matrilineal society, group adhering to a kinship system in which ancestral descent is traced through maternal instead of paternal lines (the latter being termed patrilineage or patriliny). Every society incorporates some basic components in its system of reckoning kinship: family, marriage,

matrilineal society, group adhering to a kinship system in which ancestral descent is traced through maternal instead of paternal lines (the latter being termed patrilineage or patriliny). Every society incorporates some basic components in its system of reckoning kinship: family, marriage,

matrilineal society, group adhering to a kinship system in which ancestral descent is traced through maternal instead of paternal lines (the latter being termed patrilineage or patriliny). Every society incorporates some basic components in its system of reckoning kinship: family, marriage,

matrilineal society, group adhering to a kinship system in which ancestral descent is traced through maternal instead of paternal lines (the latter being termed patrilineage or patriliny). Every society incorporates some basic components in its system of reckoning kinship: family, marriage,

South American nomad: Composite bands: …other hand, were matrilineal and matrilocal—that is, an individual traced his ancestry through his mother’s lineage, and a man went to live with his wife’s band. Matrilineal descent and matrilocal residence were associated with the importance of women gathering food.

moiety system: …worldwide basis, matrilineal moieties (matrimoieties), which trace kinship through the female line, are far more common than patrilineal moieties (patrimoieties). Matrimoieties are generally found in association with smaller kin groups, such as lineages and clans. In all cases—whether the moieties are exogamous or not, unilineal or not, or aligned…

community property, legal treatment of the possessions of married people as belonging to both of them. Generally, all property acquired through the efforts of either spouse during the marriage is considered community property. The law treats this property like the assets of a business partnership.

Marriage, Italian Style, Italian romantic comedy film, released in 1964, that was directed by Vittorio De Sica and based on a play by Eduardo De Filippo. It established Sophia Loren and Marcello Mastroianni as one of the most popular screen couples in international film. Loren portrayed Filumena

Domenico Cimarosa: …masterpiece, Il matrimonio segreto (The Secret Marriage), one of the highest achievements in comic opera and the work upon which his reputation rests. In 1793 he returned to Italy, where Il matrimonio segreto and many others of his works were enthusiastically received. New works of this period included Le…

marriage, a legally and socially sanctioned union that is regulated by laws, rules, customs, beliefs, and attitudes that prescribe the rights and duties of the partners and accords status to their offspring (if any). The universality of marriage within different societies and cultures is attributed

die, tool or device for imparting a desired shape, form, or finish to a material. Examples include a perforated block through which metal or plastic is drawn or extruded, the hardened steel forms for producing the patterns on coins and medals by pressure, and the hollow molds into which metal or

composite material: …one substance in a host matrix of another. While the structural value of a bundle of fibres is low, the strength of individual fibres can be harnessed if they are embedded in a matrix that acts as an adhesive, binding the fibres together and lending solidity to the material. The…

printing: Metallographic printing (1430?): …a single die; sinking the matrix and casting the lead were rapid operations; the lead had better durability than wood; and by casting several plates from the same matrix the number of copies printed could be rapidly increased.

cell: The extracellular matrix: …types of protein in the matrix are structural proteins and adhesive proteins.

matrix, a set of numbers arranged in rows and columns so as to form a rectangular array. The numbers are called the elements, or entries, of the matrix. Matrices have wide applications in engineering, physics, economics, and statistics as well as in various branches of mathematics. Matrices also

matrix, in geology, the material in which something is embedded, either the natural rock that holds crystals, fossils, pebbles, mineral veins, and the like, or the fine-grained materials that surround larger grains in a rock—e.g., silt and clay particles in a sandstone or tiny crystals in a

matrix: …important mathematical systems known as matrix algebras.

spectroscopy: Sputter atomization: …host material (known as the matrix effect). Ion sputtering, in contrast to thermal atomization, can be turned on or off in short pulses; for this reason, good temporal overlap with the RIS beams is achievable. This feature allows better use of small samples.

game theory: Classification of games: …is represented by a payoff matrix, wherein each row describes the strategy of one player and each column describes the strategy of the other player. The matrix entry at the intersection of each row and column gives the outcome of each player choosing the corresponding strategy. The payoffs to each…

quantum mechanics: Basic concepts and methods: …papers took two approaches: (1) matrix mechanics, proposed by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan, and (2) wave mechanics, put forward by Erwin Schrödinger. The protagonists were not always polite to each other. Heisenberg found the physical ideas of Schrödinger’s theory “disgusting,” and Schrödinger was “discouraged and repelled” by…

matrix organization, a system characterized by a form of management with multiple chains of command. Unlike a traditional hierarchy in which each worker has one supervisor, a matrix system requires employees to report to two or more managers, each responsible for a different aspect of the

Laurence Fishburne: Film roles: …for two sequels in 2003, The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions. Another installment, The Matrix Resurrections, was released in 2021.

plastic: Fibreglass: …and then coated with the matrix resin. When the matrix resin is converted into a network, the strength in the hoop direction is very great (being essentially that of the glass fibres). Epoxies are most often used as matrix resins, because of their good adhesion to glass fibres, although water…

Neil Patrick Harris: In The Matrix Resurrections (2021), the fourth installment in the popular Matrix movie franchise, Harris was cast as a villain. In 2022 he appeared alongside Nicolas Cage and Tiffany Haddish in the action-comedy The Unbearable Weight of Massive Talent. That year also marked the debut of…

Laurence Fishburne: Film roles: …2003, The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions. Another installment, The Matrix Resurrections, was released in 2021.

matrix, a set of numbers arranged in rows and columns so as to form a rectangular array. The numbers are called the elements, or entries, of the matrix. Matrices have wide applications in engineering, physics, economics, and statistics as well as in various branches of mathematics. Matrices also

conglomerate: …produces poorly sorted conglomerates or diamictites (larger nonsorted conglomerates).

Matronalia, in Roman religion, ancient festival of Juno, the birth goddess, celebrated annually by Roman matrons on March 1; on that date in 375 bc a temple was dedicated to Juno. According to tradition, the cult was established by Titus Tatius, king of the Sabines. The Matronalia symbolized not

Matronalia, in Roman religion, ancient festival of Juno, the birth goddess, celebrated annually by Roman matrons on March 1; on that date in 375 bc a temple was dedicated to Juno. According to tradition, the cult was established by Titus Tatius, king of the Sabines. The Matronalia symbolized not

Maṭrūḥ, desert muḥāfaẓah (governorate) of Egypt that includes all of Egypt west of Al-Jīzah governorate and north of latitude 26°20′ N. Only 1 percent of its area is inhabited. It is mostly a plateau area of sedimentary rock such as limestone, averaging 700–800 feet (215–245 metres) in elevation

Abramtsevo: artists—particularly Sergey Malyutin—crafted the first matryoshka doll (a wooden nesting doll) in 1890. Matryoshkas were then exhibited by Abramtsevo artists at the 1900 world’s fair in Paris, and they continued to be iconic of Russian culture into the 21st century.

South Africa: Black literature: Such writers as Oliver Kgadime Matsepe (North Sotho), Thomas Mofolo (South Sotho), Guybon Sinxo (Xhosa), and B.W. Vilakazi (Zulu) have been more deeply influenced in their written work by the oral traditions of their cultures than by European forms. Other Black writers, beginning in the 1930s with

Gazankulu, former nonindependent Bantustan, northeastern Transvaal, South Africa, designated for the Shangaan and Tsonga people. It was made up of four detached portions of low veld, two of which adjoined Kruger National Park. The Tsonga people, the traditional inhabitants of the area, were joined

Todd Matshikiza was a journalist, writer, and musician noted for his score for the musical play King Kong (1960) and for his short stories. Matshikiza divided his career from the start between musical and literary activities. Trained as a teacher at Lovedale, near the University College of Fort

Randy Matson is an American shot-putter who, in 1965, became the first man to put the shot more than 21 m, with a distance of 21.52 m (70.6 ft). Matson’s weight-throwing ability was recognized when he was in the eighth grade by the high school coach of Pampa, Texas, who went on to train him. Matson

Randy Matson is an American shot-putter who, in 1965, became the first man to put the shot more than 21 m, with a distance of 21.52 m (70.6 ft). Matson’s weight-throwing ability was recognized when he was in the eighth grade by the high school coach of Pampa, Texas, who went on to train him. Matson

Yün-lin: The temple of Matsu, Goddess of the Sea, at Pei-kang, attracts multitudes of pilgrims from all over Taiwan for annual celebrations. Tou-liu is the administrative seat of the hsien and is linked by road and railway with T’aichung to the north and with Chia-i to the south. Area…

Matsu Island, small island under the jurisdiction of Taiwan in the East China Sea, lying off the Min River estuary of mainland China and about 130 miles (210 km) northwest of Chi-lung (Keelung), Taiwan. Matsu is the main island of a group of 19, the Matsu Islands, which constitute Lien-kiang

Matsubara, city, Ōsaka fu (urban prefecture), western Honshu, Japan. It lies along the Yamato River. The city was an early road transport centre and is rich in historic relics, including the ancient tomb mound of Ōtsuka. In the gradual urbanization of the area after the late 19th century, Matsubara

Japan: The establishment of the system: …the Edo bakufu, were the Matsudaira, a Sengoku daimyo family from the mountainous region of Mikawa province (in present Aichi prefecture) who had built up their base as daimyo by advancing into the plains of Mikawa. But when they were attacked and defeated by the powerful Oda family from the…

Matsudaira Yoshinaga was one of the primary Japanese political figures in the events preceding the Meiji Restoration—i.e., the 1868 overthrow of the feudal Tokugawa shogunate and the establishment of a centralized regime under the Japanese emperor. Matsudaira was born into a collateral branch of

Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder of the last shogunate in Japan—the Tokugawa, or Edo, shogunate (1603–1867). Ieyasu was born into the family of a local warrior situated several miles east of modern Nagoya, one of many such families struggling to survive in a brutal age of endemic civil strife. His

Matsudaira Sadanobu was a Japanese minister who instituted the Kansei reforms (q.v.), a series of conservative fiscal and social measures intended to reinvigorate Japan by recovering the greatness that had marked the Tokugawa shogunate from its inception in 1603. Although traditional historians

Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder of the last shogunate in Japan—the Tokugawa, or Edo, shogunate (1603–1867). Ieyasu was born into the family of a local warrior situated several miles east of modern Nagoya, one of many such families struggling to survive in a brutal age of endemic civil strife. His

Matsudaira Tsuneo was a Japanese diplomat and statesman who helped secure an increase in the naval strength allotted to Japan at the 1930 London Naval Conference. The increase, however, was not large enough to satisfy the Japanese Navy. From 1936 to June 1945, as imperial household minister,

Matsudaira Yoshinaga was one of the primary Japanese political figures in the events preceding the Meiji Restoration—i.e., the 1868 overthrow of the feudal Tokugawa shogunate and the establishment of a centralized regime under the Japanese emperor. Matsudaira was born into a collateral branch of

Matsudo, city, Chiba ken (prefecture), east-central Honshu, Japan. It lies on the Jōban Line (railway), east of the centre of Tokyo. During the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603–1867), Matsudo was a post town on the Mito-kaidō (Mito Highway) and a port on the Tone River and the Edo River. After World War

Matsue, capital, Shimane ken (prefecture), southwestern Honshu, Japan. It lies on Lake Shinji and the Tenjin River, near the Sea of Japan (East Sea). Matsue was known as the “city built on water,” and it retained its feudal character into the 1970s. Many of the buildings were designed by the feudal

Nanjing Massacre: …1928 to 1937—was ordered by Matsui Iwane, commanding general of the Japanese Central China Front Army that captured the city. Over the next several weeks, Japanese soldiers carried out Matsui’s orders, perpetrating numerous mass executions and tens of thousands of rapes. The army looted and burned the surrounding towns and…

Ten Depictions of Hell: Scattered Deformities in the End (2007) by Fuyuko Matsui: Fuyuko Matsui’s art is inspired by Japanese history, society, and tradition. Her painting Scattered Deformities in the End, for example, uses a traditional method of the Nihonga style, employing powdered mineral pigments on silk. The subject, a ghostly nude woman running through an eerie wood,…

Matsukata Masayoshi was a statesman whose financial reforms stabilized and restored Japanese government finances in the 1880s, giving Japan the capital with which to modernize. Matsukata was a high-ranking official in the Satsuma domain when the Tokugawa family was overthrown and ruling authority

Matsumoto, city, Nagano ken (prefecture), central Honshu, Japan. It is situated in a mountain basin on the Narai River. Matsumoto is noted for its silk industry, which dates from feudal times. Mulberry and fruit trees are grown on terraces encircling the floor of the basin. The city is a tourist

Asahara Shoko was the founder of AUM Shinrikyo (“Supreme Truth”; renamed Aleph in 2000), a millenarian new religious movement in Japan. Asahara was born partially blind and was sent to a school for the blind. After graduating in 1975 and failing to gain admission to medical school, he studied

Shijō school: …by his pupils, among them Matsumura Gekkei, called Goshun, from whose residence on Fourth Street (Shijō), in Kyōto, the movement took its name. Among the most important artists associated with the school were Matsumura Keibun and Okamoto Toyohiko.

Shijō school: …by his pupils, among them Matsumura Gekkei, called Goshun, from whose residence on Fourth Street (Shijō), in Kyōto, the movement took its name. Among the most important artists associated with the school were Matsumura Keibun and Okamoto Toyohiko.

Japan: The Ōnin War (1467–77): …by their own retainers, the Matsunaga family (1565–68).

Matsunaga Teitoku was a renowned Japanese scholar and haikai poet of the early Tokugawa period (1603–1867) who founded the Teitoku (or Teimon) school of haikai poetry. Teitoku raised haikai—comic renga (“linked verses”) from which the more serious 17-syllable haiku of Bashō were derived—to an

Matsunaga Teitoku was a renowned Japanese scholar and haikai poet of the early Tokugawa period (1603–1867) who founded the Teitoku (or Teimon) school of haikai poetry. Teitoku raised haikai—comic renga (“linked verses”) from which the more serious 17-syllable haiku of Bashō were derived—to an

Bashō was the supreme Japanese haiku poet, who greatly enriched the 17-syllable haiku form and made it an accepted medium of artistic expression. Interested in haiku from an early age, Bashō at first put his literary interests aside and entered the service of a local feudal lord. After his lord’s

Bashō was the supreme Japanese haiku poet, who greatly enriched the 17-syllable haiku form and made it an accepted medium of artistic expression. Interested in haiku from an early age, Bashō at first put his literary interests aside and entered the service of a local feudal lord. After his lord’s

20th-century international relations: Japan’s challenge: …Fumimaro, expecting that Foreign Minister Matsuoka and War Minister Tōjō Hideki would dominate. On July 27 the Cabinet decided to ally with the Axis and strike into Southeast Asia even as it sought to resume normal trade with the United States.

Japanese literature: Kamakura period (1192–1333): …credited also with a novel, Matsura no miya monogatari (“Tale of Matsura Shrine,” Eng. trans. The Tale of Matsura). Though it is unfinished and awkwardly constructed, its dreamlike atmosphere lingers in the mind with the overtones of Teika’s poetry; dreams of the past were indeed the refuge of the medieval…

matsuri, (Japanese: “festival”), in general, any of a wide variety of civil and religious ceremonies in Japan; more particularly, the shrine festivals of Shintō. Matsuri vary according to the shrine, the deity or sacred power (kami) worshipped, and the purpose and occasion of the ceremony and often

Japanese music: Biwa, vocal, and folk music: …(Tokyo) developed festival ensembles (matsuri bayashi) for the various major districts of the city. Most of those combine a bamboo flute with two folk-style taiko stick drums, an ō-daiko barrel drum, and a small hand gong called the kane, or atarigane. When such groups are playing general festival music,…

Panasonic Holdings is a major Japanese manufacturer of electric appliances, consumer electronics, rechargeable automotive batteries, and residential heating and cooling systems. Its brand marketing has been highly diverse, with products marketed under the brand names Panasonic, Technics, Hussmann,

Panasonic Holdings is a major Japanese manufacturer of electric appliances, consumer electronics, rechargeable automotive batteries, and residential heating and cooling systems. Its brand marketing has been highly diverse, with products marketed under the brand names Panasonic, Technics, Hussmann,

Matsushita Konosuke was a Japanese industrialist who founded the Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., the largest manufacturer of consumer electric appliances in the world. His parents having died, Matsushita began work at age 9 as an errand boy. At age 16 he began working for the Ōsaka

matsutake mushroom, (Tricholoma matsutake), prized edible and medicinal wood-dwelling fungus of the family Tricholomataceae (order Agaricales). Matsutake mushrooms are native to the pine forests of East Asia and northern Europe. Considered delicacies known for their earthy flavor, meaty

Shinran was a Buddhist teacher recognized as the founder of the Jōdo Shinshū (True Pure Land School), which advocates that faith, recitation of the name of the buddha Amida (Amitabha), and birth in the paradise of the Pure Land. For centuries Jōdo Shinshū has been one of the largest schools of

Matsuyama, capital, Ehime ken (prefecture), northwestern Shikoku, Japan. It is a seaport that faces the Inland Sea and lies on the fertile Dōgo Plain. Matsuyama is the largest city on Shikoku, covering an area of 80 square miles (207 square km). Its industries produce textiles, petrochemicals,

Matsuzaka, city, Mie ken (prefecture), west-central Honshu, Japan. It is situated on the western shore of Ise Bay. Matsuzaka was a castle town and commercial centre during the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603–1867), when cotton spinning was introduced there. Agricultural products of the surrounding Ise

Daisuke Matsuzaka is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who became a star player in both Japan and the United States. In 2007, his first season of Major League Baseball (MLB), he helped the Boston Red Sox win a World Series championship. Before Matsuzaka made the move to the American League

Matsya, one of the 10 avatars (incarnations) of the Hindu god Vishnu. In this appearance Vishnu saved the world from a great flood. Manu, the first man, caught a little fish that grew to giant size. When the flood approached, Manu saved himself by tying his boat to the horn on the fish’s head. Some

India: Location: The Matsyas occupied an area to the southwest of present-day Delhi. The Kuru-Pancala, still dominant in the Ganges–Yamuna Doab area, were extending their control southward and eastward; the Kuru capital had reportedly been moved from Hastinapura to Kaushambi when the former was devastated by a great…

India: The concept of the state: …prevalent was the theory of matsyanyaya, which proposes that in periods of chaos, when there is no ruler, the strong devour the weak, just as in periods of drought big fish eat little fish. Thus, the need for a ruler was viewed as absolute.

Matsyendranatha was the first guru (spiritual teacher) of the Nathas, a popular Indian religious movement combining elements of Shaivism, Buddhism, and Hatha Yoga, a form of yoga that stresses breath control and physical postures. Matsyendranatha’s name appears on both the lists of the nine nathas

Quentin Massys was a Flemish artist, the first important painter of the Antwerp school. Trained as a blacksmith in his native Leuven, Massys is said to have studied painting after falling in love with an artist’s daughter. In 1491 he went to Antwerp and was admitted into the painters’ guild. Among

Marcel Hirscher: …was bested by fellow Austrian Mario Matt, who won the competition—and the gold medal—by only 0.28 sec.

Roberto Matta was a Chilean-born painter of mysterious fantastic environments who lived his adult life outside his homeland and became identified with the international Surrealist movement. Matta completed an architecture degree at the Catholic University in Santiago (1931) and moved to Paris in

Roberto Matta was a Chilean-born painter of mysterious fantastic environments who lived his adult life outside his homeland and became identified with the international Surrealist movement. Matta completed an architecture degree at the Catholic University in Santiago (1931) and moved to Paris in

Museum of Contemporary Art: History: …renovation was taking place, artist Gordon Matta-Clark transformed the evolving building into a temporary exhibit (titled “Circus,” or “The Caribbean Orange”) by sawing through its roof, floors, and walls to reveal its structure.

Mattachine Society, a secret homophile organization founded in Los Angeles in 1950–51 by, among others, onetime communist organizer and gay rights activist Harry Hay, who believed that homosexuals should see themselves as an oppressed minority entitled to equal rights. The name “Mattachine” came

Mattancherry, former township in Kerala state, southwestern India. It lies adjacent to the city of Kochi (Cochin) on the Arabian Sea coast. In 1970 Mattancherry township was incorporated with the Kochi urban agglomeration. The township is notable chiefly for the impressive Pardesi synagogue of the

Zedekiah was the king of Judah (597–587/586 bc) whose reign ended in the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem and the deportation of most of the Jews to Babylon. Mattaniah was the son of Josiah and the uncle of Jehoiachin, the reigning king of Judah. In 597 bc the Babylonians under King

Virginia: Population composition: …each for the Pamunkey and Mattaponi peoples, respectively situated along the Pamunkey and Mattaponi rivers near West Point, where the two waterways join to form the York River at the western edge of the Middle Peninsula. Although some Native Americans live throughout the state—especially in the urban environs of Washington,…

Giorgia Meloni: Meloni’s rise to prime minister: …and on October 21, 2022, Mattarella officially invited her to form a government. The following day Meloni became Italy’s first female prime minister, and she led Italy’s first far-right government since World War II.

Mattathias was a Jewish priest and landowner of Modein, near Jerusalem, who in 167 defied the decree of Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria to Hellenize the Jews; he fled to the Judaean hills with his five sons and waged a guerrilla war against the Syrians, being succeeded by his son Judas Maccabeus.

Arthur Jeffrey Dempster: Mattauch of Austria, he developed a double-focusing type of mass spectrograph, a device used to measure the mass of atomic nuclei. Dempster devoted much of his career almost exclusively to a single task—that of using mass spectrometry techniques to discover stable isotopes of the chemical…

India: Southern India: The play associated with him, Mattavilasaprahasana, treats in a farcical manner the idiosyncrasies of Buddhist and Shaiva ascetics.

matte, crude mixture of molten sulfides formed as an intermediate product of the smelting of sulfide ores of metals, especially copper, nickel, and lead. Instead of being smelted directly to metal, copper ores are usually smelted to matte, preferably containing 40–45 percent copper along with iron

motion-picture technology: Special effects: To create a traveling matte shot, it is necessary to obtain an opaque image of the foreground actors or objects against a transparent background. This is done by exploiting film’s special sensitivity to blue light. In a traditional blue-screen process the actor is posed before a primary blue background,…

metallurgy: Smelting: …of smelting, reduction smelting and matte smelting. In reduction smelting, both the metallic charge fed into the smelter and the slag formed from the process are oxides; in matte smelting, the slag is an oxide while the metallic charge is a combination of metallic sulfides that melt and recombine to…

Beacon: …when the 17th-century villages of Matteawan and Fishkill Landing were united in 1913. The name was inspired by the fires that blazed atop Mount Beacon during the American Revolution to warn George Washington of British troop movements; the mountain was later a resort, and the Mount Beacon Incline Railway (operated…

Enrico Mattei was an international businessman and politically powerful head of Italy’s Eni SpA (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi; “State Hydrocarbons Authority”), which had authority over that country’s petroleum resources. As a young man, prior to World War II, Mattei started a small chemical business

Mattel, Inc. is an American toy and game creator and manufacturer known for such iconic toy brands as Barbie dolls, American Girl dolls, and Hot Wheels and Matchbox die-cast toy cars, as well as board and card games including UNO and Skip-Bo. The largest toy manufacturer in the world, Mattel has

Like many iconic American companies, Mattel sprang from modest roots. Begun in a garage in 1945 by a husband and wife and their friend, the company—then known as Mattel Creations—had yet to embrace toy making as a way to success. That changed in 1947 with the introduction of a toy ukulele that was

Matteo (serafini) Da Bascio was the founder of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, commonly called Capuchins, the chief order of friars among the permanent offshoots of the Franciscans. After entering the Observant Franciscans about 1511 at Montefalcone, Matteo was ordained priest about 1520. Eager

Matteo de’ Pasti was an artist who was one of the most accomplished medalists in Italy during the 15th century, also a prestigious sculptor and architect. At the beginning of his career Matteo worked as an illuminator, illustrating Petrarch’s Trionfi (1441) and other works. The medals he executed

Andrea Orcagna: …younger brothers: Nardo (died 1365/66), Matteo, and Jacopo (died after 1398) di Cione. He matriculated in the Arte dei Medici e degli Speziali in 1343–44 and was admitted to the guild of stonemasons in 1352. In 1354 he contracted to paint an altarpiece for the Strozzi Chapel in the left…