protozoal disease, disease caused by protozoans. These organisms may remain in the human host for their entire life cycle, but many carry out part of their reproductive cycle in insects or other hosts. For example, mosquitoes are vectors of plasmodium, the cause of malaria. See also entamoeba;

protozoan, organism, usually single-celled and heterotrophic (using organic carbon as a source of energy), belonging to any of the major lineages of protists and, like most protists, typically microscopic. All protozoans are eukaryotes and therefore possess a “true,” or membrane-bound, nucleus.

protozoology, the study of protozoans. The science had its beginnings in the latter half of the 17th century when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek of the Netherlands first observed protozoans by means of his invention, the microscope. Protozoans are common, and they are of particular interest to man because

protractor, any of a group of instruments used to construct and measure plane angles. The simplest protractor comprises a semicircular disk graduated in degrees—from 0° to 180°. It is an ancient device that was already in use during the 13th century. At that time, European instrument makers

Sophist: Writings: …discussion of law in the Protrepticus, or “Exhortation to Philosophy,” by the 3rd-century-ce Syrian Neoplatonist Iamblichus, and the so-called Dissoi logoi found in the manuscripts of Sextus Empiricus (3rd century ce). This evidence suggests that while most later writers took their

Aristotle: The Academy: Another youthful work, the Protrepticus (“Exhortation”), has been reconstructed by modern scholars from quotations in various works from late antiquity. Everyone must do philosophy, Aristotle claims, because even arguing against the practice of philosophy is itself a form of philosophizing. The best form of philosophy is the contemplation of…

Christianity: Characteristics of Christian myth and legend: , in his Protreptikos [“Exhortation”]) and other Church Fathers roundly condemned the belief that Greek myths might be autonomous sources of truth. In spite of its ambiguous use of mythic symbols and themes, the history of Christian doctrine, from its origins to the present day, testifies to the…

herniated disk, displacement of part of the rubbery centre, or nucleus, of a cartilaginous disk from between the vertebrae so that it presses against the spinal cord. Pain occurs in the arms if the protrusion occurs at the level of the neck (between the fifth and sixth or sixth and seventh cervical

proturan, any of a group of about 800 species of minute (0.5 to 2 mm [0.02 to 0.08 inch]), pale, wingless, blind, primitive insects that live in damp humus and soil and feed on decaying organic matter. Proturans, also known as telsontails, include some of the most primitive hexapods (i.e., animals

proturan, any of a group of about 800 species of minute (0.5 to 2 mm [0.02 to 0.08 inch]), pale, wingless, blind, primitive insects that live in damp humus and soil and feed on decaying organic matter. Proturans, also known as telsontails, include some of the most primitive hexapods (i.e., animals

Proud Boys, neofascist white nationalist organization established in the United States in 2016. The group’s members were noted for their misogynistic and anti-Semitic rhetoric, QAnon-related beliefs, their support for U.S. Pres. Donald Trump, and their propensity for street violence. The Proud Boys

Taraji P. Henson: …then starred in the thrillers Proud Mary, portraying a hit woman, and Tyler Perry’s Acrimony (both 2018), in which she appeared as a betrayed and vengeful wife. Henson was then cast as a sports agent who, after hitting her head, can hear men’s thoughts in What Men Want (2019), a…

Creedence Clearwater Revival: “Proud Mary,” a mythic journey down the Mississippi River of Fogerty’s imagination, was an instant international hit.

Barbara Tuchman: Tuchman’s next book, The Proud Tower (1966), subtitled A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890–1914, was a survey of European and American society, culture, and politics in the 1890s. She was awarded a second Pulitzer Prize for Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45 (1970).…

Joseph Proud was an English Swedenborgian minister and hymn writer who possessed considerable gifts as a preacher. The son of a General Baptist minister, Proud served Baptist churches at Knipton, Fleet, and Norwich before in 1788 openly adopting the views of Emanuel Swedenborg. As a minister of the

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was a French libertarian socialist and journalist whose doctrines became the basis for later radical and anarchist theory. Proudhon was born into poverty as the son of a feckless cooper and tavern keeper, and at the age of nine he worked as a cowherd in the Jura Mountains.

Zip2: Sorkin was replaced by Derek Proudian. In 1999 Compaq Computer Corp. purchased Zip2 for $307 million, and Zip2 became a unit of the search engine AltaVista, which Compaq had recently acquired. Zip2’s online city guides added local breadth to AltaVista’s features.

Joseph Proudman was a British oceanographer known for his contribution to the Taylor–Proudman theorem of the dynamics of rotating fluids. He directed much of his attention to research on tides, turbulence, temperature, and salinity of the Irish Sea and storm

Annie Proulx is an American writer whose darkly comic yet sad fiction is peopled with quirky, memorable individuals and unconventional families. Her novels and short stories, which are often about disintegrating families who maintain attachments to the land, feature regional speech patterns,

Annie Proulx is an American writer whose darkly comic yet sad fiction is peopled with quirky, memorable individuals and unconventional families. Her novels and short stories, which are often about disintegrating families who maintain attachments to the land, feature regional speech patterns,

Intuit Inc.: …American entrepreneurs Scott Cook and Tom Proulx. The company headquarters is in Mountain View, California

Maya hieroglyphic writing: Two years later Tatiana Prouskouriakoff established that the inscriptions were primarily historical: they recorded events in the lives of Maya rulers and their families. The work of these three scholars constituted a revolution in Maya studies, and in succeeding decades the decipherment of the writing proceeded at an…

law of definite proportions, statement that every chemical compound contains fixed and constant proportions (by mass) of its constituent elements. Although many experimenters had long assumed the truth of the principle in general, the French chemist Joseph-Louis Proust first accumulated conclusive

Joseph-Louis Proust was a French chemist who proved that the relative quantities of any given pure chemical compound’s constituent elements remain invariant, regardless of the compound’s source. This is known as Proust’s law, or the law of definite proportions (1793), and it is the fundamental

Joseph-Louis Proust was a French chemist who proved that the relative quantities of any given pure chemical compound’s constituent elements remain invariant, regardless of the compound’s source. This is known as Proust’s law, or the law of definite proportions (1793), and it is the fundamental

Marcel Proust was a French novelist and the author of À la recherche du temps perdu (1913–27; In Search of Lost Time), a seven-volume novel based on Proust’s life. The novel explores its subject matter from a psychological and allegorical standpoint and is considered a masterpiece of modern

proustite, a sulfosalt mineral, silver arsenic sulfide (Ag3AsS3), that is an important source of silver. Sometimes called ruby silver because of its scarlet-vermilion colour, it occurs in the upper portions of most silver veins, where it is less common than pyrargyrite. Large, magnificent crystals,

William Prout: …atomic weight of hydrogen (Prout’s hypothesis). This theory proved highly fruitful for later investigations of atomic weights, atomic theory, and the classification of the elements. Prout’s theory concerning the relative densities and weights of gases was in agreement with Avogadro’s law (1811), which was not generally accepted until the…

William Prout was an English chemist and biochemist noted for his discoveries concerning digestion, metabolic chemistry, and atomic weights. The son of a tenant farmer, Prout graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1811 with a medical degree. Thereafter he practiced as a successful physician,

Jean Prouvé was a French engineer and builder known particularly for his contributions to the art and technology of prefabricated metal construction. Trained as a metalworker, Prouvé owned and operated from 1922 to 1954 a workshop for the manufacture of wrought-iron objects. He emphasized advanced

New France: …King sent a military commander, Alexandre de Prouville, the marquis de Tracy, and a regiment of soldiers who in 1666 defeated the Iroquois and forced them to make peace. It was then possible to proceed to populate and develop New France. More than 3,000 settlers, including girls of marriageable age,…

Paris Match: Paris Match was acquired by Jean Prouvost, publisher of the daily Le Figaro, and he led the magazine to high prestige and financial success. Its ownership eventually passed, by the early 21st century, to the French conglomerate Lagardère. Paris Match appeals to a broad spectrum of the French people and…

Lake Baikal: …bay in Baikal known as Proval Bay.

Sverdlovsk: To the east lies the Provalsky Steppe, a reserve of natural steppe vegetation. The city was incorporated in 1938 following the amalgamation of several local mining settlements. Pop. (2001) 72,531; (2005 est.) 69,763.

Kelsey Grammer: Later film and TV credits: …appeared in the legal drama Proven Innocent (2019), portraying a tough prosecutor, and was cast as a congressman in Charming the Hearts of Men (2020), a romantic drama set in the 1960s. His films from 2021 included The Space Between, about an aging rock star.

art fraud: Smuggling and provenance: …ownership of the work (called provenance) and the mention of the work in archival records. Genuine works of art appear in historical records and are owned by individuals, and one way to determine the authenticity of a work is to establish that kind of history. Marks of ownership, such as…

Claudia Rankine: …she was best known for The Provenance of Beauty: A South Bronx Travelogue, which was performed in September–October 2009 by New York City’s Foundry Theatre on a bus touring the South Bronx and was revived in 2011 at Arena Stage in Washington, D.C.

Occitan language: The name Provençal originally referred to the Occitan dialects of the Provence region and is used also to refer to the standardized medieval literary language and still-vigorous literary movement based on the dialect of Provence. Because of that long literary tradition, many in the Provence region still…

Provençal literature, the body of writings in the Occitan, or Provençal, language of Provence and neighbouring regions in southeastern France. Provençal literature flourished from the 11th to the 14th century, when its poetry reached rare heights of virtuosity and variety in its celebration of

Provence, historical and cultural region encompassing the southeastern French départements of Bouches-du-Rhône, Vaucluse, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, and Var. It is roughly coextensive with the former province of Provence and with the present-day region of Provence-Alpes-Cote d’Azur. With the

Provence Alps, western spurs of the Maritime Alps in southeastern France, lying between the Dauphiné Alps (north), the Lower Rhône River (west), and the Mediterranean Sea (south). The coastal massifs of Maures and Estérel are considered part of the range. The mountains are dissected by valleys of

Provence Alps, western spurs of the Maritime Alps in southeastern France, lying between the Dauphiné Alps (north), the Lower Rhône River (west), and the Mediterranean Sea (south). The coastal massifs of Maures and Estérel are considered part of the range. The mountains are dissected by valleys of

Elliott Erwitt: …identified as his, such as Provence, France, 1955, the image of a man, wearing a beret, riding his bicycle down the road ahead while perched on the back are two long baguettes and a child looking back at the photographer over his shoulder. In the 21st century, Erwitt’s reputation has…

Louis XVIII was the king of France by title from 1795 and in fact from 1814 to 1824, except for the interruption of the Hundred Days, during which Napoleon attempted to recapture his empire. Louis was the fourth son of the dauphin Louis, the son of Louis XV, and received the title comte de

Provence–Alpes–Côte d’Azur, région of France encompassing the southeastern départements of Alpes-Maritimes, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Var, Bouches-du-Rhône, and Vaucluse. Provence–Alpes–Côte d’Azur is bounded by the régions of Occitanie to the west and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the

Provence–Alpes–Côte d’Azur, région of France encompassing the southeastern départements of Alpes-Maritimes, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Var, Bouches-du-Rhône, and Vaucluse. Provence–Alpes–Côte d’Azur is bounded by the régions of Occitanie to the west and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the

primitive culture: European peasant society: These workers are called prebendal in English (French provendiers) because they were provisioned and housed at the master’s expense. The only difference between a prebendal worker and a slave was the freedom of the prebendal worker to leave if he was dissatisfied.

prostate cancer: Sipuleucel-T: …with an agent known as sipuleucel-T (Provenge), which is designed to activate the immune system to attack cancer cells. Sipuleucel-T was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2010, becoming the first immunotherapeutic agent available for the treatment of prostate cancer. Sipuleucel-T is tailored specifically for each patient.…

Sicilian Mafia: Bernardo Provenzano, consolidated control of the Mafia by 1995 and ran the organization until his own arrest in 2006. Matteo Messina (“Diabolik”) Denaro, who was a fugitive from the law from 1993 until January 2023, was believed to be the boss of bosses until his…

proverb, succinct and pithy saying in general use, expressing commonly held ideas and beliefs. Proverbs are part of every spoken language and are related to such other forms of folk literature as riddles and fables that have originated in oral tradition. Comparisons of proverbs found in various

caricature and cartoon: Spain: The “Proverbios” of 1813–19 are even more monumental transfigurations of various states of the human condition. Like the “Caprichos,” they used the caricaturist’s means for irony and satire, but there was little of the comic left in them and none at all in the “Desastres de…

Francisco Goya: The Napoleonic invasion and period after the restoration: …Quinta del Sordo (1820–23) and Los proverbios or Los disparates, a series of etchings made at about the same time (though not published until 1864), are, on the other hand, nightmare visions in expressionist language that seem to reflect cynicism, pessimism, and despair.

The Proverbs, an Old Testament book of “wisdom” writing found in the third section of the Jewish canon, known as the Ketuvim, or Writings. The book’s superscription, “The proverbs of Solomon. . . ,” is not to say that it as a whole or even individual proverbs should be credited to King Solomon, for

Austin Dobson: …Rhyme (1873), was followed by Proverbs in Porcelain (1877). In these and in At the Sign of the Lyre (1885), Dobson showed the polish, wit, and restrained pathos that made his verses popular. After 1885 Dobson was chiefly occupied with biographical and critical works: books on Henry Fielding, Thomas Bewick,…

English literature: Influence of French poetry: The Proverbs of Alfred was written somewhat earlier, in the late 12th century; these proverbs deliver conventional wisdom in a mixture of rhymed couplets and alliterative lines, and it is hardly likely that any of the material they contain actually originated with the king whose…

The Proverbs, an Old Testament book of “wisdom” writing found in the third section of the Jewish canon, known as the Ketuvim, or Writings. The book’s superscription, “The proverbs of Solomon. . . ,” is not to say that it as a whole or even individual proverbs should be credited to King Solomon, for

providence, the quality in divinity on which humankind bases the belief in a benevolent intervention in human affairs and the affairs of the world. The forms that this belief takes differ, depending on the context of the religion and the culture in which they function. In one view, the concept of

Providence, county, northern Rhode Island, U.S. It is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and the east, and Narragansett Bay to the southeast. The principal waterways are the Blackstone and Pawtuxet rivers. The historic city of Providence is the commercial, cultural, and

Providence, city, capital of Rhode Island, U.S. It lies in Providence county at the head of Narragansett Bay on the Providence River. A seaport and an industrial and commercial centre, it is the focus of a metropolitan area that includes Pawtucket, East Providence, Central Falls, Cranston, Warwick,

Fairfax, city, seat (1779) of Fairfax county (though administratively independent of it), northeastern Virginia, U.S., about 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Washington, D.C. It developed after 1799 with the construction of the county courthouse and relocation of the county seat from Alexandria. The

Annapolis, capital of the U.S. state of Maryland and seat of Anne Arundel county. The city lies along the Severn River at its mouth on Chesapeake Bay, 27 miles (43 km) southeast of Baltimore. Settled in 1649 as Providence by Virginian Puritans, it later was known as Town Land at Proctor’s and Anne

Ellen Burstyn: …then accepted substantial roles in Providence (1977) and the film production of Same Time, Next Year (1978). She received an Oscar nomination for Resurrection (1980), in which she played a woman who develops healing powers after a car accident. During the remainder of the 1980s, however, her screen appearances were…

William Bligh: …back to sea in the Providence in 1791, determined to complete his mission. However, it was a fatal choice for his public reputation, as he was not in England for the trial and execution of the mutineers, and accusations about his command went unanswered. In his Narrative of the Mutiny,…

Providence: The Providence Athenaeum (1838) houses a collection (established 1753) of old books and paintings. The State House (1895–1900), built of white Georgia marble, has a dome measuring 50 feet (15 metres) in diameter. The city has two cathedrals, SS. Peter and Paul (1874–89, Roman Catholic) and…

Providence College, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Providence, R.I., U.S. It is affiliated with the Dominican order of the Roman Catholic church. The college requires students to complete a core curriculum that includes history, philosophy, and religion courses, in

Georg Raphael Donner: …he produced his masterpiece, the Providence Fountain (1738–39) on the Neuer Markt. The figures originally cast in lead, a technique favoured by the artist, were replaced in 1873 by copies in bronze. Other Donner works are the Perseus and Andromeda Fountain in the courtyard of the Vienna Rathaus and a…

John Chilembwe: …in 1900, he founded his Providence Industrial Mission to educate and instill discipline and pride in the Nyasa people of the district around Blantyre.

John Pym: Life: …Pym was treasurer of the Providence Island Company, which sought to open trade with Spanish America—peacefully, if possible, by force, if not. From 1629 to 1640, during which period the king chose to rule without Parliament, this company brought together the men, mostly Puritans, who were to lead the Parliamentary…

Rhode Island: Media and publishing: The Providence Journal (daily), founded in 1829, is the oldest continuously published major daily newspaper in the United States. Newport, Pawtucket, and Woonsocket have daily papers, and a number of other towns publish weekly newspapers. Other papers of note are Providence Business News (weekly) and Providence…

United States: The New England colonies: …to become one colony called Providence Plantation in Narragansett Bay.

Narragansett Bay: …Bay (a northeastern arm), the Providence River (a northwestern arm), and the Sakonnet River (a tidal strait that separates the island of Rhode from the mainland). Claiborne Pell (Newport) Bridge, which traverses the bay to connect Rhode and Conanicut islands, is New England’s longest bridge at 11,247 feet (3,428 metres)…

Richard Quinney: His book Providence: The Reconstruction of Social and Moral Order (1980) moved beyond neo-Marxism to religious and spiritual approaches later described as “prophetic.” By the late 1980s Quinney had begun to focus on peacemaking—he was particularly influenced by Buddhist views on suffering and the end of suffering—and…

San Andrés y Providencia, island departamento, Colombia, consisting of the Andrés and Providencia islands and several small keys in the Caribbean Sea, 440 miles (710 km) northwest of Cartagena, Colom., and 110 miles (180 km) off the coast of Nicaragua. Three of the keys are also claimed by the

Providenciales, a main island of the Caicos group in the Turks and Caicos Islands, northwestern West Indies, between West Caicos and North Caicos islands. The limestone island comes to a narrow waist at Grace Bay, flaring to a breadth of approximately 5 miles (8 km) at the western end and 2 miles

Fannie Barrier Williams: In 1891 Williams helped organize Provident Hospital and its training school for nurses, both interracial institutions. In May 1893 she gave an address on “The Intellectual Progress of the Colored Women of the United States Since the Emancipation Proclamation” to the World’s Congress of Representative Women (held in conjunction with…

Alfred Firmin Loisy: …first censure, Leo XIII’s encyclical Providentissimus Deus (on biblical scholarship), he refused to bow to this latest pressure and was excommunicated in 1908.

smart drug: …agents such as Provigil (modafinil). Generally speaking, cognitive enhancers improve working and episodic (event-specific) memory, attention, vigilance, and overall wakefulness but act through different brain systems and neurotransmitters to exert their enhancing effects.

province, in Roman antiquity, a territorial subdivision of the Roman Empire—specifically, the sphere of action and authority of a Roman magistrate who held the imperium, or executive power. The name was at first applied to territories both in Italy and wherever else a Roman official exercised

Precambrian: Occurrence and distribution of Precambrian rocks: provinces, or blocks. Some examples include: the North Atlantic craton that incorporates northwestern Scotland, central Greenland, and Labrador; the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwean cratons in southern Africa; the Dharwar craton

Belgium: Local government: …the administrative hierarchy are the provinces (Flemish: provincies), each of which is divided into arrondissements and further subdivided into communes (gemeenten). The provinces are under the authority of a governor, with legislative power exercised by the provincial council. The Permanent Deputation, elected from the members of the provincial council, provides…

Provincetown, town (township), Barnstable county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., at the northern tip of Cape Cod. It is located among sand dunes within a fishhook-shaped harbour that was visited by the explorers Bartholomew Gosnold in 1602 and Henry Hudson in 1609. Before the Pilgrims founded

John Austin: Work: …part of his lectures, is The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, published in 1832. Here, in order to clarify the distinction between law and morality, which he considered to be blurred by doctrines of Natural Law, he elaborated his definition of law as a species of command. According to Austin, commands…

Provincetown, town (township), Barnstable county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., at the northern tip of Cape Cod. It is located among sand dunes within a fishhook-shaped harbour that was visited by the explorers Bartholomew Gosnold in 1602 and Henry Hudson in 1609. Before the Pilgrims founded

Provincetown Players, theatrical organization that began performing in 1915 in Provincetown, Mass., U.S., founded by a nontheatre group of writers and artists whose common aim was the production of new and experimental plays. Among the original Provincetowners who staged the first plays in members’

province, in Roman antiquity, a territorial subdivision of the Roman Empire—specifically, the sphere of action and authority of a Roman magistrate who held the imperium, or executive power. The name was at first applied to territories both in Italy and wherever else a Roman official exercised

China: Later innovations: Those who passed the provincial examinations (juren) could be appointed directly to posts in the lower echelons of the civil service. They were also eligible to compete in triennial metropolitan examinations conducted at the national capital. Those who passed were given degrees often called doctorates (jinshi) and promptly took…

national forest, in the United States, any of numerous forest areas set aside under federal supervision for the purposes of conserving water, timber, wildlife, fish, and other renewable resources and providing recreational areas for the public. The national forests are administered by the U.S.

Mary Ann Shadd: The Provincial Freeman: …in freedom in Canada through The Provincial Freeman, a weekly newspaper first printed on 24 March 1853. This made Shadd, who was one of the first female journalists in Canada, the first Black woman in Canada and North America to publish a newspaper. “Self-Reliance Is the True Road to Independence”…

Blaise Pascal: Les Provinciales of Blaise Pascal: Written in defense of Antoine Arnauld, an opponent of the Jesuits and a defender of Jansenism who was on trial before the faculty of theology in Paris for his controversial religious works, Pascal’s 18 Lettres écrites par Louis de Montalte à…

medical association: …Surgeons of England, and the British Medical Association (BMA). The latter association, formed in 1832, initially represented rural physicians and specifically excluded London doctors or those associated with the Royal Societies. Now it chiefly represents general practitioners and has had great influence in shaping the provisions of the National Health…

Egerton Ryerson: …for the creation of the Provincial Normal School in Toronto to provide professional training of teachers. Ryerson also saw to the establishment of the provincial Educational Depository (to supply schools and teachers with books and other teaching materials at reduced prices), the distribution of uniform textbooks, and the adoption of…

Blaise Pascal: Les Provinciales of Blaise Pascal: Written in defense of Antoine Arnauld, an opponent of the Jesuits and a defender of Jansenism who was on trial before the faculty of theology in Paris for his controversial religious works, Pascal’s 18 Lettres écrites par Louis de Montalte à…

unitario: …opposed to, and by, many provincianos (Argentines outside of Buenos Aires provincia), whose gaucho armies fought for decades to maintain federalism, which meant virtual autonomy for each province. Provincianos also demanded tariff protection for their nascent industries and the end of Buenos Aires’s status as the exclusive entrepôt of the…

United Provinces of Central America, (1823–40), union of what are now the states of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua. Since the 1520s these regions, along with the Mexican state of Chiapas, had composed the captaincy general of Guatemala, part of the viceroyalty of New

Buenos Aires: The independent capital: …was named capital of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. The more distant provinces of the former viceroyalty—Bolivia, Uruguay, and Paraguay—refused to become part of a new country dominated by the port city, however. For nearly 30 years the provinces were held together by federalism, which meant…

proving ground, area used for testing devices and equipment, usually, though not always, military. Testing, in general, has for its purpose the determination of the durability and probable life of a piece of equipment. the enforcement of standards through sample testing (for example, of

Provins, town, Seine-et-Marne département, Île-de-France région, north-central France. It lies in an agricultural region east-southeast of Paris. The older part of the city, the Ville-Haute (Upper Town), stands on a hill and is partly surrounded by medieval walls (12th and 13th-century). The Upper

episome: …become integrated is called a prophage. See lysogeny.

inheritance: Limits on freedom of testation: …extended by the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependents) Act of 1975. Under that act, the standard for provision for a surviving spouse is no longer limited to maintenance but is a reasonable share of the deceased’s estate. The class of applicants has been widened to include any person…

voter ID law: …voter may be given a provisional ballot that is not counted unless the voter presents acceptable identification at an election office within a specified period of time). Voter ID laws are also sometimes said to be more or less strict with respect to the number of acceptable forms of identification…