price discrimination, practice of selling a commodity at different prices to different buyers, even though sales costs are the same in all of the transactions. Discrimination among buyers may be based on personal characteristics such as income, race, or age or on geographic location. For price

Stocks, ETFs, commodities, and really all market prices fluctuate, whether they’re on their way up or down. If an asset price is trending up, it occasionally pulls back. If its trend is down, it occasionally rallies. This can work in your favor if you’re looking to enter the market or add to your

If you’ve ever traveled by subway in London, Paris, or New York, you’ve seen the phrase “Mind the gap.” It’s a warning that something is missing. There’s a void ahead, and if you don’t pay attention, you could get hurt. A price gap on a stock chart is similar in that it indicates something is

price index, measure of relative price changes, consisting of a series of numbers arranged so that a comparison between the values for any two periods or places will show the average change in prices between periods or the average difference in prices between places. Price indexes were first

Mark Goodson: …I’ve Got a Secret (1952–67), The Price Is Right (1956–65, 1972– ), To Tell the Truth (1956–68, 2016– ), Concentration (1958–73), Password (1961–75), and The Match Game (1962–69, 1973–90, 2016– ). He was honoured in 1990 with an Emmy Award for lifetime achievement, and in December 1992 he was selected…

price maintenance, measures taken by manufacturers or distributors to control the resale prices of their products charged by resellers. The practice is more effective in retail sales than at other levels of marketing. Only a few types of goods have come under such controls, the leading examples

Jean Price Mars was a Haitian physician, public official, diplomat, ethnologist, and historian of his country’s sociological and intellectual development and of the contribution of Haitians to the culture of the Americas. Among his ethnological writings is Ainsi parla l’oncle (1928; new ed., 1954;

price: …system is called the “price mechanism,” and it assumes prices naturally move until the supply of a product matches demand.

Dan Jacobson: …in the Sun (1956), and The Price of Diamonds (1957)—form a complex mosaic that provides a peculiarly incisive view of racially divided South African society. Much of his best work was in his short stories, especially in the collections The Zulu and the Zeide (1959) and Beggar My Neighbour (1964).

Jodie Comer: Theatre: …appeared in a production of The Price of Everything by Fiona Evans. In the play, which was staged at the Stephen Joseph Theatre in Scarborough, England, Comer played the daughter of a millionaire businessman.

Bob Woodward: …Afghanistan War policy, and in The Price of Politics (2012) he cast attention on the struggles between the administration and Congress over fiscal matters. In Fear: Trump in the White House (2018) and Rage (2020) Woodward presented a highly critical account of Donald Trump’s presidency; the latter work included a…

Seymour Hersh: …investigation led him to write The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (1983), a damning portrait of Henry Kissinger that won the National Book Critics Circle Award. Among the subjects of Hersh’s other books were the Soviet downing of a Korean Air Lines plane, Israel’s acquisition of…

Patricia Highsmith: Among Highsmith’s other books are The Price of Salt (1952; written under the pseudonym Claire Morgan), a tale of a love affair between a married woman and a younger, unmarried woman (filmed in 2015 as Carol, the name under which the novel was published in 1990 and thereafter), and The…

James Baldwin: Debate with Buckley, later career, and honors: …a collection of autobiographical writings, The Price of the Ticket (1985).

price index: relative price changes, consisting of a series of numbers arranged so that a comparison between the values for any two periods or places will show the average change in prices between periods or the average difference in prices between places. Price indexes were first developed…

Price River, river that rises in the Wasatch Range near Scofield, central Utah, U.S. It flows generally southeastward through Carbon and northeast Emery counties, past Price and through Price Canyon, to join the Green River after a course of 130 miles (210 km). Scofield Dam (1946), near the river’s

international trade: Development of a common agricultural policy: …and a common system of price supports took the place of the former national systems.

price system, a means of organizing economic activity. It does this primarily by coordinating the decisions of consumers, producers, and owners of productive resources. Millions of economic agents who have no direct communication with each other are led by the price system to supply each other’s

Frank Lloyd Wright: The 1920s and ’30s: …was finally realized as the Price Tower in Bartlesville, Oklahoma.)

the Animals: …Tyne, Tyne and Wear, England), Alan Price (b. April 19, 1942, Fatfield, Durham), Hilton Valentine (b. May 21, 1943, North Shields, Tyne and Wear—d. January 29, 2021), Chas Chandler (byname of Bryan Chandler; b. December 18, 1938, Heaton, Tyne and Wear—d. July 17, 1996), and John Steel (b. February 4,…

Shingle style: Richardson, and Bruce Price. The Price version of the Shingle style, best seen in his homes at Tuxedo Park, N.Y. (1885), influenced the early work of Frank Lloyd Wright.

Montreal Canadiens: …the play of star goalkeeper Carey Price, the Canadiens became one of the top teams in the NHL by the mid-2010s, which included another conference finals appearance in 2014–15. However, the resurgence never reached the heights the franchise was accustomed to and it ended by the 2017–18 season when the…

Toronto Blue Jays: …perennial All-Stars Troy Tulowitzki and David Price at the trade deadline, who helped propel Toronto to the team’s first playoff appearance in 22 seasons, where the Jays were eliminated in the ALCS. The team returned to the ALCS the following season and again lost and struggled during the next few…

Kind Hearts and Coronets: …aristocrat Louis Mazzini (played by Dennis Price) seeks to avenge his mother, disowned by her family for marrying below her station, by gaining the dukedom of her distant dead relative. In order to do so, he systematically murders each of the individuals standing in his way in the line of…

Reynolds Price was an American writer whose stories are set in the southern U.S. state of North Carolina, where he spent nearly all of his life. Price grew up in small towns and attended Duke University in Durham, North Carolina (A.B. 1955), where the works of Eudora Welty became a primary

Mrs. Henry Wood was an English novelist who wrote the sensational and extremely popular East Lynne (1861), a melodramatic and moralizing tale of the fall of virtue. Translated into many languages, it was dramatized with great success, and its plot has been frequently imitated in popular fiction.

Emily Post was an American authority on social behaviour who crafted her advice by applying good sense and thoughtfulness to basic human interactions. Emily Price was educated in private schools in New York City. A popular debutante, she married Edwin M. Post in 1892 (divorced 1906). At the turn of

Fanny Price, fictional character, a poor relation of timid disposition but strong principles who goes to live with the family of Sir Thomas and Lady Bertram, her wealthy uncle and aunt, in Jane Austen’s novel Mansfield Park (1814). Fanny is befriended by her cousin Edmund, who becomes a

Florence Price was an American composer and pianist whose work spans three decades, during which she wrote more than 300 musical compositions. In 1933, she became the first African American woman to have a symphony performed by a major American orchestra. In 2009, the discovery of unpublished

Florence Price was an American composer and pianist whose work spans three decades, during which she wrote more than 300 musical compositions. In 1933, she became the first African American woman to have a symphony performed by a major American orchestra. In 2009, the discovery of unpublished

George Price was an American cartoonist whose work, characterized by witty, imaginative drawing and brief, often one-line captions, helped to modernize the magazine cartoon. As a young man Price did odd jobs in printing offices and did freelance illustrations. During the 1920s he was active in

Belize: Independence of Belize: …internal self-government in 1964, when George Price, a middle-class Roman Catholic intellectual of mixed Creole and mestizo ancestry, became premier. (Price became leader of the PUP in 1954.) Unrelenting Guatemalan hostility, however, impeded independence. In the 1970s Belize took its case for self-determination to the international community, appealing to the…

H.H. Price was a British philosopher noted for his study of perception and thinking. Before his appointment as Wykeham professor of logic at New College, Oxford (1935–59), where he was educated, Price taught at Magdalen College (1922–24), Liverpool University (1922–23), and Trinity College

H.H. Price was a British philosopher noted for his study of perception and thinking. Before his appointment as Wykeham professor of logic at New College, Oxford (1935–59), where he was educated, Price taught at Magdalen College (1922–24), Liverpool University (1922–23), and Trinity College

Leontyne Price is an American lyric soprano, the first African American singer to achieve an international reputation in opera. Both of Price’s grandfathers had been Methodist ministers in Black churches in Mississippi, and she sang in her church choir as a girl. Only when she graduated from the

Lloyd Price was an American singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur. Price made his mark in rock music history with his exuberant tenor and his flair for recasting rhythm and blues as irrepressible pop music, often working with seminal New Orleans producer Dave Bartholomew. Price’s recording of his

Leontyne Price is an American lyric soprano, the first African American singer to achieve an international reputation in opera. Both of Price’s grandfathers had been Methodist ministers in Black churches in Mississippi, and she sang in her church choir as a girl. Only when she graduated from the

Nick Price is a South African-born golfer who was one of the sport’s leading players in the early 1990s. Price’s family moved to Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), where he began playing golf at age eight. At age 17 he traveled to the United States and won the Junior World tournament in San Diego,

Nick Price is a South African-born golfer who was one of the sport’s leading players in the early 1990s. Price’s family moved to Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), where he began playing golf at age eight. At age 17 he traveled to the United States and won the Junior World tournament in San Diego,

outlaw music: Reception in the music industry: …the Good Times,” recorded by Ray Price, was named song of the year for 1970 by the Academy of Country Music. That same year Cash’s recording of Kristofferson’s “Sunday Morning Coming Down” was named song of the year by the Country Music Association. Cash’s live performance of that song on…

outlaw music: Reception in the music industry: …the Good Times,” recorded by Ray Price, was named song of the year for 1970 by the Academy of Country Music. That same year Cash’s recording of Kristofferson’s “Sunday Morning Coming Down” was named song of the year by the Country Music Association. Cash’s live performance of that song on…

Reynolds Price was an American writer whose stories are set in the southern U.S. state of North Carolina, where he spent nearly all of his life. Price grew up in small towns and attended Duke University in Durham, North Carolina (A.B. 1955), where the works of Eudora Welty became a primary

Richard Price was a British moral philosopher, expert on insurance and finance, and ardent supporter of the American and French revolutions. His circle of friends included Benjamin Franklin, William Pitt, Lord Shelburne, and David Hume. A Dissenter like his father, he ministered to Presbyterians

Sammy Price was an American pianist and bandleader, a jazz musician rooted in the old rhythm and blues and boogie-woogie traditions who had a long career as a soloist and accompanist. Price first toured as a dancer before working in bands in the Southwest and Midwest during the 1920s and ’30s. He

Sammy Price was an American pianist and bandleader, a jazz musician rooted in the old rhythm and blues and boogie-woogie traditions who had a long career as a soloist and accompanist. Price first toured as a dancer before working in bands in the Southwest and Midwest during the 1920s and ’30s. He

Sir Uvedale Price, 1st Baronet was a British landscape designer and, with the writer-artist William Gilpin and Richard Payne Knight, one of the chief aestheticians of the Picturesque movement in landscaping. Price was a wealthy country squire, Knight his friend and neighbour; both were enthusiastic

Sterling Price was an antebellum governor of Missouri, and Confederate general during the U.S. Civil War. After attending Hampden-Sydney College (1826–27), Price studied law. In 1831 he moved with his family from Virginia to Missouri, where he entered public life. He served in the state legislature

Arthur Miller: The Price (1968) continued Miller’s exploration of the theme of guilt and responsibility to oneself and to others by examining the strained relationship between two brothers. He directed the London production of the play in 1969.

Thomas Price was an Australian statesman who as premier of South Australia (1905–09) was the first long-term Labor Party premier of an Australian state. A stonecutter in England, Price emigrated to South Australia in 1883 to improve his health; he continued his trade and served as secretary of the

Vincent Price was an American actor who was best known for his brilliant performances in horror films. His villains were debonair yet menacing, played with a silken voice and a self-mocking air that oozed treachery. Price’s father owned the National Candy Company, and his paternal grandfather

Vincent Price was an American actor who was best known for his brilliant performances in horror films. His villains were debonair yet menacing, played with a silken voice and a self-mocking air that oozed treachery. Price’s father owned the National Candy Company, and his paternal grandfather

diesel engine: Price’s engine: …1914 a young American engineer, William T. Price, began to experiment with an engine that would operate with a lower compression ratio than that of the diesel and at the same time would not require either hot bulbs or tubes. As soon as his experiments began to show promise, he…

utility and value: Changes in prices and incomes: …contains a locus UU′, τηε price–consumption curve, showing how the consumer’s purchases vary with PX.

price-fixing, any agreement between business competitors (“horizontal”) or between manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers (“vertical”) to raise, fix, or otherwise maintain prices. Many, though not all, price-fixing agreements are illegal under antitrust or competition law. Illegal actions may be

money: The gold standard: …adjustment process known as the price-specie-flow adjustment mechanism. This process, analyzed by 18th- and 19th-century economists such as David Hume, John Stuart Mill, and Henry Thornton, occurred as follows: a rise in a particular country’s quantity of money would tend to raise prices in that country relative to prices in…

The price-to-book ratio (P/B) compares a company’s market value with its book value per share, drawn from the balance sheet. It shows whether the market is valuing a company above, below, or in line with the worth of its reported assets. P/B = price per share ÷ book value per share Book value

The price-to-cash-flow ratio (P/CF) compares a company’s stock price with the cash it generates from operations, known as operating cash flow. This figure comes from the company’s statement of cash flows. P/CF = price per share ÷ operating cash flow per share For example, if a company reports $10

The price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) is a valuation measure that compares a company’s share price with its earnings per share (EPS). It is one of the most widely used ways to judge whether a stock looks expensive or cheap relative to its profits. P/E = price per share ÷ earnings per share Suppose a

The price-to-sales ratio (P/S) compares a company’s stock price with its sales—called revenue on the company income statement and in analyst reports. P/S = price per share ÷ revenue per share For example, if a company generates $10 billion in annual revenue and has 1 billion shares outstanding, its

The price/earnings-to-growth ratio (PEG) refines the price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) by adjusting for expected earnings growth (expressed as a whole number, e.g., 10 for 10%). PEG = P/E ratio ÷ earnings growth rate For example, a company trading at 20 times earnings with an expected annual growth

priceite, an earthy, white borate mineral, hydrated calcium borate (Ca4B10O19·7H2O). It has been found as masses and nodules in a hot-spring deposit near Chetco, Ore., U.S.; as nodules in shale in Death Valley, Calif., U.S.; and as very large masses (weighing up to a ton) underlying gypsum and clay

Audrey Tautou: …comedies Hors de prix (2006; Priceless) and Ensemble, c’est tout (2007; Hunting and Gathering). In 2009 she portrayed Coco Chanel in the biopic Coco avant Chanel (Coco Before Chanel). She evinced a widow who is drawn out of mourning by an oafish coworker in La Délicatesse (2011; Delicacy) and played…

F.A. Hayek: Life and major works: …attacked Hayek’s own recent book, Prices and Production (1931). Both economists were criticized by other economists, and this caused each to rethink his framework. Keynes finished first, publishing in 1936 what would become perhaps the most famous economics book of the century, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.…

Prichard, city, Mobile county, southwestern Alabama, U.S., a northern industrial suburb of Mobile. It was named for Cleveland Prichard, who purchased a tract of land (1879) on the east side of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad track and developed it into a vegetable-shipping point for markets in the

H.A. Prichard was an English philosopher, one of the leading members of the Oxford intuitionist school of moral philosophy, which held that moral values are ultimate and irreducible and can be ascertained only through the use of intuition. Prichard spent most of his life teaching at the University

H.A. Prichard was an English philosopher, one of the leading members of the Oxford intuitionist school of moral philosophy, which held that moral values are ultimate and irreducible and can be ascertained only through the use of intuition. Prichard spent most of his life teaching at the University

James Cowles Prichard was an English physician and ethnologist who was among the first to assign all the human races and ethnic groups to a single species. He was also responsible for the conception of moral insanity (psychopathic personality) as a distinct disease. Prichard received his early

Katharine Susannah Prichard was an Australian novelist and writer of short stories, plays, and verse, best known for Coonardoo (1929). Prichard’s father was editor of the Fiji Times, and she grew up mostly in Australia. She first worked as a newspaper journalist in Melbourne and Sydney and then as

Celtic literature: Welsh literature in the 17th century: …version of the Psalms and Rhys Prichard’s Canwyll y Cymry (1646–72; “The Welshman’s Candle”), both written in so-called free meters. Prys’s Psalter contained the first Welsh metrical hymns. Prichard’s work consisted of moral verses in the meters of the old folk songs (penillion telyn). Many other poets wrote in these…

Price refers to the amount of money required to purchase a product or service. Price can also be seen as a measure of a product’s value, insofar as people are willing to pay a certain monetary amount to buy it. (Read Milton Friedman’s Britannica entry on money.) Price plays an essential role in the

Stephen Frears: …continued to garner praise with Prick Up Your Ears (1987), a biographical movie about British playwright Joe Orton, and the American films Dangerous Liaisons (1988) and The Grifters (1990), for which he received an Academy Award nomination. He subsequently directed the comedies The Snapper (1993) and

angiosperm: Dermal tissue: Prickles, such as those found in roses, are an outgrowth of the epidermis and are an effective deterrent against herbivores.

integument: Skin structure: …the prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum), in which they are knit together by plaquelike structures called desmosomes. Next they move through a granular layer (stratum granulosum), in which they become laden with keratohyalin, a granular component of keratin. Finally the cells flatten, lose their nuclei, and form the stratum…

prickleback, any of numerous fishes constituting the family Stichaeidae (order Perciformes). All of the approximately 60 species are marine, and most are restricted to the northern Pacific Ocean; a few species occur in the North Atlantic. Members of the family are characteristically elongate, with

angelica tree, (species Aralia spinosa), prickly-stemmed shrub or tree, of the ginseng family (Araliaceae), that can reach a height of 15 m (about 50 feet). Its leaves are large, with leaflets arranged feather-fashion and often prickly. The angelica tree is native to low-lying areas from Delaware

prickly ash, (genus Zanthoxylum), genus of about 200 species of aromatic trees and shrubs of the rue family (Rutaceae), native to the middle latitudes of North America, South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Several species are cultivated as ornamentals or for their attractive wood, and some

miliaria: Miliaria rubra, or prickly heat, the most common form of sweat retention, results from the escape of sweat into the epidermis, where it produces discrete, densely packed, pinhead vesicles or red papules (solid, usually conical elevations); these lesions occur chiefly on the trunk and extremities,…

weed: Examples are prickly lettuce (Lactuca scariola) and sow thistle (Sonchus species) that serve as hosts for downy mildew; wild mustards (Brassica species) that host clubroot of cabbage; and saltbrush (Atriplex species) and Russian thistle, in which curly top virus

prickly pear, any of several species of flat-stemmed spiny cacti of the genus Opuntia (family Cactaceae) and their edible fruits. Prickly pear cacti are native to the Western Hemisphere. Several are cultivated, especially the Indian fig (O. ficus-indica), which is an important food for many peoples

prickly poppy, (genus Argemone), genus of approximately 30 species of North American and West Indian plants (one species is endemic to Hawaii) belonging to the poppy family (Papaveraceae). Prickly poppies are cultivated as garden ornamentals but frequently become troublesome weeds when growing

buffalo bur, (Solanum rostratum), plant of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), native to high plains east of the Rocky Mountains from North Dakota to Mexico. Buffalo bur, named for its prickly berries that were commonly entangled in the fur of American bison (Bison bison), is an aggressive weed in

desert: Flora: (One notable exception is the prickly saltwort [Salsola kali], which occurs in deserts in Central Asia, North Africa, California, and Australia, as well as in many saline coastal areas.) Floristic similarities among desert regions are particularly obvious where no wide barriers of ocean or humid vegetation exist to restrict plant…

Robert Coover: Books: Coover’s short-story collection Pricksongs & Descants (1969) established him as a major figure in postwar American writing, and several of his stories were adapted for theatrical performance, including “The Babysitter” (film 1995), which is his most-anthologized work, and “Spanking the Maid.” In 2002 he published The Grand Hotels…

Romania: Relief: …feet (467 metres) in the Pricopan Hills.

pride, in Roman Catholic theology, one of the seven deadly sins, considered by some to be the gravest of all sins. In the theological sense, pride is defined as an excessive love of one’s own excellence. As a deadly sin, pride is believed to generate other sins and further immoral behaviour and is

pride, in human psychology, a feeling of pleasure related to self-worth and often derived from personal achievements or talents, desirable possessions, or membership in an ethnic, religious, gender, social, political, or professional community or organization, among other associations. Pride can be

lion: Prides: Lions are unique among cats in that they live in a group, or pride. The members of a pride typically spend the day in several scattered groups that may unite to hunt or share a meal. A pride consists of several generations of lionesses,…

Bernie Mac: Film career and memoirs: …Howard, in the sports drama Pride in 2007, followed by the third film in the Ocean’s franchise, Ocean’s Thirteen (2007). That same year he announced his retirement from stand-up comedy and his plans to focus on acting and producing.

Pride Month is an annual celebration, usually in June in the United States and at other times in some countries, of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) identity. Pride Month commemorates the Stonewall riots, which began in the early hours of June 28, 1969, after police raided the

Pride and Prejudice: Movies and other adaptations: … and Colin Firth, and the 2005 movie featuring Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen. Bride & Prejudice (2004) is a Bollywood version of the novel starring Aishwarya Rai Bachchan and Martin Henderson. Among other notable adaptations are the TV series The Lizzie Bennet Diaries (2012–13), a modern retelling of the novel

Robert Z. Leonard: Dancing Lady to Ziegfeld Girl: …working with MacDonald, Leonard made Pride and Prejudice (1940), an acclaimed adaptation of the Jane Austen classic, with Laurence Olivier, Greer Garson, and Maureen O’Sullivan heading the cast; the script was cowritten by English novelist Aldous Huxley. After the lacklustre

Pride and Prejudice, romantic novel of manners by English author Jane Austen, published anonymously in three volumes in 1813. A classic of English literature, written with incisive wit and superb character delineation, it centers on the burgeoning relationship between Elizabeth Bennet, the daughter

List of Jane Austen Film and TV Adaptations: Pride and Prejudice (published 1813): …renditions are a 1995 BBC TV series with Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth in the lead roles and a 2005 film directed by Joe Wright and starring Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen. Each Darcy gets a memorable scene: Firth, fresh from a swim in a lake, comes upon Ehle at…

Lily James: Breakout in Downton Abbey and subsequent lead roles: …in the comedic monster movie Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2016); and Natasha Rostova in a BBC miniseries adaptation (2016) of Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace. In 2016 she also reteamed with Cinderella director Branagh and costar Richard Madden in a stage production of Romeo and Juliet at the Garrick…

Stanley Kramer: Directing: The historical drama The Pride and the Passion (1957), however, was better received, in part because of a cast that featured Sinatra, Cary Grant, and Sophia Loren. Kramer’s success continued with The Defiant Ones (1958), the first of his notable “message” pictures. The drama starred Sidney Poitier and…

Pride Month is an annual celebration, usually in June in the United States and at other times in some countries, of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) identity. Pride Month commemorates the Stonewall riots, which began in the early hours of June 28, 1969, after police raided the

graphic novel: The graphic novel grows up: …The Last Man (2002–08) and Pride of Baghdad (2006) by Brian K. Vaughan, with artwork by Pia Guerra and Niko Henrichon, respectively. These comics, along with a host of other artful and literate publications, have gained recognition and awards well beyond the sometimes insular world of comic fandom. They have…

Dolf Luque was a Cuban professional baseball player and manager who was the first player from Latin America to become a star in the U.S. major leagues. Luque, a right-handed pitcher, made his major league debut in 1914 with the Boston Braves but spent most of his career in the United States with

John Sayles: …he published his first novel, The Pride of the Bimbos, about a cross-dressing barnstorming softball team. A year later he won an O. Henry Award for his short story “I-80 Nebraska, m.490–m.205,” and he earned another in 1977 for “Breed.” Sayles’s second novel, Union Dues (1977), which follows a West…

Delmer Daves: Early work: Pride of the Marines (1945) was more serious fare. The biopic chronicles a marine’s difficulties in adjusting to civilian life after he was blinded at the Battle of Guadalcanal. Featuring a strong performance by Garfield in the lead role of Al Schmid, the film was…