José Emilio Pacheco: …cómo pasa el tiempo (1969; Don’t Ask Me How the Time Goes By) includes poems in which there is a nostalgic desire to relive the past, sometimes coupled with a fine sense of irony. The short stories in El principio del placer (1972; “The Pleasure Principle”) are united by the…

Mary J. Blige: Music career: No More Drama (2001), Blige’s fifth studio album, presents an artist who is happy with the woman she has become. That album spawned the irresistible number one single, “Family Affair,” which spent six weeks at the top of the charts. Her 2006 release, Reflections (2006),…

Ozzy Osbourne: Ozzfest and reunion with Black Sabbath: …Coming Home” from the album No More Tears (1991), and in 1993 he won a Grammy Award for best metal performance for the song “I Don’t Want to Change the World.” Despite announcing his retirement in 1992, he continued recording through the decade. Ozzfest, an annual summer music festival featuring…

Linus Pauling: Humanitarian activities of Linus Pauling: …also promulgated through his book No More War! (1958), a passionate analysis of the implications of nuclear war for humanity. In 1960 he was called upon to defend his actions regarding a test ban before a congressional subcommittee. By refusing to reveal the names of those who had helped him…

Gary Snyder: No Nature, consisting mostly of poems previously published in other volumes, was a finalist for the 1992 National Book Award. He also received critical acclaim for Mountains and Rivers Without End (1996), which completed a series that Snyder had begun writing in 1956. The collection…

Greta Thunberg: Additional activities: ” Her books include No One Is Too Small to Make a Difference (2019), a collection of her speeches, and The Climate Book: The Facts and the Solutions (2023). The documentary I Am Greta appeared in 2020.

Vidya Balan: Stardom: In No One Killed Jessica (2011), a true-crime tale of a woman searching for her sister’s killer, Balan and costar Rani Mukerji proved that a film without a male lead could be a commercial success.

Christopher Hitchens: Bill Clinton in No One Left to Lie To: The Triangulations of William Jefferson Clinton (1999) and documented what he perceived as the war crimes of former secretary of state Henry Kissinger in The Trial of Henry Kissinger (2001; film 2002). In addition to writing, he appeared regularly…

Gabriel García Márquez: Works: …tiene quien le escriba (1961; No One Writes to the Colonel); and a few short stories. Then came One Hundred Years of Solitude, in which García Márquez tells the story of Macondo, an isolated town whose history is like the history of Latin America on a reduced scale. While the…

Doris Kearns Goodwin: …Prize in history for her No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II (1994), and in 2005 she published Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, which focused on Lincoln’s management of his presidential cabinet. The book served as the primary source…

Chuck Berry: …the pop charts, including “No Particular Place to Go” in 1964, at the height of the British Invasion, whose prime movers, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones, were hugely influenced by Berry (as were the Beach Boys). In 1972 Berry achieved his first number one hit, “My

George Steiner: In 1996 Steiner published No Passion Spent: Essays 1978–1995, about language and its relation to both religion and literature.

African American literature: The turn of the 21st century: …of a Black hustler-poet in No Place to Be Somebody (produced 1969), Joseph A. Walker earned a prestigious Tony Award (presented by two American theater organizations) for the best play of 1973 for the smash Broadway hit The River Niger (produced 1972), and Charles H. Fuller, Jr., claimed a Pulitzer…

Brian Eno: No Pussyfooting (1973), a collaboration with guitarist Robert Fripp from King Crimson, used tape-echo and tape-delay techniques to create new sounds and reached the Top 30 in Britain. Eno’s next album, Here Come the Warm Jets (1973), was soon followed by the proto-punk single “Seven…

When two or more species in an ecosystem interact to each other’s benefit, the relationship is said to be mutualistic. The production of Brazil nuts and the regeneration of the trees that produce them provide an example of mutualism, and in this case the interaction also illustrates the importance

Kurosawa Akira: First films: …Waga seishun ni kuinashi (1946; No Regrets for Our Youth) portrays the history of Japanese militarism from 1933 through the end of the war in terms of a person executed on suspicion of espionage during the war. Of the many postwar films criticizing Japanese militarism, this was the most successful,…

Manuel Ferreira: …anthology of Lusophone African poetry, No reino de Caliban (1975–81; “On the Kingdom of Caliban”), contains more than 1,000 pages of biographical and historical information on Lusophone African literatures. He also published a two-volume history of African literatures written in Portuguese, Literaturas africanas de expressão portuguesa (1977). Ferreira was a…

Catherine Zeta-Jones: … (2005) and the romantic comedy No Reservations (2007) provided her with prominent roles. She returned the following decade in such films as the 1980s-set rock musical Rock of Ages (2012) and the romantic comedy Playing for Keeps (2012). In 2013 Zeta-Jones appeared in the crime thrillers Broken City, as the…

Rodney Dangerfield: A late-blooming career: …for his debut comedy album, No Respect, and in 1983 he released a popular song, “Rappin’ Rodney.” In 1993 he married his second wife, Joan Child.

Nowruz, festival celebrating the start of the new year on the Persian calendar. Nowruz, meaning “new day” in Persian (or Fārsī), occurs on the spring equinox, which is the first day of the month of Farvardīn on the Iranian calendar. The holiday usually falls on March 21 on the Gregorian calendar.

Ivan Klíma: …Ani svatí, ani andělé (2001; No Saints or Angels), about cultural and personal havoc in contemporary Prague. His biography of Čapek, The Life and Work of Karel Čapek, was published in 2002.

Carly Simon: …So Vain,” like the album No Secrets, reached number one on the Billboard chart in 1973. She eventually revealed the subject of the song to be actor Warren Beatty. She had a major hit with her album Hotcakes (1974), which included “Haven’t Got Time for the Pain” as well as…

Kenny Chesney: …pop-music elements, and many—such as No Shoes, No Shirt, No Problems (2002), All I Want for Christmas Is a Real Good Tan (2003), Lucky Old Sun (2008), and Hemingway’s Whiskey (2010)—were evocative of life in the tropics. Between 2000 and 2010, 10 of his albums reached the top spot on…

Justin Timberlake: The All New Mickey Mouse Club and *NSYNC: Its next effort, No Strings Attached (2000), became one of the fastest-selling albums in history, selling more than 14 million copies and featuring a string of hits, including the chart-topping “It’s Gonna Be Me.” Timberlake began his solo recording career in 2001 after the release of what was…

Natalie Portman: Black Swan and Thor series: …Kutcher in the romantic comedy No Strings Attached (2011) and portraying a warrior princess in the bawdy period comedy Your Highness (2011). Portman then appeared as an unfaithful wife in Terrence Malick’s Hollywood parable Knight of Cups (2015) and as a hard-bitten pioneer in the vengeance tale Jane Got a…

Are you or a loved one heading to college? Most people (at least 85%, according to the National Center for Education Statistics) will rely—at least in part—on financial aid to pay for college. Aid comes in several forms, including student loans, scholarships, work-study programs, and grants.

Steven Soderbergh: Later credits: Soderbergh’s next film, No Sudden Move (2021), featured Don Cheadle and Benicio Del Toro as small-time criminals in 1950s Detroit. In 2022 he helmed KIMI, a thriller about an agoraphobic tech analyst who believes she has heard a violent crime. The following year Soderbergh returned to the world…

Ama Ata Aidoo: In No Sweetness Here (1970), a collection of short stories, Aidoo exercised the oral element of storytelling, writing tales that are meant to be read aloud. These stories and Anowa (1970), another problem play, are concerned with Western influences on the role of women and on…

Noh theatre, traditional Japanese theatrical form and one of the oldest extant theatrical forms in the world. Noh—its name derived from nō, meaning “talent” or “skill”—is unlike Western narrative drama. Rather than being actors or “representers” in the Western sense, Noh performers are simply

Jerzy Kosinski: …with the Russians (1960) and No Third Path (1962), under the pen name Joseph Novak.

Burton Cummings: The Guess Who years: …as “These Eyes,” “Laughing,” “No Time,” “No Sugar Tonight,” and “American Woman” (the first song by a Canadian band to hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart) before Bachman’s departure in May 1970. While Bachman initially took Cummings under his wing, the relationship between the two became…

S.N. Behrman: In response, Behrman wrote No Time for Comedy (1939), in which the protagonist, an author of light comedy, criticizes himself for his failure to address effectively serious contemporary problems. His work is closely associated with the Theatre Guild.

Mervyn LeRoy: Return to Warner Brothers: Mister Roberts, The Bad Seed, and Gypsy: The hit service comedy No Time for Sergeants (1958) captured the spirit of Ira Levin’s Broadway show and laid the groundwork for Andy Griffith’s television career. Home Before Dark (1958) was a drama about a woman’s (Jean Simmons’s) efforts to readjust to a normal life after spending a year…

Andy Griffith: …made his Broadway debut in No Time for Sergeants and earned a Tony Award nomination for his portrayal of an air force draftee. He reprised the role for the 1958 movie after having made a strong film debut in A Face in the Crowd (1957). Griffith received a second Tony…

Nadine Gordimer: Her final novel, No Time like the Present (2012), follows veterans of the battle against apartheid as they deal with the issues facing modern South Africa.

Daniel Craig: Stardom as James Bond: (2012), Spectre (2015), and No Time to Die (2021), the latter being his last James Bond film.

Billie Eilish: Film work and Academy Awards: …(with FINNEAS) and performed “No Time to Die” for the James Bond film of the same name; it received the Oscar for best original song. In 2022 she collaborated with FINNEAS and composer Ludwig Göransson on the soundtrack for the Disney/Pixar animated film Turning Red, for which Eilish and…

Joseph Auslander: …works include Cyclops’ Eye (1926), No Traveler Returns (1933), and More Than Bread (1936); The Winged Horse Anthology (1929), which he coedited with F.E. Hill, became a classroom favorite. Auslander often wrote about war, and his poetry was used to sell U.S. war bonds during World War II. The Unconquerables…

Richard Howard: (1979), Lining Up (1984), No Traveller (1989), Selected Poems (1991), Without Saying (2008), and A Progressive Education (2014).

Mary Oliver: …Oliver’s first book of poetry, No Voyage and Other Poems (1963). These lyrical nature poems are set in a variety of locales, especially the Ohio of Oliver’s youth. Her childhood plays a more central role in The River Styx, Ohio, and Other Poems (1972), in which she attempted to re-create…

Sonic Youth: …height of the postpunk “no wave” movement (dissonant, noisy, experimental music generally created by untrained musicians). Both performed in the guitar orchestras of avant-garde composer Glenn Branca. In 1981 Sonic Youth formed, with Moore and Ranaldo on guitar and Moore’s girlfriend (later wife) Gordon on bass; the band went…

Sean Combs: Bad Boy Entertainment, Notorious B.I.G., and Puff Daddy: …murdered, and Combs’s first album, No Way Out—released that summer under the moniker Puff Daddy—included the Grammy Award-winning single “I’ll Be Missing You,” a musical eulogy featuring the voice of Wallace’s widow (singer Faith Evans) and the melody from the Police’s “Every Breath You Take.”

No Way Out, American film noir, released in 1950, that was among the first movies to deal directly with racism. It features the memorable film debut of Sidney Poitier. The taut narrative focuses on Ray Biddle (played by Richard Widmark), a bigoted white small-time crook who accuses an African

The Big Clock: …political Cold War thriller called No Way Out, starred Kevin Costner and Gene Hackman.

Rod Steiger: …a flair for disguise in No Way to Treat a Lady (1968). Most of Steiger’s later work—with the possible exception of W.C. Fields and Me (1976); The Player (1992), in which he portrayed himself; the TV miniseries Tales of the City (1993); and The Specialist—was not considered to have been…

Paul Monette: …works include the poetry collection No Witnesses (1981) and Last Watch of the Night: Essays Too Personal and Otherwise (1994). Sanctuary, a political fable, was published posthumously in 1997.

Ishihara Shintarō: …Nō to ieru Nihon (The Japan That Can Say No). Intended for publication in Japan only, where it became a best seller—although it subsequently appeared in English without Morita’s comments—the essay argued that Japan should wean itself from its reliance on the United States and that Americans were guilty…

Nile River: Physiography of Nile River: …Sudan, joining the Al-Jabal at Lake No, a large lagoon where the main stream takes an easterly direction. The waters of the Al-Ghazāl undergo extensive loss through evaporation, and only a small proportion of them ever reach the Nile. A short distance above Malakal the main stream is joined by…

Martha Raye: …Hello, Dolly! (1967), and in No, No, Nanette (1972). Raye made few films in her later years, but she continued to work in burlesque shows, nightclubs, radio, and television. On TV she was well known for her "Big Mouth" advertisements for a dental adhesive. For working tirelessly with the United…

food additive: Toxicological testing and health concerns: …toxicological effects is called the no-effect level (NOEL). The NOEL is generally divided by 100 to determine a maximum acceptable daily intake (ADI).

adultery: …many states began to permit “no-fault” divorces, which do not require an injured party to prove specific misdeeds. Most American states allow couples to divorce on either a fault or a no-fault basis, and many use no-fault divorce exclusively. The shift to no-fault divorce significantly reduced the importance of adultery…

Nolan Ryan: …“Ryan Express,” pitched his seventh no-hit game, establishing another record. He also held the major league record for most games with 15 or more strikeouts in a career (26). In 1993 Ryan retired from baseball, and in 1999 he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. At the end…

Nolan Ryan: …“Ryan Express,” pitched his seventh no-hit game, establishing another record. He also held the major league record for most games with 15 or more strikeouts in a career (26). In 1993 Ryan retired from baseball, and in 1999 he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. At the end…

Japanese music: Onstage music: If the Noh flute is used as well, it is restricted to cadence signals; if a simple bamboo flute (takebue or shinobue) is substituted, it plays an ornamented (ashirai) version of the tune. There are many sections, however, in which the drum patterns and Noh flute melodies…

Hilary Putnam: Realism and meaning: …be known as the “no-miracle” argument for realism. Putnam was equally critical of conventionalism, the view that logic, mathematics, and extensive portions of science do not express truths but are based on human stipulations—i.e., convention.

baking: The straight-dough method: …the second mix, and the no-punch method, involving extremely vigorous mixing. The straight-dough method is rarely used for white breads because it is not sufficiently adaptable to allow compensation for fluctuations in ingredient properties.

Nowruz, festival celebrating the start of the new year on the Persian calendar. Nowruz, meaning “new day” in Persian (or Fārsī), occurs on the spring equinox, which is the first day of the month of Farvardīn on the Iranian calendar. The holiday usually falls on March 21 on the Gregorian calendar.

biting midge, (family Ceratopogonidae), any member of a family of small, bloodsucking insects in the fly order, Diptera, that are often serious pests along seashores, rivers, and lakes and may attack in great numbers and cause extreme discomfort. The nickname no-see-ums is descriptive, for,

no-till agriculture, cultivation technique in which the soil is disturbed only along the slit or in the hole into which the seeds are planted; reserved detritus from previous crops covers and protects the seedbed. The practice is one of several so-called “primitive farming” methods that have been

no-till agriculture, cultivation technique in which the soil is disturbed only along the slit or in the hole into which the seeds are planted; reserved detritus from previous crops covers and protects the seedbed. The practice is one of several so-called “primitive farming” methods that have been

baking: No-time methods: One set of procedures intended to eliminate the traditional bulk fermentation step are the “no-time” methods. Popular in the United Kingdom and Australia, these processes generally require an extremely energy-intensive mixing step, sometimes performed in a partially vacuumized chamber. Rather high additions of…

telephone: Electromechanical switching: …system, however, was the AT&T No. 1 crossbar system, first installed in Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1938. A series of improved versions followed the No. 1 crossbar system, the most notable being the No. 5 system. First deployed in 1948, the No. 5 crossbar system became the workhorse of the Bell…

telephone: Electronic switching: …1965, became known as the No. 1 ESS. The No. 1 ESS employed a special type of reed switch known as a ferreed. Normally, a reed switch is constructed of two thin metal strips, or reeds, which are sealed in a glass tube. When an electromagnetic coil surrounding the tube…

Alexander McCall Smith: …the latter that the novel The No. 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency emerged. First published in Great Britain in 1998, it sold slowly at first, and it did not appear in the United States until 2002, after McCall Smith had already published two more books centred on Mma Ramotswe (Mma being…

telephone: Digital switching: …United States was the AT&T-designed No. 4 ESS, placed into service in 1976. The No. 4 ESS was a toll system capable of serving a maximum of 53,760 two-way trunk circuits. It was soon followed by several other time-division systems for switching local calls. Among these was the AT&T No.…

telephone: Digital switching: Among these was the AT&T No. 5 ESS, improved versions of which could handle 100,000 lines.

Pharrell Williams: Happy, G I R L, and other music projects: for the explicitly political album No_One Ever Really Dies (2017).

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. governmental agency established in 1970 within the Department of Commerce to study Earth’s oceans, atmosphere, and coastal areas insofar as they affect the land surface and coastal regions of the United States. The organization is

geochronology: The emergence of modern geologic thought: …primeval ocean, represented by the Noachian flood (his two “Universal,” or Primary, rock series), or (2) sculpturing and deposition during the retreat of this ocean from the land (his two “Partial,” or disintegrated, rock series). Werner’s interpretation, which came to represent the so-called Neptunist conception of the Earth’s beginnings, found…

Noahide Laws, a Jewish Talmudic designation for seven biblical laws given to Adam and to Noah before the revelation to Moses on Mt. Sinai and consequently binding on all mankind. Beginning with Genesis 2:16, the Babylonian Talmud listed the first six commandments as prohibitions against idolatry,

Noah, the hero of the biblical Flood story in the Old Testament book of Genesis, the originator of vineyard cultivation, and, as the father of Shem, Ham, and Japheth, the representative head of a Semitic genealogical line. A synthesis of at least three biblical source traditions, Noah is the image

Jennifer Connelly: …Noah (Crowe) in Aronofsky’s epic Noah (2014).

John Boyne: …book for younger readers was Noah Barleywater Runs Away (2010), a fairy tale combining elements of magic and fantasy with life lessons.

Michael Curtiz: Early life and work: …the part-sound films Tenderloin and Noah’s Ark (both 1928). Reminiscent of D.W. Griffith’s Intolerance (1916), Noah’s Ark featured a pair of parallel stories, one recounting the famous biblical flood, the other a World War I-era romance.

Mount Ararat: …with the mountain on which Noah’s Ark came to rest at the end of the Flood. The name Ararat, as it appears in the Bible, is the Hebrew equivalent of Urardhu, or Urartu, the Assyro-Babylonian name of a kingdom that flourished between the Aras and the Upper Tigris rivers from…

biblical literature: The Book of Enoch: …were Hebrew fragments of the Book of Noah, either one of the sources of Enoch or a parallel elaboration of the same material. Passages of the Book of Noah were included in Enoch by its redactor (editor). Scholars generally agree that the somewhat haphazard redaction of the book was made…

Trevor Noah is a South African comedian, television host, political commentator, and author who is perhaps best known as the host (2015–22) of the American television series The Daily Show. He is also noted for his stand-up comedy shows, in which he often incorporated observations about growing up

Thomas Muster: …30, 1989, having just defeated Yannick Noah of France to advance to the finals of the Lipton International in Key Biscayne, Florida, and poised to solidify a spot in the top 10, Muster was unloading gear from the trunk of his car when it was struck by another car, severing…

Noahide Laws, a Jewish Talmudic designation for seven biblical laws given to Adam and to Noah before the revelation to Moses on Mt. Sinai and consequently binding on all mankind. Beginning with Genesis 2:16, the Babylonian Talmud listed the first six commandments as prohibitions against idolatry,

noaidi, in Sami religion, a shaman who mediates between the people he serves and the supernatural beings and forces that he either confronts or makes use of for the benefit of his clients. The shamanic practices of the Finno-Ugric peoples have been best preserved among the Khanty (Ostyak) and Mansi

Adrien-Maurice, 3e duke de Noailles was the third duc de Noailles, son of Anne-Jules of Noailles. He served in all the most important wars of the reign of Louis XV in Italy and Germany and became a marshal in 1734. His last command was in the War of the Austrian Succession, when he was beaten by

Anna de Noailles was a poet, a leading literary figure in France in the pre-World War I period. The daughter of a Romanian prince and granddaughter of a Turkish pasha, she adopted France and its language for her life and writings even before her marriage to a French count. Her friends included the

Anne, 1er duke de Noailles was a count of Noailles (grandson of the first count, Antoine of Noailles) who was created the first duc de Noailles and a peer of France in 1663. He had played an important part in the Fronde and had become a protégé of Cardinal Mazarin. He was made premier captain of

Anne-Jules, 2e duke de Noailles was a duke of Noailles, marshal of France, son of Anne of Noailles, the first duke. He was made field marshal at the age of 23 and was named lieutenant general and commander in chief of Languedoc in 1682. By then he had become one of the greatest generals of France,

Jean-Paul-François, 5th duke de Noailles was the son of Louis of Noailles, a lieutenant general, and a member of the French Académie des Sciences. Though he served in the army, his tastes were scientific, and for his eminence as a chemist he was elected to the Académie des Sciences in 1777. He

Louis, 4e duke de Noailles was duc d’Ayen until the death of his father (Adrien-Maurice), when he became the duc de Noailles. He served in most of the wars of the 18th century without particular distinction but was nevertheless made a marshal of France, as the marshal of Noailles, in 1775. He

Louis-Antoine de Noailles was a cardinal and archbishop of Paris who, with his brother, the second duc de Noailles, made the name Noailles one of the most honoured in France. Educated in Paris and receiving a doctorate in theology from the Sorbonne, he became successively bishop of Cahors (1679),

Louis-Marie, viscount de Noailles was the second son of the marshal of Mouchy and one of the most distinguished members of the Noailles family in France. The vicomte de Noailles served the Franco-American cause brilliantly under the marquis de Lafayette in the American Revolution against the

Noakhali, port city, southern Bangladesh. It lies on the Noakhali watercourse near the estuary of the Meghna River as it empties into the Bay of Bengal. The port is connected by road and rail with Comilla and by boat with Barisal. The milling of jute, rice, flour, and oilseeds; chemical and soap

Nōami was a Japanese poet, painter, and art critic, the first nonpriest who painted in the suiboku (“water-ink”), or Chinese, style. Nōami was in charge of the art collection of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, the military dictator who ruled Japan from 1368 to 1394, and was perhaps the first great art expert

Noatak National Preserve, protected area encompassing a large, pristine mountain-ringed river basin in northwestern Alaska, U.S. The preserve is situated in the Brooks Range, located north of the Arctic Circle, and contains the basin of the Noatak River, an intact and unaltered ecosystem. It

Noatak National Preserve, protected area encompassing a large, pristine mountain-ringed river basin in northwestern Alaska, U.S. The preserve is situated in the Brooks Range, located north of the Arctic Circle, and contains the basin of the Noatak River, an intact and unaltered ecosystem. It

San Francisco: City site: The best known are Nob Hill, where the wealthy “nobs” (nabobs) built extravagant mansions in the 1870s, and Telegraph Hill, which once looked down on the Barbary Coast, a neighbourhood formerly alive with gaudy wickedness. As a result of the pioneer planners’ prejudice in favour of a squared-off grid,…

Albuquerque: Cultural life: Since the 1990s, however, Nob Hill, the area along Central Avenue (old Route 66) east of the University of New Mexico campus, has grown to become the heart of Albuquerque’s culture and nightlife. Restaurants, art galleries, theatres, and cinemas are plentiful, as are bookstores that sometimes feature readings and…

Henry Hathaway: Early work: With Nob Hill (1945), Hathaway ventured into Technicolor musicals; the film, which starred George Raft and Joan Bennett, was set in San Francisco’s saloon scene at the turn of the 20th century.

Southeast Asian arts: Malaysia: Before Malaysian independence, the nobat, an old royal instrumental ensemble dating back to about the 16th century, played exclusively for important court ceremonies in the palaces of the sultans of Perak, Kedah, Selangor, and Trengganu. Today, in Kedah, the ensemble consists of five instruments: one big goblet drum (negara),…

Sudan: Medieval Christian kingdoms: …by a people called the Nobatae by the ancient geographers and the X-Group by modern archaeologists, who are still at a loss to explain their origins. The X-Group were clearly, however, the heirs of Kush, for their whole cultural life was dominated by Meroitic crafts and customs, and occasionally they…

Sudan: Medieval Christian kingdoms: …was divided into three kingdoms: Nobatia, with its capital at Pachoras (modern Faras); Maqurrah, with its capital at Dunqulah (Old Dongola); and the kingdom of ʿAlwah in the south, with its capital at Sūbah (Soba) near what is now Khartoum. Between 543 and 575 these three kingdoms were converted to…

Norwegian Nobel Committee, group of five individuals responsible for selecting the annual winners of the Nobel Prize for Peace. Members are appointed to a six-year term on the committee by the Storting (the Norwegian parliament). Until 1936, members of the Norwegian government were elected to the

Nobel Foundation, private institution founded in 1900 to coordinate the various provisions of the will of Alfred Nobel, in which he set aside funds to establish the Nobel Prizes. The foundation administers these funds. The foundation’s representative body, the Board, is headquartered in Stockholm,