naval warfare, the tactics of military operations and armed forces conducted on, under, or over the sea. Being the activities of battle itself, tactics are conceived and executed at the literal and metaphoric centre of war’s violence. Tactical science is an orderly description of these activities,

Philip Howard Colomb: …but his major work remains Naval Warfare, 8 vol. (1891). In this overly long historical study he stressed the importance of sea power in maintaining Britain’s colonial empire and its geopolitical supremacy vis-à-vis the other European powers. Colomb thus came independently to many of the conclusions that were more ably…

Aleksey Navalny was a Russian lawyer, anti-corruption activist, and politician who achieved international recognition as one of the most prominent domestic critics of Russian Pres. Vladimir Putin (1999–2008, 2012– ). Navalny, who suffered a near-fatal poisoning in 2020, was jailed on several

Navan, urban district and county seat of County Meath, Ireland. It lies at the confluence of the Rivers Boyne and Blackwater. The Great Motte, an imposing earthwork 52 feet (16 metres) high, is on its western outskirts. The town was walled and fortified by Hugh de Lacy and later became an outpost

Armagh: …at the site known as Navan Fort, served as the centre of a kingdom of Ulster extending to the Rivers Shannon and Boyne in the west and south. Also associated with that period is an ancient frontier earthwork, Black Pig’s Dyke. Following the decline of Ulster in the 4th century,…

siddha: … sect the saint-wheel is called navapada (“nine dignities,” or “nine virtues”) and consists of the pañca-parameṣṭhin plus the Jina (saviour) image, temple, scriptures, and dharma-cakra (sacred wheel of the law).

Polatsk: …Polatsk and its satellite town, Navapolatsk (Novopolotsk), are railway junctions and industrial centres, with oil-refining, petrochemical, glass-fibre, woodworking, and food-processing industries, as well as a teacher-training institute. Pop. (2006 est.) 82,400.

Navratri, in Hinduism, a nine-day festival held in honor of the divine feminine. The term navratri originates from two Sanskrit words: nava meaning “nine” and ratri meaning “night.” As the name suggests, the festival lasts for nine nights. Navratri is dedicated to the worship of goddess Durga and

stew: … made with lamb or mutton; navarin à la printanière has been garnished with new potatoes, carrots, peas, onions, and turnips. Fricassees and blanquettes are “white” stews of poultry (in the case of fricassee), veal, or lamb. They are delicately flavoured with mushrooms, mild vegetables, and herbs; the sauce is thickened…

Pylos, any of three sites in Greece. The most important of them is identified with the modern Pylos, the capital of the eparkhía (“eparchy”) of Pylia in the nomós (department) of Messenia (Modern Greek: Messinía), Greece, on the southern headland of the Órmos (bay) Navarínou, a deepwater shipping

Battle of Navarino, decisive naval engagement on October 20, 1827, during the War of Greek Independence against the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Turks, with assistance from their tributary state of Egypt, had gained the upper hand in the Greek Independence War, but then Britain, France, and Russia

Bay of Navarino, small, deep, and almost landlocked bay of the Ionian Sea (Modern Greek: Ióvio Pélagos) in the nomós (department) of Messenia (Messinía), in the southwestern Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos), Greece. Known also as Pylos (Pýlos) Bay after Homeric Pylos, which has been identified farther to

Bay of Navarino, small, deep, and almost landlocked bay of the Ionian Sea (Modern Greek: Ióvio Pélagos) in the nomós (department) of Messenia (Messinía), in the southwestern Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos), Greece. Known also as Pylos (Pýlos) Bay after Homeric Pylos, which has been identified farther to

Navarra, comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of northern Spain, officially known as the Comunidad Foral de Navarra (“Regional Community of Navarra”). It is roughly coextensive with the Spanish portion of the historical kingdom of Navarra and coextensive with the modern provincia (province) of

Opus Dei: Membership and activities: …endowed (with government assistance) the University of Navarra, which is regarded by many as Spain’s finest university, and operates the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome and the University of Piura in Peru.

Navarra, comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of northern Spain, officially known as the Comunidad Foral de Navarra (“Regional Community of Navarra”). It is roughly coextensive with the Spanish portion of the historical kingdom of Navarra and coextensive with the modern provincia (province) of

Kingdom of Navarre, former independent kingdom of Spain (known until the last half of the 12th century as the Kingdom of Pamplona, after its capital and chief city), which, at the time it ceased to exist as such (1512), occupied the area of the present province of Navarra (about 4,000 square miles

South Bend: In 1820 Pierre Freischütz Navarre, an agent of the American Fur Company, established a trading post at the site (his cabin has been restored). Three years later the post was bought by Alexis Coquillard and his business partner, Francis Comparet; Coquillard named the place Big St. Joseph…

Greece: Athens, Thebes, and Corinth: …dominated the region until the Navarrese Company (an army of mercenaries originally hired by Luis of Evreux, brother of Charles II of Navarre, to help assert his claim over Albania and then temporarily in the service of the Hospitallers, a military-monastic order) took Thebes in 1378 or 1379. This weakened…

Juan Fernández de Navarrete was a painter of the Spanish Mannerist school. He studied in Italy, mostly in Venice, where he was influenced by Sebastiano del Piombo, Tintoretto, and Titian. In 1568 he was appointed painter to the king, who chose him (1576) to play a major role in the decoration of El

Fats Navarro was an American jazz trumpet virtuoso, one of the founders of bebop, who was distinguished by the beauty and fertility of his melodic creations. Navarro first performed as a tenor saxophonist in Miami, Florida, and went on to play trumpet in big bands, most notably Andy Kirk’s

Pedro Navarro, count de Olivetto was a Spanish military engineer and general who fought for various countries and city-states in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Navarro began life as a sailor and was employed later as mozo de espuela, or running footman, by Cardinal Juan de Aragon. On the

Peter Navarro is an American economist and a top trade adviser to U.S. Pres. Donald Trump. Navarro is one of Trump’s most hawkish economic aides and has advocated for a maximalist approach to imposing tariffs on U.S. trading partners. Peter Navarro’s father, Al Navarro, was a saxophone and clarinet

Fats Navarro was an American jazz trumpet virtuoso, one of the founders of bebop, who was distinguished by the beauty and fertility of his melodic creations. Navarro first performed as a tenor saxophonist in Miami, Florida, and went on to play trumpet in big bands, most notably Andy Kirk’s

Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, (July 16, 1212), major battle of the Christian reconquest of Spain in which the Almohads (a Muslim dynasty of North Africa and Spain) were severely defeated by the combined armies of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal. The battle was fought about 40 miles (64 km)

The Nation: In 1995 Victor Navasky, who had been The Nation’s editor since 1978, became its publisher. He held the position until 2005, when he was succeeded by Katrina vanden Heuvel.

ʿAlī Shīr Navāʾī was a Turkish poet and scholar who was the greatest representative of Chagatai literature. Born into an aristocratic military family, he studied in Herāt and in Meshed. After his school companion, the sultan Ḥusayn Bayqarah, succeeded to the throne of Herāt, Navāʾī held a number of

ʿAlī Shīr Navāʾī was a Turkish poet and scholar who was the greatest representative of Chagatai literature. Born into an aristocratic military family, he studied in Herāt and in Meshed. After his school companion, the sultan Ḥusayn Bayqarah, succeeded to the throne of Herāt, Navāʾī held a number of

Vandana Shiva: In 1991 Shiva launched Navdanya, meaning “Nine Seeds,” or “New Gift” in Hindi. The project, part of RFSTE, strove to combat the growing tendency toward monoculture promoted by large corporations. Navdanya formed over 40 seed banks in India and attempted to educate farmers on the benefits of conserving their…

nave, central and principal part of a Christian church, extending from the entrance (the narthex) to the transepts (transverse aisle crossing the nave in front of the sanctuary in a cruciform church) or, in the absence of transepts, to the chancel (area around the altar). In a basilican church (see

Cristina Peri Rossi: …nave de los locos (1984; The Ship of Fools), La última noche de Dostoievski (1992; Dostoevsky’s Last Night), Desastres íntimos (1997; Intimate Disasters), and El amor es una droga dura (1999; “Love Is a Strong Drug”).

Spanish literature: The plays of Calderón: …of his later productions (La nave del mercader [1674; “The Merchant’s Ship”]).

Jorge Amado: Amado published his memoirs, Navegaçãu de cabotagem (“Coastal Navigation”), in 1992.

navel, in anatomy, a small depression in the abdominal wall at the point of attachment of the umbilical cord (q.v.). It indicates the point through which the mammalian fetus obtained nourishment from its mother through the blood vessels of the umbilical

naus, prehistoric grave found in the Balearic Isles. The naus was built of closely fitting blocks of stone in the shape of an overturned boat with a rounded stern and a squared or slightly concave front. A small door in the front gave access to a slab-roofed passage leading to a long, rectangular

Charles Correa: …planner, creating New Bombay (now Navi Mumbai), an urban area that provided housing and job opportunities for many who lived across the harbour from the original city. When designing in the midst of overpopulated cities, he tried to create quasi-rural housing environments, as is evident in his low-cost Belapur housing…

Giotto: Roman period of Giotto: …are the great mosaic of Christ Walking on the Water (the Navicella), over the entrance to St. Peter’s; the altarpiece painted for Cardinal Stefaneschi; and the fresco fragment of Boniface VIII Proclaiming the Jubilee, in San Giovanni in Laterano (St. John Lateran). Giotto is also known to have painted some…

visit and search: …result, the British adopted the navicert system in 1916. The navicert issued by the belligerent’s representative in a neutral country was tantamount to a ship’s passport, possession of which ensured, in the absence of suspicious circumstances, that the vessel would be allowed to proceed on its way.

algae: Annotated classification: (centrics) and Bacillaria, Navicula and Nitzschia (pennates). Class Bicosoecaceae May be included in the Chrysophyceae or in the protozoan group Zoomastigophora; colourless flagellate cells in vase-shaped loricas (wall-like coverings); cell attached to lorica using flagellum as a stalk; lorica

Byzantine Empire: The reforms of Diocletian and Constantine: …work of the shipmaster, or navicularius; and services rendered by the curiales, members of the municipal senate charged with the assessment and collection of local taxes. Constantine’s laws in many instances extended or even rendered hereditary those enforced responsibilities, thus laying the foundations for the system of collegia, or hereditary…

Christmas, Christian festival celebrating the birth of Jesus. The English term Christmas (“mass on Christ’s day”) is of fairly recent origin. The earlier term Yule may have derived from the Germanic jōl or the Anglo-Saxon geōl, which referred to the feast of the winter solstice. The corresponding

Christopher Columbus: The first voyage of Christopher Columbus: …of the island, named it La Navidad, and posted 39 men to guard it until his return. The accidental running aground of the Santa María on December 25, 1492, provided additional planks and provisions for the garrison.

construction: Building science: Louis Navier published the elastic theory of beams in 1826, and three methods of analyzing forces in trusses were devised by Squire Whipple, A. Ritter, and James Clerk Maxwell between 1847 and 1864. The concept of a statically determinate structure—that is, a structure whose forces…

Navier-Stokes equation, in fluid mechanics, a partial differential equation that describes the flow of incompressible fluids. The equation is a generalization of the equation devised by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler in the 18th century to describe the flow of incompressible and frictionless

Let’s suppose you’re a trend-following stock trader. Your objective as a trend follower isn’t to seek companies with solid fundamentals and hold them for years (that might be your retirement savings strategy, of course). Your job is to look for momentum (up or down), jump on it, and go for a ride

If you trade actively in a margin account, then it might just be a matter of time before you stumble across the pattern day trader (PDT) rules. But if you’re like many semi-active investors, triggering the PDT alarm could be accidental. Maybe: If you repeat any of these actions four times within

romance: The marvellous: …written down in the 9th-century, Navigatio Brendani, and later widely translated and adapted, wanders among strange islands on his way to the earthly paradise—these likewise favour the marvellous. The great 12th-century Roman d’Alexandre, a roman d’antiquité based on and developing the early Greek romance of Alexander the Great (the Alexander…

navigation, science of directing a craft by determining its position, course, and distance traveled. Navigation is concerned with finding the way to the desired destination, avoiding collisions, conserving fuel, and meeting schedules. Navigation is derived from the Latin navis (“ship”) and agere

migration: Navigation and orientation: Migrants often return to breed in the exact locality where they were hatched or born. This journey homeward, particularly that of birds, may cover thousands of miles.

Navigation Acts, in English history, a series of laws designed to restrict England’s carrying trade to English ships, effective chiefly in the 17th and 18th centuries. The measures, originally framed to encourage the development of English shipping so that adequate auxiliary vessels would be

navigation chart, map designed and used primarily for navigation. A nautical chart presents most of the information used by the marine navigator, including latitude and longitude scales, topographical features, navigation aids such as lighthouses and radio beacons, magnetic information, indications

navigation: Satellites as navigation aids: Artificial satellites can be equipped to transmit electromagnetic radiation at precisely controlled times and frequencies. The frequencies are chosen to avoid interference with other services, to minimize attenuation or delay as the signals penetrate the ionosphere, and to minimize the power…

airport: Navigational aids: The most common form of navaid used for the approach phase of aircraft descent is the instrument landing system (ILS). This is a radio signal that is beamed along the centreline of the runway and at the correct angle of approach (usually 3°…

Netscape Communications Corp.: Navigator takes over the Internet: Clark and Andreessen planned to further this popularization process and to capitalize on it by marketing a commercial-quality Web browser, Web-server software, development tools, and related services. In October 1994 the company made available on its Web site the first…

Bereguardo Canal: …built in 1438 on the Naviglio Grande, a water-supply canal also used for carrying stone for building the cathedral of Milan. When Bertola da Novate became ducal engineer to Milan in 1451, he was asked to construct a canal link with Pavia. His canal, from Abbiategrasso on the existing Naviglio…

Detroit Tigers: …Navin Field (later known as Tiger Stadium), which would be home to the team for 88 seasons and become one of the most venerated ballparks in the game. The new home stadium was no guarantee of success, however, and the Tigers finished no higher than second place in the AL…

Navistar International Corporation, leading American producer of medium- and heavy-duty trucks and for many years a major manufacturer of farm and construction equipment. The company is a direct descendant of the business activities of Cyrus McCormick, particularly his invention of the mechanical

prophecy: Origins and development of Hebrew prophecy: …Hebrew word for prophet is naviʾ, usually considered to be a loanword from Akkadian nabū, nabāʾum, “to proclaim, mention, call, summon.” Also occurring in Hebrew are ḥoze and roʾe, both meaning “seer,” and neviʾa, “prophetess.”

Olympic Games: Turin, Italy, 2006: …while ice dancing gold medalists Tatyana Navka and Roman Kostomarov skated without mistakes to win a somewhat lacklustre competition. Irina Slutskaya, the favorite in the women’s competition, had to settle for the bronze medal after Japan’s Arakawa Shizuka gave a dazzling performance to win her nation’s first gold medal in…

Nawoiy, city, central Uzbekistan. Nawoiy is a natural-gas–based industrial city and a major chemical centre with industries that produce fertilizer and chemical fibres. There are also a large cement plant and a large district power station in the city. Pop. (2014 est.)

Navojoa, city, southern Sonora estado (state), northwestern Mexico. Lying along the Gulf of California coastal plain near the Mayo River, Navojoa is the commercial and manufacturing centre for a large area in which population and production have grown markedly since the 1950s with the development

Rome: Campus Martius: …1450, are retained in the Piazza Navona. Even more spectacular are the reconstructed Ara Pacis Augustae (“Altar of Augustan Peace”) and the Pantheon.

Navotas, city, central Luzon, Philippines. The city lies between Manila Bay and Dagatdagatan Lagoon opposite Caloocan City, just north of Manila. It is an important fishing centre for the metropolis and accounts for a large portion of the total Philippine commercial fish catch. Bagoong (prawn

Nauplia, town and dímos (municipality), Peloponnese (Modern Greek: Pelopónnisos) periféreia (region), southwestern Greece, at the head of the Gulf of Argolís (Argolikós Kólpos). The port, southeast of Árgos, sits on the north slope of twin crags; Itche (or Its) Kale (279 feet [85 metres]), the

Nauplia, town and dímos (municipality), Peloponnese (Modern Greek: Pelopónnisos) periféreia (region), southwestern Greece, at the head of the Gulf of Argolís (Argolikós Kólpos). The port, southeast of Árgos, sits on the north slope of twin crags; Itche (or Its) Kale (279 feet [85 metres]), the

Martina Navratilova is a Czech American tennis player who dominated women’s tennis in the late 1970s and the ’80s. Navratilova played in her first tennis tournament at eight years of age. A left-handed player who ranked number one in Czechoslovakia from 1972 to 1975, she won international notice

Navratri, in Hinduism, a nine-day festival held in honor of the divine feminine. The term navratri originates from two Sanskrit words: nava meaning “nine” and ratri meaning “night.” As the name suggests, the festival lasts for nine nights. Navratri is dedicated to the worship of goddess Durga and

Navsari, city, southeastern Gujarat state, west-central India. It is situated in the coastal lowland along the Purna River. Navsari is the home of the Parsis, descendants of Zoroastrians who immigrated from Persia, and contains their most-venerated fire temples. The city is a market for cotton,

GPS: The Navstar system: The Navstar GPS system consists of three major segments: the space segment, the control segment, and the user segment. The space component is made up of the Navstar constellation in orbit around Earth. The first satellite was an experimental Block I model launched…

Zip2: …a business directory, Musk persuaded Navteq, a provider of electronic navigable maps, to give him free mapping software. He then wrote the code necessary to put the two databases—business listing and map—together. Musk described the company’s mission by saying that everyone ought to be able to find the closest pizza…

navy, a nation’s warships and craft of every kind maintained by armed forces for fighting on, under, or over the sea. A large modern navy includes aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, submarines, minesweepers and minelayers, gunboats, and various types of support, supply, and repair

naval warfare: The search for constants: … used a telling example in The Navy as a Fighting Machine (1916). He pointed out that in the American Civil War the Confederate ironclad Virginia, with 10 guns, handily defeated the Union sloops-of-war Congress and Cumberland, which carried a total of 74 guns. One day later the Union’s Monitor, carrying…

Why Are Navy Beans Called Navy Beans?: Navy beans—also known as Boston beans, haricots, pea beans, and (in Australia) Yankee beans—received their name because they became a staple food for the United States Navy in the second half of the 19th century. These small white beans could be stored for extended periods…

Desi Arnaz: Early life and career: …Jacks and a Jill (1942), The Navy Comes Through (1942), and Bataan (1943).

20th-century international relations: The end of East–West cooperation: …American foreign policy in his Navy Day speech of October 27. Its 12 points echoed the Fourteen Points of Woodrow Wilson, including national self-determination; nonrecognition of governments imposed by foreign powers; freedom of the seas, commerce, expression, and religion; and support for the United Nations. Confusion reigned in Washington, however,…

German Empire: Tirpitz and the German navy: …and fully launched by the Navy Law of 1900. The protagonist of this policy was Alfred von Tirpitz, secretary of state for the navy since 1897. The essence of Tirpitz’s naval policy was a great battle fleet, and he justified this by various strategic arguments. At times he spoke of…

Chicago: Recreation: Two newer venues, Navy Pier and Millennium Park, have become the most popular lakefront draws for visitors and residents alike. Navy Pier, extensively renovated in the 1990s, boasts amusements, restaurants, theaters, and docking facilities for boat excursions. Millennium Park, built largely over railroad tracks at the northwestern corner…

Navy SEAL, in the U.S. Navy, a member of an elite armed force trained to engage in direct raids or assaults on enemy targets, conduct reconnaissance to report on enemy activity (especially prior to beach landings), and take part in special operations warfare missions. The SEALs trace their heritage

Navy SEAL, in the U.S. Navy, a member of an elite armed force trained to engage in direct raids or assaults on enemy targets, conduct reconnaissance to report on enemy activity (especially prior to beach landings), and take part in special operations warfare missions. The SEALs trace their heritage

Zero, fighter aircraft, a single-seat, low-wing monoplane used with great effect by the Japanese during World War II. Designed by Horikoshi Jiro, it was the first carrier-based fighter capable of besting its land-based opponents. It was designed to specifications written in 1937, was first tested

Royal Navy, naval military organization of the United Kingdom, charged with the national defense at sea, protection of shipping, and fulfillment of international military agreements. Organized sea power was first used in England by Alfred the Great of Wessex, who launched ships to repel a Viking

Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), naval military organization of Canada, charged with the national defense at sea, protection of shipping, and fulfillment of international military agreements. Canada’s navy has defended Canadian interests in home waters and overseas since the early 20th century—despite

United States Navy (USN), major branch of the United States armed forces charged with the defense of the country at sea, the seaborne support of the other U.S. military services, and the maintenance of security on the seas wherever the interests of the United States extend. The earliest sea battles

Indian philosophy: The ultralogical period: …foundations of the school of Navya-Nyaya (“New Nyaya”). Four great members of this school were Pakshadhara Mishra of Mithila, Vasudeva Sarvabhauma (16th century), his disciple Raghunatha Shiromani (both of Bengal), and Gadadhara Bhattacharyya.

nawab, deputy ruler, or viceroy, under the Mughal rule of India. The title was later adopted by the independent rulers of Bengal, Oudh (Ayodhya), and Arcot. In England the name was applied to men who made fortunes working for the British East India Company and returned home to purchase seats in

South Asian arts: Bangladesh: …example of the latter is Nawab Sirajuddaulah, which deals with the fall of the last Muslim ruler of Bengal in 1757 through betrayal by his ambitious brother-in-law Mīr Jaʿfar, who joined the British. This jatra is popular with both rural and urban audiences. Tales of Muslim kings and lovers from…

Barabanki: …includes the larger town of Nawabganj, an agricultural market and cotton-weaving centre.

Nawābshāh, town, Sindh province, southern Pakistan. The town, originally called Nasrat, is connected by road and rail with Karāchi, Hyderābād, and Sukkur. A growing industrial centre, it manufactures small boats, refined sugar, soap, and cotton and silk textiles. A government college in the town is

Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji, Maharaja Jam Sahib of Nawanagar was one of the world’s greatest cricket players and, later, a ruler of his native state in India. After attending Trinity College, Cambridge (1890–93), he played for the Sussex cricket team in first-class county competition (1895–97,

rock art: Australia: …the most famous sites, the Nawarla Gabarnmang rock shelter, on the Arnhem Land plateau in northern Australia, are well over a thousand paintings from various time periods. With parts dating back some 28,000 years, images overlap layer upon layer on the ceiling and on the many natural stone pillars that…

Mesoamerican Indian languages: The classification and status of Mesoamerican languages: In addition to these languages, there is a very long list of names identified in colonial and other early sources that are generally thought to represent extinct Uto-Aztecan groups, most in northern Mexico. No information has survived on most of these,…

Nahuatl language, Indigenous American language of the Uto-Aztecan family, spoken in central and western Mexico. Nahuatl, the most important of the Uto-Aztecan languages, was the language of the Aztec and Toltec civilizations of Mexico. A large body of literature in Nahuatl, produced by the Aztecs,

ʿAlī Shīr Navāʾī was a Turkish poet and scholar who was the greatest representative of Chagatai literature. Born into an aristocratic military family, he studied in Herāt and in Meshed. After his school companion, the sultan Ḥusayn Bayqarah, succeeded to the throne of Herāt, Navāʾī held a number of

nawbah , in Middle Eastern music, particularly the traditions of North Africa, an elaborate suite of movements that constitutes the main form of classical Arabic music in that region. It consists of 8 to 10 sections of varying length, rhythmic character, and degree of improvisation, depending on

nawbah , in Middle Eastern music, particularly the traditions of North Africa, an elaborate suite of movements that constitutes the main form of classical Arabic music in that region. It consists of 8 to 10 sections of varying length, rhythmic character, and degree of improvisation, depending on

Nawoiy, city, central Uzbekistan. Nawoiy is a natural-gas–based industrial city and a major chemical centre with industries that produce fertilizer and chemical fibres. There are also a large cement plant and a large district power station in the city. Pop. (2014 est.)

Maḥmūd Ghāzān: Early life.: …then against his own lieutenant Nawrūz, who had risen in revolt with the Chagatai. Ghāzān’s relations with Arghun’s successor, Gaykhatu (1291–95), were cool; those with Baydū, the latter’s cousin, who dethroned him and usurped the throne, came to open war. After a first encounter, followed by a truce and parley,…

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), American organization created in 1890 by the merger of the two major rival women’s rights organizations—the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association—after 21 years of independent operation. NAWSA was

Naxalite, general designation given to several Maoist-oriented and militant insurgent and separatist groups that have operated intermittently in India since the mid-1960s. More broadly, the term—often given as Naxalism or the Naxal movement—has been applied to the communist insurgency itself. The

Naxçıvan, exclave and autonomous republic of Azerbaijan, in the southern part of the Transcaucasian plateau. It is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, and Turkey to the west. The republic, which is mostly mountainous except for a plain in the west and southwest,