anthony Kiedis, bassist Flea, guitarist Hillel Slovak, and drummer Jack Irons formed Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of…

biogeographic region: Afrotropical region: …reanalysis of mammal distributions by Charles H. Smith, however, has concluded that the Mediterranean region, including both its southern and northern shores, is actually much more Paleotropical than Holarctic in aspect (Figure 4; compare Figure 2). Strictly speaking, the term Afro-Tethyan (in reference to the Tethys Sea; see above The…

Charlotte Smith was an English novelist and poet, highly praised by the novelist Sir Walter Scott. Her poetic attitude toward nature was reminiscent of William Cowper’s in celebrating the “ordinary” pleasures of the English countryside. Her radical attitudes toward conventional morality (the novel

Five Percent Nation: …American revisionist movement, led by Clarence 13X, which split from the Nation of Islam in 1963. The movement rejected being called a religion, preferring instead to be known as a culture and way of life. Its teachings are referred to as “Supreme Mathematics.”

Cyril Stanley Smith was an American metallurgist who in 1943–44 determined the properties and technology of plutonium and uranium, the essential materials in the atomic bombs that were first exploded in 1945. Obtaining his education in England and the United States, Smith became a research

American Airlines: Beginnings in the airmail era: That same year, Cyrus Rowlett Smith became president; he guided the company as president or chair until 1968, when he became U.S. secretary of commerce in the Johnson administration. Smith returned briefly as chief executive officer (CEO) in 1973 before retiring in 1974.

Maggie Smith was an English stage and motion-picture actress noted for her poignancy and wit in comic roles. Smith studied acting at the Oxford Playhouse School and began appearing in revues in Oxford in 1952 and London in 1955. She first achieved recognition in the Broadway revue New Faces of 1956

David Smith was an American sculptor whose pioneering welded metal sculpture and massive painted geometric forms made him the most original American sculptor in the decades after World War II. His work greatly influenced the brightly coloured “primary structures” of Minimal art during the 1960s.

David Smith was an American sculptor whose pioneering welded metal sculpture and massive painted geometric forms made him the most original American sculptor in the decades after World War II. His work greatly influenced the brightly coloured “primary structures” of Minimal art during the 1960s.

Dean Smith was an American collegiate basketball coach at the University of North Carolina (1961–97) who, with 879 career victories, retired as the most successful men’s collegiate basketball coach; his record was broken by Bob Knight in 2007. Smith earned a degree in mathematics (1953) from the

Dean Smith was an American collegiate basketball coach at the University of North Carolina (1961–97) who, with 879 career victories, retired as the most successful men’s collegiate basketball coach; his record was broken by Bob Knight in 2007. Smith earned a degree in mathematics (1953) from the

Dick Smith is an Australian aviator, filmmaker, explorer, businessman, and publisher, renowned for his aviation exploits. Smith had limited formal education at public schools and a technical high school, but his inventiveness and curiosity soon turned him into one of the signal success and survival

E.E. Smith was an American science-fiction author who is credited with creating in the Skylark series (1928–65) and the Lensman series (1934–50) the subgenre of “space opera,” action-adventure set on a vast intergalactic scale involving faster-than-light spaceships, powerful weapons, and fantastic

Donald Alexander Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal was a Canadian fur trader, financier, railway promoter, and statesman. Smith was apprenticed to the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1838 and worked for many years at the fur trade in Labrador. He served as chief commissioner for the company in

standpoint theory: …work of the Canadian sociologist Dorothy Smith. In her book The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology (1989), Smith argued that sociology has ignored and objectified women, making them the “Other.” She claimed that women’s experiences are fertile grounds for feminist knowledge and that by grounding sociological work in…

E.E. Smith was an American science-fiction author who is credited with creating in the Skylark series (1928–65) and the Lensman series (1934–50) the subgenre of “space opera,” action-adventure set on a vast intergalactic scale involving faster-than-light spaceships, powerful weapons, and fantastic

E. Kirby-Smith was a Confederate general during the American Civil War (1861–65) who controlled the area west of the Mississippi River for the Confederacy for almost two years after it had been severed from the rest of the South. Born Edmund Kirby Smith, he later signed his name E. Kirby Smith; the

E.E. Smith was an American science-fiction author who is credited with creating in the Skylark series (1928–65) and the Lensman series (1934–50) the subgenre of “space opera,” action-adventure set on a vast intergalactic scale involving faster-than-light spaceships, powerful weapons, and fantastic

Edward J. Smith was the British captain of the passenger liner Titanic, which sank in 1912. Smith began working on boats while he was a teenager. In 1875 he earned a master’s certificate, which was required to serve as captain. In 1880 he became a junior officer with the White Star Line, and seven

Edwin Smith papyrus: …Luxor in 1862 by American Edwin Smith, a pioneer in the study of Egyptian science. Upon his death in 1906, the papyrus was given to the New York Historical Society (renamed New York Historical in 2024) in New York City and turned over to American Egyptologist James Henry Breasted in…

Rosalynn Carter was an American first lady (1977–81)—the wife of Jimmy Carter, 39th president of the United States—and mental health advocate. She was one of the most politically astute and active of all American first ladies. (Read Britannica’s interview with Jimmy Carter.) Rosalynn was the eldest

Eliza Roxey Snow Smith was an American Mormon leader and poet, a major figure in defining the role of Mormon women through her work in numerous church organizations. Eliza Snow grew up from the age of two in Mantua, Ohio. Her family was deeply religious and in the 1820s joined the Campbellite sect

Bessie Smith was an American singer and one of the greatest blues vocalists. Smith grew up in poverty and obscurity. She may have made a first public appearance at the age of eight or nine at the Ivory Theatre in her hometown. About 1913 she toured in a show with Ma Rainey, one of the first of the

culture: Acculturation: …such as Fritz Graebner and Elliot Smith, who offered grand theories about the diffusion of traits all over the world—maintained that man was inherently uninventive and that culture, once created, tended to spread everywhere. Each school tended to insist that its view was the correct one, and it would continue…

Kenneth Anger: …is an elegy for singer Elliott Smith, who committed suicide in 2003. Ich Will! (2008; “I Want!”) consists of spliced-together Nazi propaganda footage.