playa, flat-bottom depression found in interior desert basins and adjacent to coasts within arid and semiarid regions, periodically covered by water that slowly filtrates into the ground water system or evaporates into the atmosphere, causing the deposition of salt, sand, and mud along the bottom

pan, type of Chinese bronze vessel produced during the Shang dynasty (c. 18th–12th century bc) and, more commonly, during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1111–256/255 bc). A low bowl or pan used as a water container or for ceremonial washing, the pan was generally circular and supported on a low ring base.

Wangari Maathai: …Green Belt Movement established the Pan African Green Belt Network in 1986 in order to educate world leaders about conservation and environmental improvement. As a result of the movement’s activism, similar initiatives were begun in other African countries, including Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe.

Pan American World Airways, Inc., former American airline that was founded in 1927 and, up until the final two decades of the 20th century, had service to cities in many countries in North and South America, the Caribbean Islands, Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. From 1984 it was governed

Margot Robbie: …in the 1960s-set TV series Pan Am (2011–12), but the show was canceled after a single season. She then had a small part in the British time-travel movie About Time (2013). Her breakthrough came when she was cast as the trophy wife of the title character (Leonardo DiCaprio) in Martin…

Pan Am flight 103, flight of a passenger airliner operated by Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) that exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland, on December 21, 1988, after a bomb was detonated. All 259 people on board were killed, and 11 individuals on the ground also died. About 7:00 pm on December 21,

Pan Am flight 73 hijacking, takeover of a Pan American World Airways jet on September 5, 1986, by hijackers linked to the Abū Niḍāl Organization. A 16-hour standoff at Jinnah International Airport in Karāchi ended with 22 hostages dead and some 150 injured. On September 5, 1986, Pan Am flight 73, a

Brazil: Kubitschek’s administration: …the Kubitschek administration proposed adopting Operation Pan America, an economic development program for Latin America that foreshadowed the Alliance for Progress.

Pan American World Airways, Inc., former American airline that was founded in 1927 and, up until the final two decades of the 20th century, had service to cities in many countries in North and South America, the Caribbean Islands, Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. From 1984 it was governed

Pan American Sports Games, quadrennial sports event for countries of the Western Hemisphere, patterned after the Olympic Games and sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee. The games are conducted by the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO), or Organización Deportiva Panamericana

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), organization founded in December 1902 to improve health conditions in North and South America. The organization, which is headquartered in Washington, D.C., is the oldest international health agency in the world and was the first international organization

map: International organizations: The Pan American Institute of Geography and History has sponsored regular meetings and consultations on cartography, much in the manner of scientific societies. The consultations are held in different countries each year.

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), organization founded in December 1902 to improve health conditions in North and South America. The organization, which is headquartered in Washington, D.C., is the oldest international health agency in the world and was the first international organization

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), organization founded in December 1902 to improve health conditions in North and South America. The organization, which is headquartered in Washington, D.C., is the oldest international health agency in the world and was the first international organization

Pan American Sports Games, quadrennial sports event for countries of the Western Hemisphere, patterned after the Olympic Games and sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee. The games are conducted by the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO), or Organización Deportiva Panamericana

Pan American World Airways, Inc., former American airline that was founded in 1927 and, up until the final two decades of the 20th century, had service to cities in many countries in North and South America, the Caribbean Islands, Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. From 1984 it was governed

Organization of Pan Asian American Women, oldest public-policy organization devoted to concerns of Asian Pacific-American women, founded in 1976 to increase participation of Asian women in policy-making and leadership roles. It also serves as a national network for Asian Pacific-American women and

Ban Chao was a Chinese general and colonial administrator of the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce) who reestablished Chinese control over Central Asia. The brother of the historian Ban Gu (32?–92), Ban Chao early tired of literary pursuits and turned to military affairs. In 73 he was dispatched with a

Ban Zhao was a renowned Chinese scholar and historian of the Dong (Eastern) Han dynasty. The daughter of a prominent family, Ban Zhao married at age 14, but her husband died while she was still young. She never remarried, devoting herself instead to literature and the education of her son. Her

Franciszek Bohomolec: Pan dobry (1767; “The Good Lord”) is a social commentary on the relationship between the peasants and the gentry.

Pan Gu, central figure in Chinese Daoist legends of creation. Pan Gu, the first man, is said to have come forth from chaos (an egg) with two horns, two tusks, and a hairy body. Some accounts credit him with the separation of heaven and earth, setting the sun, moon, stars, and planets in place, and

Ban Gu was a Chinese scholar-official of the Dong (Eastern), or Hou (Later), Han dynasty and one of China’s most noteworthy historians. His Han shu (translated as The History of the Former Han Dynasty) became the model most frequently used by later Chinese historians. Ban Gu was the son of Ban Biao

Guangzhou: Early period: …were constructed near the razed Pan Hill in the late 11th century. Under the Nan (Southern) Song (1127–1279), Chinese seafarers and traders sailed to Southeast Asia, thus opening the way for Chinese emigration abroad in subsequent ages. Also at that time, the rising port city of Quanzhou (in present-day Fujian…

Arnold Böcklin: …reputation with the large mural Pan in the Bulrushes (c. 1857), which brought him the patronage of the king of Bavaria. From 1858 to 1861, he taught at the Weimar Art School, but his nostalgia for the Italian landscape pursued him. After an interval during which he completed his mythological…

construction: Concrete: One is the pan joist system, a standardized beam and girder system of constant depth formed with prefabricated sheet-metal forms. A two-way version of pan joists, called the waffle slab, uses prefabricated hollow sheet-metal domes to create a grid pattern of voids in a solid floor slab, saving…

Pan-ch’iao, city district (ch’ü, or qu), New Taipei City special municipality, northern Taiwan. Until late 2010 it was the seat of T’ai-pei county, but when the county was reorganized administratively, it became a city district of the new special municipality, the county’s successor. Pan-ch’iao is

Ban Gu was a Chinese scholar-official of the Dong (Eastern), or Hou (Later), Han dynasty and one of China’s most noteworthy historians. His Han shu (translated as The History of the Former Han Dynasty) became the model most frequently used by later Chinese historians. Ban Gu was the son of Ban Biao

Mexico: The age of Porfirio Díaz: …of Díaz’s political slogans, “Pan o palo” (“Bread or the stick”), meaning that acquiescence to official policies would ensure livelihood, even wealth, but failure to agree would bring sure reprisals—harassment, imprisonment, death. More significantly from a philosophical and practical point of view, liberty was dropped from the earlier positivist…

Swissair flight 111: The pilots sent out a Pan Pan Pan, signaling that the aircraft was experiencing a problem, but there was no immediate danger. At the time, they believed there was an issue with the air conditioning system and were unaware of the rapidly intensifying fire in the ceiling. After consulting air…

bonobo, (Pan paniscus), ape that was regarded as a subspecies of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) until 1933, when it was first classified separately. The bonobo is found only in lowland rainforests along the south bank of the Congo River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Closely resembling

Ban Biao was an eminent Chinese official of the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce) who is reported to have begun the famous Han shu (“Book of Han”), considered the Confucian historiographic model on which all later dynastic histories were patterned. Ban Biao intended the work to supplement the Shiji

paixiao, Chinese bamboo panpipe, generally a series of bamboo tubes secured together by rows of bamboo strips, wooden strips, or ropes. The instrument is blown across the top end. Although 16 pipes have become the standard, other groupings (from 13 to 24) have been made. Before the Tang dynasty (ad

palm: Economic importance: …of the betel pepper (Piper betle), as a chewing substance. Trunks and leaves serve in local construction, in the making of weapons, and as sources of wax (the wax palm, Ceroxylon; the carnauba wax palm). Leaves of the gebang palm are made into umbrellas and books; others provide material…

Adam Mickiewicz: Pan Tadeusz; film 1999), describes the life of the Polish gentry in the early 19th century through a fictional account of the feud between two families of Polish nobles. The poem conveys perfectly the ethos of an archaic society in which the ideals of chivalry…

Pan Tianshou was a Chinese painter, art educator, and art theorist who was one of the most important traditional Chinese painters of the 20th century. Pan learned literature, painting, and calligraphy as a child in a private school in his village. At 19 his knowledge of Chinese painting was formed

chimpanzee, (Pan troglodytes), species of ape that, along with the bonobo, is most closely related to humans. Chimpanzees inhabit tropical forests and savannas of equatorial Africa from Senegal in the west to Lake Albert and northwestern Tanzania in the east. Individuals vary considerably in size

chimpanzee: Taxonomy: troglodytes schweinfurthii); and the Nigerian-Cameroon chimpanzee (P. troglodytes ellioti, which was formerly classified as P. troglodytes vellerosus).

bonobo, (Pan paniscus), ape that was regarded as a subspecies of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) until 1933, when it was first classified separately. The bonobo is found only in lowland rainforests along the south bank of the Congo River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Closely resembling

chimpanzee: Taxonomy: …Britain; the East African, or long-haired, chimpanzee (P. troglodytes schweinfurthii); and the Nigerian-Cameroon chimpanzee (P. troglodytes ellioti, which was formerly classified as P. troglodytes vellerosus).

chimpanzee: Taxonomy: troglodytes are recognized: the tschego, or Central African chimpanzee (P. troglodytes troglodytes), also known as the common chimpanzee in continental Europe; the West African, or masked, chimpanzee (P. troglodytes verus), known as the common chimpanzee in Great Britain; the East African, or long-haired, chimpanzee (P. troglodytes schweinfurthii); and the…

chimpanzee: Taxonomy: troglodytes schweinfurthii); and the Nigerian-Cameroon chimpanzee (P. troglodytes ellioti, which was formerly classified as P. troglodytes vellerosus).

chimpanzee: Taxonomy: …Europe; the West African, or masked, chimpanzee (P. troglodytes verus), known as the common chimpanzee in Great Britain; the East African, or long-haired, chimpanzee (P. troglodytes schweinfurthii); and the Nigerian-Cameroon chimpanzee (P. troglodytes ellioti, which was formerly classified as P. troglodytes vellerosus).

Guillermo del Toro: Major successes: Pan’s Labyrinth and The Shape of Water: …El laberinto del fauno (2006; Pan’s Labyrinth) The film, which tells the story of an adolescent girl’s fantastical journey to the underworld, features some of del Toro’s most imaginative and elaborately designed monsters. Often considered his most impressive and lyrical work, it won Academy Awards for makeup, art direction, and…

Hermes Pan was a U.S. choreographer of dazzling motion picture dance sequences, especially in his work with Fred Astaire. The son of a Greek consul in Memphis, Pan was inspired by Black dancers in his home town. He began collaborating with Astaire during rehearsals for Flying Down to Rio in 1933,

Jomo Kenyatta: Entrance into full-time politics: Kenyatta helped organize the fifth Pan-African Congress, which met in Manchester, England, on October 15–18, 1945, with W.E.B. Du Bois of the United States in the chair; Kwame Nkrumah, the future leader of Ghana, was also present. Resolutions were passed and plans discussed for mass nationalist movements to demand independence…

Ediacaran Period: …more-discrete mountain-building event (called the Pan-African orogeny) began. That event (which was actually a series of smaller orogenies) occurred when the two blocks of the former supercontinent Rodinia collided with a craton (the stable interior portion of a continent) that would become the present-day Congo region. Thus was formed a…

Ediacaran Period: …more-discrete mountain-building event (called the Pan-African orogeny) began. That event (which was actually a series of smaller orogenies) occurred when the two blocks of the former supercontinent Rodinia collided with a craton (the stable interior portion of a continent) that would become the present-day Congo region. Thus was formed a…

African Games, international athletics (track-and-field) competition sponsored by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and contested by athletes representing the nations of Africa. The African Games were first held in 1965, in Brazzaville, Congo, and consisted of contests

Ediacaran Period: …more-discrete mountain-building event (called the Pan-African orogeny) began. That event (which was actually a series of smaller orogenies) occurred when the two blocks of the former supercontinent Rodinia collided with a craton (the stable interior portion of a continent) that would become the present-day Congo region. Thus was formed a…

African Union: Establishment of the AU: In 2004 the AU’s Pan-African Parliament was inaugurated, and the organization agreed to create a peacekeeping force, the African Standby Force, of about 15,000 soldiers.

Pan-Africanism, the idea that peoples of African descent have common interests and should be unified. Historically, Pan-Africanism has often taken the shape of a political or cultural movement. There are many varieties of Pan-Africanism. In its narrowest political manifestation, Pan-Africanists

Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC), South African organization and later political party pursuing “Africanist” policies in South Africa (which they would rename Azania) for black South Africans, in contrast to the nonracial or multiracial policies of other organizations, such as the African

Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC), South African organization and later political party pursuing “Africanist” policies in South Africa (which they would rename Azania) for black South Africans, in contrast to the nonracial or multiracial policies of other organizations, such as the African

Edgard Varèse: …Guild in 1921 and the Pan-American Association of Composers in 1926; these organizations were responsible for performances and premieres of works by Béla Bartók, Alban Berg, Carlos Chávez, Henry Cowell, Charles Ives, Maurice Ravel, Wallingford Riegger, Francis Poulenc,

Pan-American conferences, various meetings between representatives of some or all of the independent states of the Western Hemisphere (Canada usually excluded). Between 1826 and 1889, several meetings between American states were held to discuss problems of common defense and juridical matters. The

History of film: Méliès and Porter: Porter also filmed the extraordinary Pan-American Exposition by Night (1901), which used time-lapse photography to produce a circular panorama of the exposition’s electrical illumination, and the 10-scene Jack and the Beanstalk (1902), a narrative that simulates the sequencing of lantern slides to achieve a logical, if elliptical, spatial continuity.

Pan-American Highway, network of highways connecting North America and South America. Originally conceived in 1923 as a single route, the road grew to include a great number of designated highways in participating countries. The whole system, extending from Alaska and Canada to Chile, Brazil, and

Pan-American Union, Organization formed in 1890 to promote cooperation among the countries of Latin America and the U.S. It was established (as the International Union of American Republics) at the first Pan-American conference, which was called by U.S. secretary of state James Blaine in order to

Pan-Arabism, nationalist notion of cultural and political unity among Arab countries. Its origins lie in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when increased literacy led to a cultural and literary renaissance (known as the Nahda or al-nahḍah al-adabiyyah) among Arabs of the Middle East. This

sacred kingship: Principal schools of interpretation: Called Pan-Babylonism by some scholars, the theories based on the results of these discoveries placed the god-kingdom of the ancient Middle East in the foreground.

makeup: …with a successful solid (Pan-Cake) makeup that was applied with a moist sponge. Makeup charts indicated the correct colours to use for each type of colour film.

Pan-ch’iao, city district (ch’ü, or qu), New Taipei City special municipality, northern Taiwan. Until late 2010 it was the seat of T’ai-pei county, but when the county was reorganized administratively, it became a city district of the new special municipality, the county’s successor. Pan-ch’iao is

Lebensraum: Origins: The Pan-German League, a group that sought to unite all people who spoke Germanic languages, seized upon Ratzel’s ideas. In his book Germany and the Next War (1911), Friedrich von Bernhardi proposed that Germany use military force to expand into eastern Europe in pursuit of Lebensraum.…

Georg, Ritter von Schönerer: …political extremist, founder of the Pan-German Party (1885). He was a virulent anti-Semite and was perhaps the best-known spokesman for popular antidemocratic sentiments in the late empire.

Pan-Germanism, movement whose goal was the political unification of all people speaking German or a Germanic language. Some of its adherents favoured the unification of only the German-speaking people of central and eastern Europe and the Low Countries (Dutch and Flemish being regarded as Germanic

banhu, bowed Chinese fiddle, a type of huqin (Chinese: “foreign stringed instrument”). The instrument traditionally has two strings stretched over a small bamboo bridge that rests on a wooden soundboard. (The sound box of most other Chinese stringed instruments is covered by a snakeskin membrane.)

history of Central Asia: Tsarist rule: …exposed to current Pan-Turkic and Pan-Islamic propaganda. In the 1870s the Russians countered Tatar influence by establishing bilingual Russian-Kazakh schools, from which emerged a Westernized elite of considerable distinction.

bangu, Chinese frame drum that, when struck by one or two small bamboo sticks, creates a sharp dry sound essential to the aesthetics of Chinese opera. It is also used in many Chinese chamber music ensembles. The drum, which is about 25 cm (10 inches) in diameter and 10 cm (4 inches) deep, consists

coin: China: …issue of round coins (pan-liang) of half an ounce. (There were 24 grains in the Chinese ounce, and in the Han period the ounce weighed 16 grams.) These pan-liang coins were continued by the Han dynasty. The official weight of this coin was gradually reduced until it was replaced…

Banpo site, one of the most important archaeological sites yielding remains of the Painted Pottery, or Yangshao, culture of late Neolithic China. It is located at the east suburb of the city of Xi’an in the Chinese province of Shaanxi. Banpo site was excavated by members of the Chinese Academy of

Banpo site, one of the most important archaeological sites yielding remains of the Painted Pottery, or Yangshao, culture of late Neolithic China. It is located at the east suburb of the city of Xi’an in the Chinese province of Shaanxi. Banpo site was excavated by members of the Chinese Academy of

Philippines: Transportation and telecommunications: …in the country is the Pan-Philippine Highway (also called the Maharlika Highway), a system of paved roads, bridges, and ferries that connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao.

Antony Khrapovitsky: …Antony participated in the 1917–18 Pan-Russian Orthodox Council and was named one of the three candidates for the Russian patriarchate. After Ukraine declared its independence from the tsarist regime, Antony was exiled to Buchach, southwest Ukraine, because of his efforts to prevent Ukrainian autonomy. The Bolshevik occupation of Ukraine forced…

Pan-Scandinavianism, an unsuccessful 19th-century movement for Scandinavian unity that enflamed passions during the Schleswig-Holstein crises. Like similar movements, Scandinavianism received its main impetus from philological and archaeological discoveries of the late 18th and the 19th century,

Banshan ware, type of Chinese Neolithic painted pottery. Its name is derived from the grave site in the Gansu province of northern China at which the pottery was found in 1924. According to radiocarbon dating, Banshan ware is generally considered to be from between 2650 and 2350 bce. The extant

Pan-Slavism, 19th-century movement that recognized a common ethnic background among the various Slav peoples of eastern and east central Europe and sought to unite those peoples for the achievement of common cultural and political goals. The Pan-Slav movement originally was formed in the first half

Pan-Turanianism, late 19th- and early 20th-century movement to unite politically and culturally all the Turkic, Tatar, and Uralic peoples living in Turkey and across Eurasia from Hungary to the Pacific. Its name is derived from Tūrān, the Persian word for Turkistan (i.e., the land to the north of

Pan-Turanianism, late 19th- and early 20th-century movement to unite politically and culturally all the Turkic, Tatar, and Uralic peoples living in Turkey and across Eurasia from Hungary to the Pacific. Its name is derived from Tūrān, the Persian word for Turkistan (i.e., the land to the north of

Pan-Turkism, political movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which had as its goal the political union of all Turkish-speaking peoples in the Ottoman Empire, Russia, China, Iran, and Afghanistan. The movement, which began among the Turks in Crimea and on the Volga, initially sought to

list system: …extreme variations, is marked by panachage, the ability of the voter to mix candidates from several party lists if he so desires.

respiratory disease: Pulmonary emphysema: …centre of the lobule, and panlobular (or panacinar) emphysema, in which alveolar destruction occurs in all alveoli within the lobule simultaneously. In advanced cases of either type, this distinction can be difficult to make. Centrilobular emphysema is the form most commonly seen in cigarette smokers, and some observers believe it…

Western painting: Early Classical (c. 500–450 bc): Panaenos, the brother or nephew of the sculptor Phidias, executed a picture of the Battle of Marathon for the Painted Stoa and, sometime later, included a painting of Greece and Salamis personified on the throne for the cult statue of Zeus at Olympia. This brought…

Panaetius was the founder of Roman Stoic philosophy, and a friend of Scipio Aemilianus and of Polybius. A pupil in Athens of Diogenes of Seleucia and of Antipater of Tarsus, Panaetius also studied the philosophies of Plato and of Aristotle. Many years a resident in Rome, he was an influential

Hermes Pan was a U.S. choreographer of dazzling motion picture dance sequences, especially in his work with Fred Astaire. The son of a Greek consul in Memphis, Pan was inspired by Black dancers in his home town. He began collaborating with Astaire during rehearsals for Flying Down to Rio in 1933,

Jafar Panahi is an Iranian director and screenwriter whose films are critical depictions of Iranian society. Panahi’s notable movies include The White Balloon (1995), The Circle (2000), Taxi (2015), and 3 Faces (2018). In 2025 he won the Palme d’Or at the Cannes film festival for It Was Just an

Panaji, town, capital of Goa state, western India. It lies on the estuary of the Mandavi River at the river’s mouth on the Arabian Sea. Panaji was a tiny village until the mid-18th century, when repeated plagues forced Goa’s Portuguese colonizers to abandon their capital of Velha Goa (Old Goa, or

Panama, country of Central America located on the Isthmus of Panama, the narrow bridge of land that connects North and South America. Embracing the isthmus and more than 1,600 islands off its Atlantic and Pacific coasts, the tropical nation is renowned as the site of the Panama Canal, which cuts

Panama City, capital of the Republic of Panama. It is located in the east-central part of the country near the Pacific Ocean terminus of the Panama Canal, on the Gulf of Panama. Area city, 38.5 square miles (100 square km). Pop. (2010) city, 430,299; (2010 est.) urban agglomeration, 1,378,000. The

Thomas McGuane: They include Panama (1978), Nobody’s Angel (1981), Something to Be Desired (1984), Keep the Change (1989), and Nothing but Blue Skies (1992). After a hiatus from writing novels, McGuane returned with The Cadence of Grass (2002), which depicts a Montana clan’s colourfully tangled lives.

Operation Just Cause: The U.S. invasion of Panama: …Law” by the Clash, “Panama” by Van Halen, “All I Want Is You” by U2, and “If I Had a Rocket Launcher” by Bruce Cockburn). Noriega was then transported to Miami, Florida, where he was tried, convicted of a raft of charges, and sentenced to a U.S. prison. In…

Panama Canal, lock-type canal, owned and administered by the Republic of Panama, that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the narrow Isthmus of Panama. The length of the Panama Canal from shoreline to shoreline is about 40 miles (65 km) and from deep water in the Atlantic (more

Panama Canal: Panama Canal Authority: The Panama Canal Authority (Spanish: Autoridad del Canal de Panamá [ACP]) took over management of the canal from the joint U.S.-Panamanian Panama Canal Commission at noon on December 31, 1999. Created by an amendment to the Panamanian constitution as an autonomous agency…

Balboa Heights: -owned Panama Canal Company during the period (1903–79) when the Canal Zone was in operation. Murals in the administration building (still in use by the Panama Canal Authority) depict the canal’s construction. The Canal Zone Library and Museum (founded 1914) in Balboa Heights exhibits relics and…

Panama Canal Treaty, (September 7, 1977), agreement signed in Washington, D.C., by U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter and Panamanian leader Omar Torrijos that provided for the gradual transfer of the operations of the Panama Canal to Panama, the phaseout of U.S. military bases in the Canal Zone, and reversion

Canal Zone, historic administrative entity in Panama over which the United States exercised jurisdictional rights from 1903 to 1979. It was a strip of land 10 miles (16 km) wide along the Panama Canal, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and bisecting the Isthmus of Panama. It covered

Panama City, city, seat (1913) of Bay county, northwestern Florida, U.S. It is the port of entry on St. Andrew Bay (an arm of the Gulf of Mexico), about 95 miles (150 km) east of Pensacola. The first English settlement (c. 1765), known as Old Town, was a fishing village later called St. Andrew. In

Panama City, capital of the Republic of Panama. It is located in the east-central part of the country near the Pacific Ocean terminus of the Panama Canal, on the Gulf of Panama. Area city, 38.5 square miles (100 square km). Pop. (2010) city, 430,299; (2010 est.) urban agglomeration, 1,378,000. The

Panama disease, a devastating disease of bananas caused by the soil-inhabiting fungus species Fusarium oxysporum forma specialis cubense. A form of fusarium wilt, Panama disease is widespread throughout the tropics and can be found wherever susceptible banana cultivars are grown. Notoriously

Ecuador: …Ecuador became known for exporting Panama hats (straw hats so named because they were shipped to Panama in the mid-18th century and bought by traveling gold seekers and because they were worn by Panama Canal work crews in the early 19th century) and agricultural products, notably cacao (the source of…

Cyclanthaceae: Panama hat palm order of monocotyledonous flowering plants, which has 11 genera of mostly stemless, perennial, palmlike herbs, woody herbaceous shrubs, and climbing vines that are distributed in Central America and tropical South America.