Innsbruck 1976 Olympic Winter Games: …and the highly favoured Soviets Lyudmila Pakomova and Aleksandr Gorshkov won the gold.

fritter: The Indian pakora is a savoury deep-fried cake containing bits of cauliflower, eggplant, or other vegetables. Fritto misto is an Italian dish of bits of meat, seafood, and vegetables dipped in batter and fried in olive oil. A specialty dish of various local cuisines is the flower…

Pacorus was a Parthian prince, son of King Orodes II (reigned c. 55/54–37/36 bc); he apparently never ascended the throne. In the summer of 51 bc Pacorus was sent to invade Syria with an army commanded by Osaces, an older warrior. Osaces, however, was killed in battle, and early the next year

Tolna: …the nuclear power plant in Paks, which opened in 1976, had four reactors by the mid-1980s, and remains Hungary’s only nuclear power facility. The Dunaföldvár bridge (built 1928–32) is the only bridge over the Budapest-Baja section of the Danube and is of great importance. A huge biorefinery in Dunaföldvár uses…

Rolandas Paksas is a prime minister (1999, 2000–01) and president (2003–04) of Lithuania. Although he began his political career as a communist, Paksas became prominent in conservative circles and later emerged as a leader of Lithuania’s Liberal and Liberal Democratic parties. He was Europe’s first

Pakxé, town, in the southern panhandle of Laos, at the confluence of the Xédôn and Mekong rivers. Before 1966 Pakxé functioned as the chief port of entry of Laos. East of Pakxé begins the rolling Bolovens Plateau, nearly 3,300 feet (1,000 metres) high, for whose products—teak, tea, cinchona, kapok,

Indian philosophy: The ultralogical period: …members of this school were Pakshadhara Mishra of Mithila, Vasudeva Sarvabhauma (16th century), his disciple Raghunatha Shiromani (both of Bengal), and Gadadhara Bhattacharyya.

Pakistan, populous multiethnic country of South Asia. Having a predominately Indo-Iranian speaking population, Pakistan has historically and culturally been associated with its neighbors Iran, Afghanistan, and India. Since Pakistan and India achieved independence from British rule on August 14–15,

nickel silver, a range of alloys of copper, nickel, and zinc which are silvery in appearance but contain no silver. Its composition varies from 7 to 30 percent nickel, the alloy most widely used being 18 percent nickel silver (18 percent nickel, 62 percent copper, 20 percent zinc). In general the

Gianti Agreement: Pakubuwono III, who was supported by the company, became the new king, but he had to face a rival of his father, Raden Mas Said, who had occupied a region called Sukowati. In 1749 Mangkubumi, the brother of the late Pakubuwono II, dissatisfied with his…

Alan J. Pakula was an American motion-picture director, producer, and screenwriter who evoked exceptional performances from actors and actresses in the 16 films he directed, most notably in three dark, foreboding psychological thrillers: Klute (1971), The Parallax View (1974), and All the

Pakxé, town, in the southern panhandle of Laos, at the confluence of the Xédôn and Mekong rivers. Before 1966 Pakxé functioned as the chief port of entry of Laos. East of Pakxé begins the rolling Bolovens Plateau, nearly 3,300 feet (1,000 metres) high, for whose products—teak, tea, cinchona, kapok,

Lucio Tan: …purchase of the newly privatized Philippine Airlines, Inc. (PAL). In 1995 he became chairman of the airline. As the owner of PAL and head of Fortune Tobacco Corp. (which by 1996 commanded nearly 75 percent of the Philippine market), and with an estimated net worth between $1 billion and $8…

George Sidney: Annie Get Your Gun, Kiss Me Kate, and Show Boat: Pal Joey (1957) also starred Novak, but it worked much better, in large part because of the classic songs by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart—including “The Lady Is a Tramp” and “My Funny Valentine”—and the performances of Sinatra and Rita Hayworth.

Lorenz Hart: Collaboration with Richard Rodgers: …Errors), and, perhaps their masterwork, Pal Joey (1940).

television: PAL: PAL (phase alternation line) resembles NTSC in that the chrominance signal is simultaneously modulated in amplitude to carry the saturation (pastel-versus-vivid) aspect of the colours and modulated in phase to carry the hue aspect. In the PAL system, however, the phase information is reversed…

Bachendri Pal is an Indian mountaineer who in 1984 became the first Indian woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest. Pal was born into a rural working-class family in what is now Uttarakhand and was one of seven children. A gifted student, she encountered stiff opposition from her family and

Bipin Chandra Pal was an Indian journalist and an early leader of the nationalist movement. By his contributions to various newspapers and through speaking tours, he popularized the concepts of swadeshi (exclusive use of Indian-made goods) and swaraj (independence). Though originally considered a

George Pal was a Hungarian-born animator, film director, and producer who was a leading figure in the science-fiction genre, especially noted for his work with special effects. He also created Puppetoons, a popular series of animated shorts. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film

jai alai: History: …a flat wooden bat, or pala. A cartoon for a tapestry by Goya in the Prado museum, Madrid, “Juego de Pelota” (1777–90), depicts such a bat in use on a one-walled court. Later the guante developed into a catching and throwing device leading finally to the evolution of the cesta,…

Pala art, artistic style that flourished in what are now the states of Bihar and West Bengal, India, and in what is now Bangladesh. Named for the dynasty that ruled the region from the 8th to the 12th century ce, Pala style was transmitted chiefly by means of bronze sculptures and palm-leaf

Eastern Indian bronze, any of a style of metal sculptures produced from the 9th century onward in the area of modern Bihār and West Bengal in India, extending into Bangladesh. They are sometimes referred to as Pāla bronzes, after the name of one of the reigning dynasties (Pāla and Sena, 8th–12th

enamelwork: Byzantine: …is the altar screen “Pala d’Oro” in St. Mark’s, Venice, believed to have been brought from Constantinople to Venice about 1105. The quality of Byzantine enamelling began to decline in the late 12th century.

Pala dynasty, ruling dynasty in Bihar and Bengal, India, from the 8th to the 12th century. Its founder, Gopala, was a local chieftain who rose to power in the mid-8th century during a period of anarchy. His successor, Dharmapala (reigned c. 770–810), greatly expanded the kingdom and for a while was

Eastern Indian painting, school of painting that flourished in the 11th and 12th centuries in the area of what are modern Bihar and Bengal. Its alternative name, Pala, derives from the name of the ruling dynasty of the period. The style is confined almost exclusively to conventional illustration on

Pala art, artistic style that flourished in what are now the states of Bihar and West Bengal, India, and in what is now Bangladesh. Named for the dynasty that ruled the region from the 8th to the 12th century ce, Pala style was transmitted chiefly by means of bronze sculptures and palm-leaf

Phalaborwa, mining town, Limpopo province, South Africa, located east of the Drakensberg mountains and north of the Olifants River near Kruger National Park. It is built on top of an old black African mining centre of iron and copper ore; traces of their workings and clay smelting ovens have been

Julio Ramón Ribeyro: …three, 1977; and four, 1992; Words of the Mute). In spite of the pathetic lives of the characters he depicts, Ribeyro’s narrators maintain a critical distance, as if depicting things. The characters themselves appear not to understand, much less be able to articulate, their predicament. In Featherless Buzzards, two boys…

Antonio Buero Vallejo: …produced in the same year, Palabras en la arena (“Words in the Sand”), which had for its theme adultery and the need for mercy, won the Amigos de los Quinteros Prize; many of his subsequent plays also earned Spanish literary awards. In En la ardiente oscuridad (1951; In the Burning…

palace, royal residence, and sometimes a seat of government or religious centre. The word is derived from the Palatine Hill in Rome, where the Roman emperors built their residences. As a building a palace should be differentiated from a castle, which was originally any fortified dwelling. After the

panorama: John Vanderlyn, painted in 1816–19 The Palace and Gardens of Versailles (preserved in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City), exhibiting it until 1829 in a rotunda that he built on a leased corner of City Hall Park in New York City. By the mid-19th century panoramas became a…

Western sculpture: Sculpture of fantasy (1920–45): Giacometti’s Palace at 4 A.M., for example, interprets the artist’s vision not in terms of the external public world but in an enigmatic, private language. Moore’s series of Forms suggest shapes in the process of forming under the influence of each other and the medium of…

Palatine Chapel, private chapel associated with a residence, especially of an emperor. Many of the early Christian emperors built private churches in their palaces—often more than one—as described in literary sources of the Byzantine period. Such structures in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Tur.)

China: Later innovations: …and promptly took an additional palace examination, nominally presided over by the emperor, on the basis of which they were ranked in order of excellence. They were registered as qualified officials by the Ministry of Personnel, which assigned them to active-duty posts as vacancies occurred. While on duty they were…

Tahar Ben Jelloun: Au pays (2009; A Palace in the Old Village) explores Muslim identity through the struggles of a Moroccan French retiree who returns to his homeland and begins building an enormous house in an effort to entice his family to join him. The unconventionally structured Le Bonheur conjugal (2012;…

Palace Museum, in Beijing, museum housed in the main buildings of the former Imperial Palaces (see also Forbidden City). It exhibits valuable objects from Chinese history. The palace consists of many separate halls and courtyards. The outer buildings of the palace became a museum in 1914, although

Palace of Holyroodhouse, the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland, located at the eastern end of Edinburgh’s Royal Mile, which leads from Edinburgh Castle, and dating largely from the 16th century. It is used more for official receptions and ceremonies than as a royal home. The

William Painter: …author whose collection of tales The Palace of Pleasure, based on classical and Italian originals, served as a sourcebook for many Elizabethan dramatists.

education: Organization of education: Schools conducted in royal palaces taught not only the curriculum of the maktabs but also social and cultural studies designed to prepare the pupil for higher education, for service in the government of the caliphs, or for polite society. The instructors were called muʾaddibs, or instructors in good manners.…

St. Petersburg: Admiralty Side: …the east lies the great Palace Square, the city’s oldest. The 600-ton granite monolith of the Alexander Column (1830–34), the tallest of its kind in the world and so finely set that its base is not fastened, thrusts up for 165 feet (50 metres) near the centre of the square.

Bucharest: It is linked to Revolution Square (formerly Palace Square), which is surrounded by an imposing group of administrative, political, and cultural buildings including the Romanian Athenaeum, notable for its columned facade, and the former royal palace (now the National Art Museum).

Aegean civilizations: A new social order: A rather stiff, formal “Palace Style” of vase decoration, using motifs derived from the earlier plant and marine styles, may reflect an adaptation of Cretan fashions to mainland tastes. The old clan tombs went out of use in the Knossos region and were replaced by rock-cut tombs. Some of…

Lisbon: City layout: …water to the vast arcaded Commerce Square (Praça do Comércio). The three landward sides of the square are surrounded by uniform buildings dating from the 18th century. That formal Baroque-inspired layout is pierced by a monumental archway, built a century later, marking the entry north into the central city. In…

vaudeville: Beck also built the Palace Theatre in New York, which from 1913 to 1932 was the outstanding vaudeville house in the United States. In 1896 motion pictures were introduced into vaudeville shows as added attractions and to clear the house between shows. They gradually preempted more and more performing…

Richard D’Oyly Carte: …Opera House (1887; now the Palace Theatre), for which Sullivan wrote Ivanhoe (1891). Despite subsequent commissions to other English composers (including Sir Frederic Hymen Cowen), that enterprise collapsed. After Carte’s death, the touring companies he established, known as the D’Oyly Carte Opera Company, continued to produce Gilbert and Sullivan works…

France: The central government: …by three men—the seneschal, the count of the palace, and, foremost, the mayor of the palace, who also presided over the king’s estates. They traveled with the king, who, while having various privileged places of residence, did not live at a fixed capital. Only under Charlemagne did this pattern begin…

mayor of the palace, official of the western European kingdoms of the 6th–8th century, whose status developed under the Merovingian Franks from that of an officer of the household to that of regent or viceroy. The Merovingian kings adopted the system by which great landowners of the Roman Empire

Czechoslovak history: The Prague Spring of 1968: …as the dramatic suicide of Jan Palach, a student who on Jan. 16, 1969, set himself on fire—were what held the country’s attention.

Sintra: …the mountain peaks is the Pena Palace, a 19th-century castle, partly an adaptation of a 16th-century monastery and partly an imitation of a medieval fortress, which was built for Queen Maria II by her young German consort, Ferdinand II. On the extensive grounds of the castle, Ferdinand created the Parque…

Lisbon: City layout: Farther west, toward Belém, Necessidades Palace houses the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Palacio de Bellas Artes, cultural centre in Mexico City that was built between 1904 and 1934. The palace includes a large theatre, a concert hall, the Museo Nacional de Arquitectura (National Museum of Architecture), and the Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes (Museum of the Palace of Fine Arts). The

Lucio Gutiérrez: …Bogotá, Gutiérrez accused his successor, Alfredo Palacio, of overthrowing him in a coup. Gutiérrez returned to Ecuador in October 2005 and was arrested for threatening national security. The charges were dropped in March 2006, and Gutiérrez was released.

Royal Palace of Madrid, large 18th-century palace in downtown Madrid that is the official residence of the Spanish royal family, although the family does not live there but in the Palacio de la Zarzuela on the fringes of the city. The Royal Palace of Madrid is, however, used for state functions,

Armando Palacio Valdés was one of the most popular 19th-century Spanish novelists, distinguished by his optimism, his charming heroines, his realism, and his qualities of moderation and simplicity. After studying law at the University of Madrid, Palacio Valdés began his literary career as a critic

Lucio Gutiérrez: …Bogotá, Gutiérrez accused his successor, Alfredo Palacio, of overthrowing him in a coup. Gutiérrez returned to Ecuador in October 2005 and was arrested for threatening national security. The charges were dropped in March 2006, and Gutiérrez was released.

Andy Vivien Palacio was a Belizean musician who used his music to help preserve the culture of the Garifuna (descendants of Carib Indians and Africans exiled in the 18th century from British colonies in the eastern Caribbean). A bandleader and composer, Palacio hosted in 1981 a Garifuna program on

Olomouc: The city’s university was founded in 1573; it was suppressed in 1854 but was revived after World War II and named for František Palacký, the Czech patriot-scholar. The city’s manufactures include steel, machine tools, gas appliances, refrigerators, salt, sugar, chocolate, malt, and beer. Pop. (2021) 106,063.

František Palacký was the founder of modern Czech historiography and a leading figure in the political life of 19th-century Bohemia. He early came into contact with the resurgence of national feeling that had begun to influence Czech and Slovak intellectuals. His early writings were concerned with

George E. Palade was a Romanian-born American cell biologist who developed tissue-preparation methods, advanced centrifuging techniques, and conducted electron microscopy studies that resulted in the discovery of several cellular structures. With Albert Claude and Christian de Duve he was awarded

George E. Palade was a Romanian-born American cell biologist who developed tissue-preparation methods, advanced centrifuging techniques, and conducted electron microscopy studies that resulted in the discovery of several cellular structures. With Albert Claude and Christian de Duve he was awarded

Asia: The Palearctic region: A distinction can be made between the animal life of the tundra in the north and that of the adjacent taiga farther south. The taiga in turn merges into the steppes, which have their own distinctive forms of animal life. Finally, the faunas…

Africa: Origin and adaption of African fauna: Likewise, Palaearctic animal life and vegetation appear to have extended far south into the Sahara, and the white rhinoceros apparently lived beside elklike, typically Palaearctic deer.

primate: Paleocene: >Palaechthon from Europe and North America. The skulls show a number of dental specializations, including, in the case of Plesiadapis, procumbent rodentlike incisors in the upper and lower jaw and the absence of other antemolar teeth, though the molar teeth show more plausible primate affinities.…

Leucothea: …that she and her son, Melicertes, leaped terrified into the sea. Both were changed into marine deities—Ino as Leucothea, Melicertes as Palaemon. The body of Melicertes was carried by a dolphin to the Isthmus of Corinth and deposited under a pine tree. There Melicertes’ body was found by his uncle…

Paleo-Siberian, any member of those peoples of northeastern Siberia who are believed to be remnants of earlier and more extensive populations pushed into this area by later Neosiberians. The Paleo-Siberians include the Chukchi, Koryak, Itelmen (Kamchadal), Nivkh (Gilyak), Yukaghir, and Ket (qq.v.).

Paleo-Siberian languages, languages spoken in Asian Russia (Siberia) that belong to four genetically unrelated groups—Yeniseian, Luorawetlan, Yukaghir, and Nivkh. The Yeniseian group is spoken in the Turukhansk region along the Yenisey River. Its only living members are Ket (formerly called

paleoanthropology, interdisciplinary branch of anthropology concerned with the origins and development of early humans. Fossils are assessed by the techniques of physical anthropology, comparative anatomy, and the theory of evolution. Artifacts, such as bone and stone tools, are identified and

geology: Paleobotany: Paleobotany is the study of fossil plants. The oldest widely occurring fossils are various forms of calcareous algae that apparently lived in shallow seas, although some may have lived in freshwater. Their variety is so profuse that their study forms an important branch of…

mollusk: Annotated classification: …m; 3 subclasses: Ctenidiobranchia (Nuculida), Palaeobranchia (Solemyida), Autobranchia (lamellibranch and septibranch bivalves); about 6,000 marine and 2,000 limnic species. Class Scaphopoda (Solenoconcha; tusk shells) Midventrally fused mantle and tubiform to barrel-shaped shell; head with tubular snout and 2 bunches of slender tentacles (captacula); foot pointed

crustacean: Annotated classification: †Order Palaeocaridacea Carboniferous to Permian; first thoracic segment not fused to head; abdominal pleopods 2-branched, flaplike; 4 families. Order Anaspidacea Permian to present; with or without eyes; antennules biramous; abdominal appendages well-developed; telson without a furca; South Australia and Tasmania; freshwater; about 8 species.

beaver: …were terrestrial burrowers, such as Palaeocastor, which is known by fossils from Late Oligocene–Early Miocene sediments of western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming. They probably lived in upland grasslands in large colonies, excavated extensive burrow systems, and grazed on the surface, their entire lifestyle being much like that of modern prairie…

Paleocene Epoch, first major worldwide division of rocks and time of the Paleogene Period, spanning the interval between 66 million and 56 million years ago. The Paleocene Epoch was preceded by the Cretaceous Period and was followed by the Eocene Epoch. The Paleocene is subdivided into three ages

paleoclimatology, scientific study of the climatic conditions of past geologic ages. Paleoclimatologists seek to explain climate variations for all parts of the Earth during any given geologic period, beginning with the time of the Earth’s formation. Many related fields contribute to the field of

cephalopod: Annotated classification: Suborder Palaeoctopoda (finned octopod) Cretaceous, some living. Suborder Cirrata (Cirromorpha) Holocene; soft-bodied, deep-webbed forms with cirri on arms and small to large paddle-shaped fins; primarily deep-sea. Suborder Incirrata (common octopus)

cephalopod: Evolution and paleontology: Palaeoctopus newboldi, the oldest known octopod, from the Cretaceous of Syria, was already too advanced to provide a clue to the derivation of the Octopoda. The Vampyromorpha are considered to be a possible connecting link between the Teuthoidea and the Octopoda.

artiodactyl: Evolution and paleontology: …artiodactyls are the suiform group Palaeodonta, which had four functional toes on each foot, primitive, low-cusped cheek teeth, and the typical artiodactyl astragalus. The artiodactyls became more prominent in the Oligocene (between about 33.9 million and 23 million years ago) with a decline of the then dominant perissodactyls, and the…

Silurian Period: Silurian life: Paleoecologists studying in Wales, Norway, Estonia, Siberia, South China, and North America have used very similar models to explain the geographic distribution of Silurian communities. Some of these communities were adapted to life under conditions of stronger sunlight and more vigorous wave energy in shallow…

Paleogene Period, oldest of the three stratigraphic divisions of the Cenozoic Era spanning the interval between 66 million and 23 million years ago. Paleogene is Greek meaning “ancient-born” and includes the Paleocene (Palaeocene) Epoch (66 million to 56 million years ago), the Eocene Epoch (56

paleogeography, the ancient geography of Earth’s surface. Earth’s geography is constantly changing: continents move as a result of plate tectonic interactions; mountain ranges are thrust up and erode; and sea levels rise and fall as the volume of the ocean basins change. These geographic changes

paleogeology, the geology of a region at any given time in the distant past. Paleogeologic reconstructions in map form show not only the ancient topography of a region but also the distribution of rocks beneath the surface and such structural features as faults and folds. Maps of this kind help

paleography: …for Greek paleography in his Palaeographia Graeca in 1708.

paleography, study of ancient and medieval handwriting. The term is derived from the Greek palaios (“old”) and graphein (“to write”). Precise boundaries for paleography are hard to define. For example, epigraphy, the study of inscriptions cut on immovable objects for permanent public inspection, is

bivalve: Annotated classification: Subclass Palaeoheterodonta Characterized by equal shell valves with a variable hinge dentition; aragonitic shell with outer prismatic and inner layers of nacre; most approximately isomyarian; ctenidia eulamellibranch; mantle fusions lacking, especially ventrally; complicated life cycles; wholly freshwater; nonbyssate; infaunal. About 1,200 species. Order Unionoida

paleohydrology, science concerned with hydrologic systems as they existed during previous periods of Earth history. Changing hydrologic conditions are inferred from the evidence of the alteration, deposition, and erosion in rocks from these periods. Paleohydrology also deals with the changes in the

Paleolithic Period, ancient cultural stage, or level, of human development, characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools. The popular Paleo diet, or Stone Age diet, is based on foods humans presumably would have consumed during the Paleolithic Period. (See also Stone Age.) The onset

Palaeologus family, Byzantine family that became prominent in the 11th century, the members of which married into the imperial houses of Comnenus, Ducas, and Angelus. Michael VIII Palaeologus, emperor at Nicaea in 1259, founded the dynasty of the Palaeologi in Constantinople in 1261. His son

Michael VIII Palaeologus was the Nicaean emperor (1259–61) and then Byzantine emperor (1261–82), who in 1261 restored the Byzantine Empire to the Greeks after 57 years of Latin occupation and who founded the Palaeologan dynasty, the last and longest-lived of the empire’s ruling houses. A scion of

Greece: Despotate of Epirus: …Komnenos Palaeologus, also known as Preljubovič, the son of the caesar Gregory Preljub, who had been the Serbian governor of Thessaly under Stefan Uroš IV Dušan. He was able to assert Serbian control over northern Epirus and fought with the Albanian lords of Árta (Ghin Bua Spata and Peter Ljoša)…

remanent magnetism, the permanent magnetism in rocks, resulting from the orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field at the time of rock formation in a past geological age. It is the source of information for the paleomagnetic studies of polar wandering and continental drift. Remanent magnetism can

chondrostean: Evolution: …were those of the order Palaeonisciformes, a label derived from a Greek word meaning “ancient scale.” Like the living members of Chondrostei, the order Palaeonisciformes is not a natural group but rather a series of families connected by interrelationships that are poorly understood. These fishes possessed essentially the same feeding…

chondrostean: Evolution: …were those of the order Palaeonisciformes, a label derived from a Greek word meaning “ancient scale.” Like the living members of Chondrostei, the order Palaeonisciformes is not a natural group but rather a series of families connected by interrelationships that are poorly understood. These fishes possessed essentially the same feeding…

paleontology, scientific study of life of the geologic past that involves the analysis of plant and animal fossils, including those of microscopic size, preserved in rocks. It is concerned with all aspects of the biology of ancient life forms: their shape and structure, evolutionary patterns,

crustacean: Evolution and paleontology: The decapod Palaeopalaemon, a shrimplike form, occurs in the Devonian Period (416 million to 359.2 million years ago), crayfish occur in the Late Permian Period (260.4 million to 251 million years ago), and allies of the hermit crabs (Anomura) are found in the Jurassic Period (199.6 million…

primate: Classification: Family Palaeopropithecidae (sloth lemurs) 4 genera and 5 species from Madagascar, all extinct within the past 2,000 years. Holocene. Family Archaeolemuridae (baboon lemurs) 2 recently extinct genera and 3 species from Madagascar, all extinct within the past 2,000 years. Holocene.

dinosaur: Ankylosauria: Nodosaurus, and Palaeoscincus, were relatively low and broad in body form and walked close to the ground on short, stocky legs in a quadrupedal stance. As in stegosaurs, the hind legs were longer than the front legs, but they were not as disproportionate as those of Stegosaurus.…

Palaeospondylus, genus of enigmatic fossil vertebrates that were very fishlike in appearance but of uncertain relationships. Palaeospondylus, from the Middle Devonian epoch (398 million to 385 million years ago), has been found in the Old Red Sandstone rocks in the region of Achannaras, Scot.

crustacean: Annotated classification: †Order Palaeostomatopoda Carboniferous. †Order Aeschronectida Carboniferous. Subclass Eumalacostraca Late Devonian to Holocene; carapace (when present) not bivalved; rostrum fixed; first antenna 2-branched; thoracic legs with slender, many-segmented outer

bivalve: Internal features: …the earliest mollusks—hence the name protobranch, or “first gills.” The paired gills, separated by a central axis, are suspended from the mantle roof. Individual short gill filaments extend outward from either side of the axis, and cilia on their surfaces create an upward respiratory water current that passes from the…

biogeographic region: Paleotropical kingdom: This kingdom extends from Africa, excluding strips along the northern and southern edges, through the Arabian peninsula, India, and Southeast Asia eastward into the Pacific (Figure 1). Plant families that extend over much of the region include the families Pandanaceae (screw pine) and…

Paleozoic Era, major interval of geologic time that began 538.8 million years ago with the Cambrian explosion, an extraordinary diversification of marine animals, and ended about 252 million years ago with the end-Permian extinction, the greatest extinction event in Earth history. The major